COMMUNICATION SYSTEM LABORATORY-I

MANUAL
(BEL05004)
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Academic Year – 2023-24

VEER SURENDRA SAI UNIVERSITY OF

TECHNOLOGY, ODISHA
Burla, Sambalpur-768018, Odisha
www.vssut.ac.in
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL& ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

The graduates in Electrical & Electronics Engineering program of VSSUT Burla strives to be
recognized globally for imparting outstanding technical education and research leading to
well qualified truly world class leaders and to unleash technological innovations to serve the
global society with an ultimate aim to improve the quality of life.

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

The graduates in Electrical & Electronics Engineering program of VSSUT Burla

strives to create world class Electrical & Electronics Engineers by
M1 Imparting quality education to its students and enhancing their skills
M2 Encouraging innovative research and consultancy by establishing the state-of-the-
art research facilities through which the faculty members and engineers from the
nearby
industries can actively utilize the established the research laboratories
M3 Expanding curricula as appropriate to include broader prospective.
M4 Establishing linkages with world class R&D organizations and leading
educational institutions in Indian and abroad for excelling in teaching, research and
consultancy
M5 Developing simple and appropriate technologies for rural areas and eventually
contributing to sustainable development of the society

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

The educational objectives of UG program in Electrical and Electronics

Engineering (EEE) of VSSUT, Burla are:
PEO1 To have sound knowledge of basic principles of electrical& electronics
engineering, exposure to experimental setups including requisite knowledge in
mathematics, sciences and basic Engineering.
PEO2 To augment the workforce in areas of electrical power and electronics systems,
electrical and electronic component manufacturing industries, related core
engineering and software fields and be entrepreneurs eventually realizing the make
in India dream.
PEO3 To have strong background to pursue higher studies, communicate effectively,
become efficient team members and leaders.
PEO4 To inculcate strong ethical values and social responsibility.
PEO5 To lead in the conception, design and implementation of new products, processes,
services and systems.
 Digital Circuit Lab Manual
PROGRAM OUTCOMES OF B. TECH. (EEE)

PO1 Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
PO2 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3 Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5 Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities
with an understanding of the limitations.
PO6 The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to
the professional engineering practice.
PO7 Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
PO9 Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
PO11 Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one‟s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12 Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

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COURSE OBJECTIVES

1 Understand the fundamental concepts of communication systems, including analog and digital systems,
the electromagnetic spectrum, bandwidth, and the differences between these systems.

2 Gain knowledge of baseband signals, analog signals, digital signals, and the process of converting analog
signals to digital signals through sampling, quantization, and binary coding.

3 Be able to analyze the transformation of baseband signals between the time and frequency domains. This
includes understanding Fourier transforms of basic signals.

4 Grasp the concepts of time division multiplexing (TDM) and frequency division multiplexing (FDM),
including intersymbol interference and crosstalk.

5 Learn about different digital baseband signal formats like unipolar, bipolar, NRZ, RZ, pulse code
modulation (PCM), and companding.

COURSE OUTCOMES

Upon completion of the course, the students will be able to:

CO1 Apply the basics of MATLAB coding in communication system.

CO2 Analyze and develop amplitude modulation and demodulation circuit.

CO3 Analyze and develop frequency modulation and demodulation circuit.

CO4 Analyze the PLL and Voltage Controlled Oscillator circuit.

CO5 Implement principle of various digital modulation and demodulation techniques.

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CODE OF CONDUCT FOR THE LABORATORIES

 All students must observe the Dress Code while in the laboratory.

 Sandals or open-toed shoes are NOT allowed.

 Foods, drinks and smoking are NOT allowed.

 All bags must be left at the indicated place.

 The lab time table must be strictly followed.

 Be PUNCTUAL for your laboratory session.

 Program must be executed within the given time.

 Noise must be kept to a minimum.

 Work space must be kept clean and tidy at all time.

 Handle the systems and interfacing kits with care.

 All students are liable for any damage to the accessories due to their own negligence.

 All interfacing kits connecting cables must be RETURNED if you taken from the lab

supervisor.

 Students are strictly PROHIBITED from taking out any items from the laboratory.

 Students are NOT allowed to work alone in the laboratory without the Lab Supervisor

 USB Ports have been disabled if you want to use USB drive consult lab supervisor.

 Report immediately to the Lab Supervisor if any malfunction of the accessories, is there.

 Before leaving the lab Place the chairs properly.

 Turn off the system properly

 Turn off the monitor.

 Please check the laboratory notice board regularly for updates.

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GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE BOARD

This experimental board provides a study of the fundamentals of amplitude modulation (IC version)
and demodulation. A high frequency carrier (≈ 800 KHz) has been provided so that no high frequency
source is required for conducting the experiment. Measurement of both modulation index and detection
efficiency is possible. A fully regulated, short circuit proof, ±12V power supply is built-in.
Commonly available multiplier IC 1496 is used for Amplitude Modulation and Diode Detector is used
for Demodulation. Carrier circuitry has been provided inside so that there is no chance of a change in
frequency due to tempering by the student.
A ON / OFF switch with indicating lamp is provided. The layout on the board is quite spread out to
facilitate convenient working and clear understanding. Stackable type patch cords (connecting leads)
suitable to the terminals are supplied with the board for easy and perfect interconnections and longer
working life of the terminals. A print of the panel lay - out is also given in the manual.

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AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
1. To study the amplitude modulated waveforms for different modulation depths and
measure the value of modulation index.
2. To study the demodulation process and measure the detection efficiency.
APPARATUS
1. Experimental board on Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation (IC version), Model - C09A.
2. AF Generator for modulating signal, Model - AF002.
3. Dual trace CRO.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Do not make interconnections on the board with power switched ON.
2. No external connection for DC power supply to the circuit is to be made. It is internally
connected.
3. If an external carrier is used then its amplitude should not be more than 200 mvolts and its
frequency should be approx. 110KHz.
4. The frequency of modulating signal should not be more than 10KHz and the amplitude should
not exceed 0.4V.
PROCEDURE
Make a study of the layout of the board taking help of the panel drawing. A fixed frequency sine wave
carrier is available on the board and hence there is no need for an external carrier source. The knob on
the left of the carrier terminal controls the amplitude of the carrier wave. External modulating signal is
applied across the green terminal marked I/P SIGNAL and ground black terminal. AM outputs are
available across the AM O/P terminals and ground terminal,i.e., the red terminal and ground terminal
and blue terminal and ground terminal. The demodulated output is available across the DEMOD O/P
terminals. Switch S1 in demodulator circuit is for connecting two different values of RL across the
circuit. Further, a high pass filter before the diode detector is also provided to remove the DC from the
AM wave, if it is present. There is no provision for connecting VCC externally. As soon as the power
is switched ON, a ±12V power supply automatically gets connected to the circuit.

I. STUDY OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION

1. Measure the internal carrier frequency and amplitude by CRO. It will be around 110KHz and
200mvolt. Record this frequency as fc.

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2. Connect the built-in carrier to the CARRIER input terminal of the circuit and AF generator
(MOD SIGNAL) between I/P SIGNAL terminal and ground terminal.
3. Connect one trace of the dual trace CRO to one output (AM O/P) of amplitude modulator and
the other trace to I/P SIGNAL and ground terminals, to observe the AM wave and the
modulating signal simultaneously.
4. Keeping AF signal level to zero and frequency approximately 4KHz, switch ON power supply
of the board.
5. Keeping the CRO sweep speed in KHz/msec. range (corresponding to the modulating signal
frequency), slowly increase the AF generator signal level and obtain a stationary amplitude
modulated wave form on CRO screen by adjusting the amplitude of carrier and the amplitude
and frequency of modulating signal. If the envelope of the AM wave form is not proper then
adjust the pot. on the right of the I/P SIGNAL terminals so that you get perfect AM wave. Find
out the frequency of envelope from CRO and note that it will be same as I/P modulating signal.
Measure the peak amplitude of I/P signal and record it as Em.
6. Trace the envelope of modulated waveform from CRO screen. Compare this with the
waveform shown in Fig.1(c).
7. Connect the CRO to the other output terminal of AM O/P and observe the wave form. Is the
two output wave forms are same ? Also measure the DC voltages associated with both the
outputs.
8. Obtain the trapezoidal pattern on CRO by putting CRO in X-Y mode. Trace this trapezoid and
measure the lengths L1 and L2 taking help of Fig.3(a). Calculate the value of m using Eq.6.
9. Repeat steps 6 and 8 for different settings of AF signal level and record the observations as in
Table - I. Obtain the waveforms for over modulated carrier also and compare them to those
given in the theory [Fig.1(d) and Fig.3(b)]. Use the pot. on the right of the I/P SIGNAL
terminals to get perfect AM wave, if required.
10. An alternative method for measuring modulation index makes use of Equation 2. Measure with
the help of CRO the values of Ec(max) and Ec(min) in the modulated output. Calculate the
value of m using Equation 2.
II. Study of Demodulation
11. Connect one output of amplitude modulator to AM I/P terminals of demodulator. For obtaining
AM waveform follow the procedure of step - I. This time the amplitude of modulating signal
should not be more than 0.4V peak-to-peak.

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12. Keep the switch S1 to L position and note the value of load resistor RL on this side.
13. Connect one trace of CRO to DEMOD O/P terminals. The demodulated signal appears here.
Measure its frequency. It should be same as that of the modulating signal.
14. Increase the amplitude of modulating signal and observe its effect on DEMOD OUTPUT. At
larger amplitudes a distortion is produced. Give reasons for this in your notebook.
15. Trace the detected output from CRO screen for different settings of modulating signal
amplitude. Each time measure the modulating signal amplitude Em.
16. Repeat step 15 with switch S1 in R position. In other words study study the effect of RL value
on detected output.

Table-I

Amplitude of Carrier Ec = -------

Frequency of carrier = Mc = 2πfc =-------
Modulation Frequency = fm = --------

S.No. Modulatio AM Wave Trapezoid Dimensions Computed Modulation

n form
Figure L1 L2 Index (m)
Amplitude
(Em)

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BALANCE DEMODULATOR
Balance modulated signal is demodulated using a product detector. Here the product detector is
designed for single power supply. Circuit for demodulator is principally same as of modulator. At the
output of the demodulator one will have:
Vdemod = K Ec Em [ cos(ωc - \ωm)t + cos(ωc + ωm)t ] / 2 x Ec cos(ωc t)
= K1 [ 2 cosωm t) + cos(2ωc + ωm)t + cos(2ωc - ωm)t ]
Where K1 is a constant. Here Vdemod contains ωm and 2ωc ±ωm frequencies. Low Pass Filter is used at
the output to obtain demodulated signal. This demodulated signal contains DC so an additional high
Pass Filter (HPF) is used to remove this DC.
There are two overlapped envelopes in the balanced modulated out-put. It is important to note that
carrier used at the receiver should either in phase or 180° out of phase of the original carrier. This
decides which envelope the detector is going to trace. In this board, carrier is connected in phase of the
original carrier since taken from the same source. In actual demodulators, this carrier is generated by
locking the phase of the derived carrier by Phase Lock Loop (PLL).
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
1. To study the process of Balance Modulation and the corresponding waveforms.
2. To study the Demodulation of Balance Modulated signal.
APPARATUS
1. Experimental board on Balance Modulation and Demodulation, Model - C020.
2. AF Generator for modulating signal, Model - AFG02.
3. A dual beam CRO.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Do not make interconnections on the board with power switched ON.
2. No external connection for DC power supply to the circuit is to be made. It is internally
connected.
3. If an external carrier is used then its amplitude should not be more than 200mvolts and its
frequency should be approx. 110KHz.
4. The frequency of modulating signal should not be more than 10KHz and the amplitude should
not exceed 2V.
PROCEDURE

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Make a study of the layout of the board taking help of the panel drawing. A fixed frequency sine wave
carrier is available on the board and hence there is no need for an external carrier source. The knob on
the right of the carrier terminals controls the amplitude of the carrier wave. External modulating signal
is applied across the green terminal marked I/P SIGNAL and ground black terminal below the carrier
pot. Balance modulator outputs are available across the Mod O/P terminals and ground terminals, i.e.,
the red terminal and ground terminal and blue terminal and ground terminal. In the same way the
demodulated outputs are available across the DEMOD O/P terminals and ground terminal, i.e., the red
terminal and ground terminal and blue terminal and ground terminal. To remove the DC from the
demodulated output a High Pass Filter (HPF) is also provided with input (I/P) and output (O/P)
terminals. There is no provision for connecting VCC externally. As soon as the power is switched ON,
a ±12V power supply automatically gets connected to the circuit.
I. Study of Balance Molulation
1. Measure the internal carrier frequency and amplitude by CRO. It will be around 110KHz and
200mvolt. Record this frequency as fc.
2. Connect the built - in carrier to the CARRIER input terminal and AF generator (MOD
SIGNAL) between I/P SIGNAL terminal and ground terminal.
3. Connect one input of the dual trace CRO to I/P SIGNAL and ground terminals and the other
trace to one output of balance modulator, to observe the modulating signal and balance
modulated wave simultaneously.
4. Keeping AF signal level to zero and frequency approximately 4KHz. Switch ON power supply
of the board.
5. Keeping the CRO sweep speed in KHz/msec. range (corresponding to the modulating signal
frequency). Slowly increase the AF generator signal level and obtain a stationary balance
modulated wave form on CRO screen by adjusting the amplitude of carrier and the amplitude
and frequency of modulating signal. If the envelopes of the balance modulated wave form are
not uniform, adjust the pot. below the I/P SIGNAL terminal.
6. Trace the envelope of modulated waveform from CRO screen. Compare this with the
waveform shown in Fig.1(b).
7. Connect the CRO to the other output terminal of balance modulator and observe the wave form.
Is the two output waveforms are same ? Also measure the DC voltages associated with the
outputs.
8. Obtain the trapezoidal pattern on CRO by putting CRO in X-Y mode. Trace this trapezoid.

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9. Connect both the traces of CRO to both the outputs and see the sum and difference of both the
outputs.
10. Observe the effect on balance modulated wave for different settings of AF signal level and
frequency and comment on the findings.
11. Increase the frequency of the modulating signal to about 40KHz
II. Study of Demodulation
1. Connect one output of balance modulator to MOD I/P terminal and carrier of the modulator to the
CARRIER terminal of demodulator.
2. Connect the CRO at any one DEMOD O/P terminal. The demodulated signal appears here. Measure
its frequency. It should be same as that of the modulating signal.
3. Increase the amplitude of modulating signal and observe its effect on DEMOD OUTPUT. At larger
amplitudes a distortion is produced. Give reasons for this in your notebook.
4. Trace the detected output from CRO screen for different settings of modulating signal amplitudes.
Each time measure the modulating signal amplitude and demodulated wave amplitude and compare.
5. Bring the CRO in the DC measuring mode and observe the detected wave form. Is there any DC
present in the detected wave form? If yes, then connect this detected output to a High Pass Filter and
again observe the wave form. Is the DC removed from the detected wave form?
6. Connect the CRO to the second output of demodulator and observe the detected wave form and
comment on the findings.

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GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE BOARD
The experimental board on the Foster-Seeley discriminator provides an insight into the process of
FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM) and for demodulation by Foster-Seeley discriminator. Board has
built-in carrier and modulating signal of variable frequency and amplitude. A variable DC is also
provided on the board to see frequency deviation in carriers. It can be used to inject a variable DC
voltage to see the effect on the output.
Function generator chip 8038 has also been used for generating carrier and FM. Here about 20KHz
carrier has been used just to facilitate the use of generally available instruments in labs.
A ON/OFF switch with indicating lamp is provided on the board. The layout of the board is quite
spread out to facilitate convenient working and clear understanding. Patch cords suitable to the
terminals are supplied with the board for easy interconnections and longer working life of the
terminals. A print of the panel layout is also given in the manual.
GENERATION OF FM
A FM generator is basically a sine wave oscillator whose frequency could be varied by modulating
signal. If the inductance or capacitance of a LC oscillator is varied by modulating signal then
frequency modulation will result. Based on this principle is the reactance modulator. In reactance
modulator an active device is used 트 voltage-variable reactance in the tank circuit of an oscillator.
When the modulating signal is applied to the active device then its reactance changes according to the
variations in the signal voltage. The changes in reactance produce a corresponding change in frequency
of the oscillator and thus producing FM. The active devices used are FET, junction transistor or
vacuum tubes. Another device used for this purpose is a varactor diode. The junction capacitance of a
reverse biased varactor diodes changes with the amplitude of reverse bias voltage. This varying
capacitance can be used in the tank circuit of an oscillator to produce FM
In this board an integrated circuit called the function generator (IC 8038) has been used for the
generation of FM. The principle can be understood from the followings a ramp voltage is generated by
charging a capacitor from a constant current source. A triangle waveform can be generated by alternate
charging and discharging of capacitor with constant current source and sink. The frequency of the
triangular waveform depends on the value of capacitance and the current of the source/sink. Now, if
the capacitance is kept fixed and the current of the source and sink is varied according to the amplitude
of a modulating signal then we shall get a triangular waveform whose frequency is directly
proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal. This is a FM signal with triangular carrier. This

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triangular waveform then can be converted into a sinusoidal one with the help of shaping circuits to get
the true FM.
Fig.2 shows the block diagram of the IC function generator. Two current sources (one sources current,
the other sinks) alternatively charge and discharge an external capacitor. When current source-1 drives
the triangular voltage above positive reference voltage comparator-1 triggers the flip-flop. This
connects the current source-2 which acts a sink for the capacitor. The discharge rate is same as the
charge rate. When triangular waveform falls below the negative reference level then comparator-2
triggers the flip-flop and source-2 gets disconnected. The capacitor again starts charging through
current source-1. The voltage across capacitor becomes the triangular output. The sinewave is then
obtained from the triangular waveform through a converter circuit. The frequency of this sinewave is
modulated by letting the modulating signal control the value of current sources.
Demodulation
At a receiver, the information contained in the modulated carrier has to be extracted. In order to detect
an FM signal, it is necessary to have a circuit whose output voltage varies linearly, with the frequency
changes in carrier, otherwise distortion will be produced. The slope detector is a very basic form of
such a circuit, although its linearity of response is not good. Fig.3(a) shows the basic circuit
arrangement and Fig.3(b) shows the response curve of a tuned circuit. Point A on this curve
corresponds to carrier frequency fc. Around this point the curve is quite linear and can be used to
convert frequency deviations around fc into output amplitude changes. The figure shows that the
frequency selective nature of tuned circuit curve converts the frequency modulated carrier into an
amplitude modulated one. After this the signal can be extracted simply by a diode detector circuit
which is used to detect an AM wave. The slope detector will work efficiently only if the frequency
deviations are limited to the linear range of the tuned curve. This detector has got the advantage that
the circuitry is simple and it reduces the complexity of the FM receiver.
An extension of this detector is a balanced slope detector which makes use of two slope detectors one
on either side of the carrier frequency. This gives S-shaped frequency Vs. output characteristics which
increases the linear range of detection. Fig.4(a) shows the circuit of the balanced slope detector and
Fig.4(b) shows the characteristics of this detector.
Foster-Seeley Discriminator
The Foster-Seeley discriminator recovers the modulating voltage from FM by utilizing the phase angle
shift between primary and secondary voltages of the tuned transformer. The phase angle is a function
of frequency and by arranging for phasor-sum and phasor-difference components of primary and

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secondary voltages, to be applied to two envelope detectors, the outputs of which are then combined,
demodulation is achieved. Because the circuit relies on a phase angle variation, it is also known as a
phase discriminator, but it must not be thought that it detects phase modulation directly. It converts a
frequency variation, real or equivalent, to a circuit phase angle variation, which in turn is converted to
an amplitude variation.
The basic circuit is shown in Fig.5(a). At carrier frequency fc, capacitor Cc has negligible reactance
and approximately the full primary voltage appears across the Radio Frequency Coil (RFC) which has
a high reactance at fc. The primary voltage is connected from the RFC to the center tap on the
transformer (TR) secondary, with the result that the RFC voltage applied to diode D1 is V1 + 1/2V2
and to diode D2 is V1 - 1/2V2. The phase relationship between V1 and V2 can be found as:
The EMF induced in the secondary of the transformer E2 is related to the primary voltage by the
expression
E2 ≃ V1 k √ (L2/L1) (6)
and for frequencies very near resonance, it experiences practically no phase shift. This secondary EMF
is applied to the series resonant circuit formed by R2, L2 and C2, whose impedance is,
Z2 = R2 [1 + j (ω/ω0 - ω0/ω) Q] (7)
Let the frequency deviation of the carrier be δω, so that at any time, ω = ω0 + δω. Then
Z2 = R2 [1 + 2j δω/ω0 Q] (8)
where δω << ω0.
The phasor sum of V1 ± 1/2V2 is shown in Fig.5(b),(c) and (d) for three different conditions of carrier
frequency. The envelope detector D1 will produce an output voltage proportional to |VD1| and that of
D2 an output voltage proportional to |VD2|. The output voltage will be: V0 = VD2 - VD1 = K (|VD2| -
|VD1|) (9) where K is a constant of the detector circuit.
To summarize, as the frequency increases, the phase shift becomes more negative and |VD2| increases
while |VD1| decreases; hence V0 becomes more positive. When the frequency decreases, the phase
shift becomes more positive and |VD2| decreases while |VD1| increases therefore V0 becomes more
negative. The curve of output voltage V0 against frequency deviation δf is sketched in Fig.5(e). This S-
curve is characteristic of the discriminator, the curving at the extremes resulting from the secondary
voltage becoming very small at frequencies well removed from resonance. Amplitude variations are
reduced to negligible proportions by amplitude-limiting the signal before applying it to the
discriminator.

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Aim of the Experiment:-
1. To study the process of Frequency Modulation.
2. To study the Demodulation of FM signal using Foster-Seeley Discriminator.
APPARATUS
1. Experimental board on Foster-Seeley Discriminator,Model- C15C.
2. Dual trace CRO.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Do not make any interconnections on the board with power switched ON.
2. Do not adjust the screw on ferrite pot core in demodulator section.
3. If an external A.F.generator is being used for modulating signal, then do not apply an amplitude
greater than 1.0V peak-to-peak.
PROCEDURE
First study the layout of the board taking help of panel drawing. Both modulating and carrier, are
available on the board itself. The miniature switch connects sinewave (~) or a DC (=) signal to the
terminals marked MOD SIGNAL. The two knobs on its left control the amplitudes of these signals -
upper one for sinewave and lower for DC. The knob marked FREQ controls the frequency of sinewave
modulating signal. When modulating signal is not connected at Em then unmodulated carrier appears
between T1 and ground. Terminals marked Em are for applying modulating signal (internal or
external).
Demodulated output is available between the DEMOD OUTPUT terminals when FM signal is applied
between T2 and ground terminals.
I. Study of FM Signal
1. Connect one input of a dual trace CRO between T1 and ground.
2. Switch ON power to the board.
3. Measure the frequency of sine wave carrier which appears on CRO screen. It shall be around
20KHz. Record this as fc.
4. Apply MOD SIGNAL at Em keeping control switch in DC (=) position.
5. Note the variation in frequency of the carrier as the amplitude of DC is varied. Write in your
notebook what you conclude from this observation.
6. Next put the control switch in sinewave (~) position.

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7. Obtain a stationary waveform of FM signal on CRO screen by adjusting the amplitude and
frequency of modulating signal. At this stage use the other trace of CRO to observe the
modulating signal and FM simultaneously.
8. Measure the frequency of FM signal around the time of negative peak of the modulating signal.
Record this frequency as fmax.
9. (fmax - fc) gives the frequency deviation δ. fc has already been measured in step 3.
10. Measure the modulating frequency fm.
11. Next observe the effect of modulating signal amplitude on FM waveform and give your
comments.
II. Study of Demodulation
1. Generate FM signal using sinewave modulating signal (see part - I of the procedure). Keep the
amplitude of modulating signal small.
2. Connect T1 to T2. FM signal gets connected to Foster - Seeley Discriminator circuit.
3. Connect one trace of CRO between Em terminals and second trace between the ground
terminal TG and terminal T3. Observe the input modulating signal and the output on the CRO
and comment.
4. Next connect second trace between the ground terminal TG and terminal T4 and repeat step 3.
5. Finally connect second trace of the CRO between the DEMOD OUTPUT terminals (T3 & T4).
The original modulating signal appears here after detection. Measure its frequency. It should be
same as that of the modulating signal connected at Em.
6. Increase the amplitude of modulating signal and observe its effect on DEMOD OUTPUT. At
larger amplitudes a distortion is produced. Give reasons for this in your notebook.

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GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE BOARD
This experimental board gives an idea how VCO IC can be used as Voltage Controlled Oscillator. The
board has one IC 566 with input and output terminals brought on to the panel.
Three fixed value resistors (4.7K, 10K and 15K - one each) and five fixed value capacitors (0.22μF,
0.1μF, 0.01μF, 1000pF and 100pF - one each) are available with separate terminals. A power supply of
12V fully regulated and short circuit proof for the IC 566 is built-in.
For the study of voltage controlled oscillator, one variable DC source of 0.5 VCC to VCC (6.0V to
12.0V approximately) is available on the panel.
A ON / OFF switch with indicating lamp is provided. The layout on the board is quite spread out to
facilitate convenient working and clear understanding. Patch cords suitable to the terminals are
supplied with the board for easy and perfect interconnections and longer working life of the terminals.
A print of the panel lay - out is given in the manual.

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 Digital Circuit Lab Manual
AIM OF EXPERIMENT
Study of Voltage Controlled Oscillator using IC 566.
The expression of fo depends upon the initial choice of the voltage Vc = if the value of Vc is taken as
0.85 Vcc the fo comes out to be 0.3/RT CT
APPARATUS
1. Experimental board on Voltage Controlled Oscillator,Model - C25A.
2. Multimeter.
3. A general purpose CRO.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Before assembling any circuit on the board switch OFF the power supply of the board.
2. Use the proper connecting leads only, for making the inter- connections.
3. DC voltage is short circuit proof. If by chance you short circuit it through some wrong
connection then DC voltage output will be zero. In such a case check the connection.
PROCEDURE
Study the layout of the board with the help of the panel drawing. One IC 566 is placed on the panel in
a 8 - pin DIP socket. A regulated and short circuit proof +12V power supply is built-in and gets
connec- ted as soon as the power is switched ON and is available between the Vcc and ground
terminals. External resistance RT has to be connected between the red terminals and capacitance CT
has to be connected bet- ween the black terminals of the IC. Green terminal of IC is for conn- ecting
the modulating DC input. Triangular wave output is available between the yellow and ground
terminals while the square wave is available between the white and ground terminals. For assembling
VCO circuit, three fixed value resistors (4.7K, 10K, 15K) and five capa- citors (0.22μF, 0.1μF, 0.01μF,
1000pF and 100pF) are provided on the board. For modulating input, a variable DC voltage of 6V to
12V (approximately) is also provided on the panel. It can be varied with the pot attached to the DC
green terminal.
Voltage Controlled Oscillator
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.4 keeping RT = 4.7K and CT = 0.22μF. Also connect
variable DC to the DC input terminal of IC. (There is no need of connecting R1 and R2 as
already a variable DC is connected for the modulating input).
2. Switch ON power supply to the board.
3. Connect a CRO between yellow and ground terminals.
4. Adjust DC input so that you get perfect triangular wave on CRO. Measure its frequency and
amplitude.
5. Measure Vcc and DC input (vc) with the help of multimeter.
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 Digital Circuit Lab Manual
6. Obtain the value of fo by substituting RT, CT, Vcc and vc in Eq.3 and compare it with the
frequency obtained in step 4.
7. Change the modulating DC in both the directions (low and high) and repeat steps 5 and 6.
Comment on the findings. Is there any limitation on vc ? If yes, explain it with the help of
theory.
8. Now connect CRO between white and ground terminals and measure the frequency and
amplitude of the square wave. Is the frequency and amplitude of square wave and triangular
wave are same ? if no then comment.
9. Change RT and CT one by one and repeat steps 3 to 8 above and comment on the results thus
obtained. Can we say that the IC is working as a voltage controlled oscillator ?

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