GUDLAVALLERU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An Autonomous Institute with Permanent Affiliation to JNTUK, Kakinada)

SeshadriRao Knowledge Village, Gudlavalleru – 521 356.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

HANDOUT
on
FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Vision

To be a pioneer in electrical and electronics engineering education and research,

preparing students for higher levels of intellectual attainment, and making
significant contributions to profession and society.

Mission

 To impart quality education in electrical and electronics engineering in

dynamic learning environment and strive continuously for the interest of
stake holders, industry and society.

 To create an environment conducive to student-centered learning and

collaborative research.

 To provide students with knowledge, technical skills, and values to excel as

engineers and leaders in their profession.

Program Educational Objectives

I. Graduates will have technical knowledge, skills and competence to identify,

comprehend and solve problems of industry and society.

II. Graduates learn and adapt themselves to the constantly evolving technology
to pursue higher studies and undertake research.

III. Graduates will engage in lifelong learning and work successfully in teams
with professional, ethical and administrative acumen to handle critical
situations.
 SESHADRI RAO
GUDLAVALLERU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(An Autonomous Institute with Permanent Affiliation to JNTUK, Kakinada)
Seshadri Rao Knowledge Village, Gudlavalleru
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
HAND OUT

Class: IV B.Tech. - I Sem, EEE Subject (-Elective) : Flexible Ac Transmission Systems

Name of the staff: A.Amarendra Ac Yr: 2023-24

============================================================================
1. Brief History and Scope of the Subject

FACTS is the acronym for “Flexible AC Transmission Systems” and refers to a group of resources used to
overcome certain limitations in the static and dynamic transmission capacity of electrical networks. The
main purpose of these systems is to supply the network as quickly as possible with inductive or capacitive
reactive power that is adapted to its particular requirements, while also improving transmission quality and
the efficiency of the power transmission system. FACTS Devices course is designed to provide in-depth
knowledge to provide actual hardware solution of the FACTS.

In Autonomous curriculum (R17), the subject “Flexible AC Transmission System” is offered at

IV B.Tech, I-semester level (EEE). Flexible AC Transmission System is one of the most important subject
for knowing power flow control in transmission systems. It is also useful for research work in future.

2. Pre-Requisites
 Knowledge of Power Electronics and Power System, i.e Power systems Analysis

3. Course Objectives:
 To Introduce the Flexible AC Transmission System devices for understanding the power flow in
transmission lines.
 To familiarize the students with the basic types of FACTS controllers.
 To develop an understanding of different types of converters and their operation in different modes.
 To expose students to the practical problems associated with the operation of Power system and the
necessity of FACTS devices.
 To gain the knowledge of selection of appropriate FACTS device for a particular application.

4. Course Outcomes:

CO1: apply the knowledge of FACTS devices for enhancing power handling capacity in the
transmission network.
CO2: demonstrate the knowledge and understanding of the fundamental principles and control practices
associated with FACTS controllers.
CO3: describe different types of FACTS controllers.
CO4: determine the operational related problems of transmission system and suggest the remedial
measures.
CO5: select an appropriate FACTS controller to meet specified performance requirements.

5. Program Outcomes:
Engineering Graduates will be able to:
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and

design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the
cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.

4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research

methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.

5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities
with an understanding of the limitations.

6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.

7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering

solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.

8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.

9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader
in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.

11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

Students will be able to
1. Apply the knowledge of circuit design, analog & digital electronics to the field of electrical and
electronics systems.
2. Analyze, design and develop control systems, industrial drives and power systems using modern
tools.
6. Mapping of Course Outcomes with Program Outcomes:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 PSO PSO2
CO1 3 3 3 2 1 1 31 3
CO2 3 3 3 2 1 1 2 2
CO3 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 2
CO4 3 3 3 3 1 1 2 3
CO5 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3

7. Prescribed Text Books

1. “Understanding FACTS Devices” N.G.Hingorani and L.Guygi, IEEE Press, Indian Edition is available:
—Standard Publications

8. Reference Text Books

a. HVDC & FACTS Controllers: applications of static converters in power systems - Vijay K.Sood-
Springer publishers.
b. Sang.Y.H and John.A.T, “Flexible AC Transmission systems” IEEE Press (2006).

9. URLs and Other E-Learning Resources

a. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/107/108107114/#

10. Books Available In College Library:

1. Understanding FACTS Devices” N.G.Hingorani and L.Guygi, IEEE Press, Indian Edition is available:
—Standard Publications
2. HVDC & FACTS Controllers: applications of static converters in power systems - Vijay K.Sood-
Springer publishers.
3. Sang.Y.H and John.A.T, “Flexible AC Transmission systems” IEEE Press (2006).
4. FACTS: Modelling and Simulation in Power Networks by Enrique Acha (Author), Claudio R. Fuerte-
Esquivel.
5. Mathur R. M. and Varma R. K., Thyristor Based FACTS Controllers for Electrical Transmission
Systems, John Wiley and Sons.

11. Lecture Schedule / Lesson Plan

Lecture
Topics No. of Periods
No.
UNIT-I : FACTS Concepts
1 Introduction to FACTS concepts 1
2 Transmission interconnections 1
3 Power flow in an AC System 1
4 Loading capability limits 1
5 Dynamic stability considerations 2
6 Importance of controllable parameters 1
7 Basic types of FACTS controllers 1
8 Benefits from FACTS controllers 1
UNIT-II : Voltage Source Converters
1 Basic Concept of Voltage-Sourced Converters 1
2 Single-Phase Full-Wave Bridge Converter Operation 1
3 Single Phase-Leg operation 1
4 Square-Wave Voltage Harmonics for a Single-Phase Bridge 1
5 Three-Phase Full-Wave Bridge Converter 2
6 Transformer Connections for 12-Pulse Operation 1
7 24- and 48-Pulse operation 1
8 Three-Level Voltage-Sourced Converter 1
9 Pulse-Width Modutation (PWM) Converter 1
10 Basic Concept of Current-Sourced Converters 1
11 Current-Sourced Versus Voltage-Sourced Converters 1
UNIT-III : Static Shunt Compensation
1 Objectives of Shunt Compensation 1
2 Midpoint Voltage Regulation for Line Segmentation 1
3 End of Line Voltage Support to Prevent Voltage Instability 1

4 Improvement of Transient Stability 1

5 Power Oscillation Damping 1

6 Summary of Compensator Requirements 1
Methods of Controllable Var Generation -Variable Impedance Type
7 2
Static Var Generators
8 Switching Converter Type Var Generators 1
9 Hybrid Var Generators: Switching Converter with TSC and TCR 1
UNIT-IV : SVC and STATCOM
1 The Regulation Slope 1
2 Transfer Function and Dynamic Performance 1
3 Transient Stability Enhancement 1

4 Power Oscillation Damping 1

5 Var Reserve (Operating Point) Control 1
6 Summary of Compensator Control 1
UNIT - V: Static Series Compensators
1 Concept of series capacitive compensation 1
2 Improvement of transient stability 1
3 Power oscillation damping 1
4 Functional requirements 1
5 GTO thyristor controlled series capacitor (GSC) 2
6 Thyristor switched series capacitor (TSSC) 1
 7 Thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) 2
8 Control schemes for GSC, TSSC and TCSC. 2
UNIT-VI: Static Voltage and Phase Angle Regulators
1 Objectives of Voltage and Phase Angle Regulators 1
2 Voltage and Phase Angle Regulation 1
3 Power Flow Control by Phase Angle Regulators 1
4 Real and Reactive Loop Power Flow Control 1
5 Improvement of Transient Stability with phase Angle Regulators 1
6 Power Oscillation Damping with phase Angle Regulators 1
Approaches to Thyristor-Controlled Voltage and phase Angle
7 1
Regulators (TCVRs and TCPARs)
8 Continuously Controllable Thyristor Tap Changers 1
9 Thyistor Tap Changer with Discrete Level Control 1
10 Thyristor Tap Changer Valve Rating Considerations 1
11 Switching Converter-Based Voltage and Phase Angle Regulators 1
12 Hybrid Phase Angle Regulators 1
Total 60

12. Seminar Topics

 Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor
 STATCOM
 Power flow controllers
 UNIT-I
Assignment cum Tutorial Questions
Module (I): FACTS concepts, Transmission interconnections, power flow in an AC System,
loading capability limits
Objective Questions
1. Three bus systems, it has two generator with real power generation of 4 p.u at bus 1, 2 p.u at
bus 2 and load of 6 p.u at bus 3. Suppose the lines 1-2, 2-3, and 1-3 have continuous ratings
of 2 p.u, 2.5 p.u and 4 p.u. The impedance rating of line 1-2 is 10 ohm, line 2-3 is 5 ohm and
1-3 is 10 ohm. Assume base power is 1000 MVA and impedance base is 10000. identify the
overloaded line.? [ ]
a) 1-2 b) 1-3 c) 2-3 d) 1-2 and 2-3
2. Three bus systems, it has two generator with real power generation of 4 p.u at bus 1, 2 p.u at
bus 2 and load of 6 p.u at bus 3. Suppose the lines 1-2, 2-3, and 1-3 have continuous ratings
of 2 p.u, 2.5 p.u and 4 p.u. The impedance rating of line 1-2 is 10 ohm, line 2-3 is 5 ohm and
1-3 is 10 ohm. Assume base power is 1000 MVA and impedance base is 10000. Find the
minimum value of additional series capacitive impedance required for the compensation of
overloaded line ….ohm
a) 5 ohms b) 10 ohms c) 7.5 ohms d) 20 ohms
3. Three bus systems, it has two generator with real power generation of 4 p.u at bus 1, 2 p.u at
bus 2 and load of 6 p.u at bus 3. Suppose the lines 1-2, 2-3, and 1-3 have continuous ratings
of 2 p.u, 2.5 p.u and 4 p.u. The impedance rating of line 1-2 is 10 ohm, line 2-3 is 5 ohm and
1-3 is 10 ohm. Assume base power is 1000 MVA and impedance base is 10000. Find the
minimum value of additional series inductive impedance required for the compensation of
overloaded line….ohm and identify which line compensator is installed …..
a) 1-3 and 5 ohms b) 1-3 and 7 ohms c) 2-3 and 5 ohms d) 2-3 and 7 ohms
4. Why we need to maintain transmission interconnection?
a) To minimize the total power generation capacity and fuel cost
b) To become power system is more reliable
c) To reduce the length of transmission line
d) Both (a) & (b)
5. Transmission interconnection enables taking advantage of
a) Diversity of loads b) Availability of sources
c) Fuel price d) All the above
6. FACTS devices generally deals with
 a) Active Power b) Reactive Power c) Apparent Power d) Load Angle
7. FACTS devices are generally used for to compensate……………of the transmission line.
a) Reactance b) Resistance c) Conductance d) Admittance
8. FACTS devices used in
a) Generation b) AC transmission c) DC transmission d) None
9. FACTS controllers can enable a line to carry power closer to its_______
a) Full efficiency b) Dielectric rating
c) Thermal rating d) Nominal rating
10. What limits the loading capability__________
a) Thermal b) Dielectric c) Stability d) All of these
11. Basic types of FACTS controller___________
a) Series Controllers and Shunt Controllers
b) Combined series-series Controllers
c) Combined series-shunt Controllers
d) All of these

Descriptive Questions

1. Why flexible AC Transmission System is Needed?

2. What are the problems with interconnected power systems?
3. What are the factors which limits the loading capability of a transmission system?
4. What are the different methods to control power flow in a parallel path in electrical power
systems?
5. Explain the purpose of transmission interconnections in power systems.
6. Explain about power flow in the meshed system.
7. Derive the expression for active as well as reactive power flow in a lossless transmission
line and draw necessary phasor diagram.
8. “Injecting a voltage into transmission line perpendicular to the line current mostly changes
the active power”. Justify with the help of phasor diagram.
9. By controlling the magnitude of voltage explain how the reactive power control is possible?

Module (II): Dynamic stability considerations, importance of controllable parameters,

basic types of FACTS controllers, benefits from FACTS controllers
Objective Questions
1. Instability study in a power system may be concerned with [ ]
 i) Maintaining synchronism among the synchronous generators
ii) Stability and control of voltage
a) Only i b) Only ii c) Both i & ii d) Neither i & ii
2. By reducing the transmission line reactance, power flow capacity of the transmission
line will...............
a) Increase b) Decrease c) remains same d) None of these

3. What is the necessity of compensation? [ ]

a) To improve the voltage profile b) To increase the stability margin
c) To reduce the power oscillation damping d) all the above
4. Which one is not a shunt compensator?
a) T.S.R b) T.C.R c) T.S.C d) T.S.S.C e)STATCOM
5. Which is not a series compensator?
a)T.S.S.C b)T.S.S.R c) T.S.C d)T.C.S.R e)T.C.S.C
6. SVC and STATCOM are______________ devices
a) Series connected b) Shunt connected
c) Combined series-series connected d) Combined series-shunt connected

Descriptive Questions
1. Explain in detail the dynamic stability considerations of a transmission interconnection with
necessary phasor
2. Explain the importance of controllable parameters.
3. Give the basic types of FACTS controllers according to their connection to power
transmission system.
4. With neat sketch explain various types of basic FACTS controller in detail.
5. List out benefits to a power transmission system from FACTS controllers.
 UNIT-II
Assignment cum Tutorial Questions
Module (I): Voltage source converters
Objective Questions
1. In which type of FACTS controller, the Voltage sourced converter is used

a) SSSC b) STATCOM c) TCR d) both a & b

2. Voltage sourced converters in which

a) Direct current always has one polarity, DC voltage polarity may reverses

b) DC voltage always has one polarity, DC current polarity may reverse

c) Direct current always has one polarity; DC voltage always has one polarity

d) DC current polarity may reverse, DC voltage polarity may reverse

3. Why 12 pulse operation converters have advantage than the 6 pulse operation converter

a) Less cost and no maintenance b) Operation is easy

c) Harmonics can reduce d) all the above

4. Voltage source converter can deliver the reactive power or consume reactive power (T/F)
5. Voltage source converter can deliver the active power or observer the active power (T/F)

6. What is the advantage of multi-level converter rather than 6 pulse converters?

a) Less cost and no maintenance b) Operation is easy
c) Harmonics can reduce d) all the above
7. What is the fundamental(sinusoidal)RMS value of a symmetrical square wave signal
having a peak value Vdc?

a) b) c) d)

8. What is the third harmonic (sinusoidal)RMS value of a symmetrical square wave signal
having a peak value Vdc

a) b) c) d)

9. What is the fifth harmonic (sinusoidal) peak value of a symmetrical square wave signal
having a peak value Vdc?

a) b) c) d)
Descriptive Questions
1. Explain the basic concept of voltage source converter with neat circuit diagram?
2. Derive the fundamental and harmonics voltages for a three-phase bridge converter?
3. Explain the operation of three phase full bridge converter?
4. Derive the fundamental and harmonics voltages for a single-phase bridge converter?
5. Explain the operation of three level voltage - sourced converter and draw its output
waveforms by considering any one phase leg of the converter.
6. What are the advantages of 12 pulse operation how it is achieve by transformer connections?
7. Show with a neat diagram transformer connection to obtain the 24-pulse converter.
8. What is PWM converter and write its advantages?
9. What type of switches is used in voltage source converters?
10. What are the types of converters basically used in FACTS devices?
11. Explain the working of three phase full wave voltage source converter with neat wave forms.
12. Explain the harmonic analysis of three phase voltage source converter.
13. What is the need of different harmonic reduction techniques in the voltage sourced converter
and explain any one method to reduce the harmonics at output voltage of a voltage sourced
converter?

Module (II): Current source converter

Objective Questions
1. Current sourced converters in which

a) Direct current always has one polarity, DC voltage polarity may reverse

b) DC voltage always has one polarity, DC current polarity may reverse

c) Direct current always has one polarity; DC voltage always has one polarity

d) DC current polarity may reverse, DC voltage polarity may reverse

2. Which device does not have gate turn off capability?

a) GTO b) IGBT c) MTO (MOS turn off thyristor) d) SCR

3. In pulse width modulated inverters, the output voltage is controlled by controlling the

a) input frequency b) amplification factor c) modulation index d) none

Descriptive Questions
1. Explain the basic concept of current source converter with neat circuit diagram?
2. Explain different configurations of current source converters.
3. Write the comparison between Current Source Converters and Voltage Source Converters.
4. What do you mean by asymmetric turnoff devices?
5. What are the merits and demerits of voltage source converter when compared to current source
converter?
6. What does mean by Asymmetric turn-off device? And draw its symbol
7. Derive the Fourier series expansion for a symmetrical square wave (consider wave is odd)
having a peak voltage is Vd and Time period of wave is T=2π .and give the RMS value
(fundamental component) of the given square wave.
 UNIT-III
Assignment cum Tutorial Questions
Module (I): Objectives of shunt compensation
Objective Questions
1. What is the necessity of compensation?
a) Voltage profile b) Stability margin
c) Damping to power oscillations d) All of these
2. The objectives of FACTS controllers in the power system network.
a) Better the control of power flow (Real and Reactive) in transmission lines.
b) Limits SC current
c) Increase the load ability of the system
d) All of these
3. Shunt connected, fixed or switched reactors are applied to___________.
a) minimize line overvoltage under light load conditions
b) minimize line overvoltage under heavy load conditions
c) maximize voltage levels under light load conditions
d) maximize voltage levels under heavy load conditions
4. Shunt connected, fixed or switched capacitors are applied to________.
a) maintain line voltage levels under light load conditions
b) maintain line voltage levels under any load conditions
c) maintain line voltage levels under heavy load conditions
d) maintain line voltage levels under no load conditions
5. The objectives of applying reactive shunt compensation in a transmission system is
to_______.
a) increase the transmittable power.
b) improve the steady-state transmission characteristics
c) the stability of the system
d) all the above
6. The midpoint shunt compensation can increase the transmittable power doubling its
maximum value at the expense_________.
a) doubling reactive power demand on the midpoint compensator and end generator
b) 4 times the reactive power demand on the midpoint compensator and end generator
c) 6 times reactive power demand on the midpoint compensator and end generator
d) without any change of reactive power demand
7. __________is the ability of a power system to maintain steady acceptable voltages at all
buses in the system under normal operating conditions and after being subjected to a
disturbance.
a) voltage stability b) current stability c) power stability d) Transient stability
8. The ideal compensator would also consume ______ average power; that is, it would be
____________.
a) maximum, lossy b) minimum, lossy
c) maximum, lossless d) minimum, lossless
9. For the single-line system the midpoint of the transmission line is the best location for the
compensator. This is because_____.
a) the voltage sag along the uncompensated transmission line is the weakest at the midpoint
b) the voltage sag along the uncompensated transmission line is not largest at the midpoint
c) the voltage sag along the uncompensated transmission line is the largest at the endpoints
d) the voltage sag along the uncompensated transmission line is the largest at the midpoint
10. The midpoint shunt compensation can increase the transmittable power doubling its
maximum value at the expense_________.
a) doubling reactive power demand on the midpoint compensator and end generator
b) 4 times the reactive power demand on the midpoint compensator and end generator
c) 6 times reactive power demand on the midpoint compensator and end generator
d) without any change of reactive power demand
11. With the increase of the number of segment shunt compensators, the voltage variation along
the line would______.
a) rapidly decrease b) rapidly increase
c) not change d) slightly increase
12. If the uncompensated system has a sufficient transient stability margin, shunt compensation
can_________.
a) considerably increase the transmittable power without decreasing transient stability
margin
b) considerably increase the transmittable power with decreasing transient stability margin
c) considerably decrease the transmittable power without decreasing transient stability
margin
d) considerably increase the transmittable power by increasing transient stability margin
13. In case of MID point voltage regulation for line segmentation (v r=vs=vmid) the active power
flow in the transmission line
 a) 4v2/x(1-cos δ/2) b) zero
c) 2v2/x sin δ/2 d) 2v2/x(1-cos δ/2)
14. In case of MID point voltage regulation for line segmentation (v r=vs=vmid) the maximum
active power flow in the transmission line will be (Pmax is the maximum power flow in the
transmission line before connecting the midpoint shunt compensation)
a) 2PMAX b) PMAXC) zero d) 4PMAX
15. In case of MID point voltage regulation for line segmentation (v r=vs=vmid) the reactive power
deliver from the shunt compensator is
a) 4v2/x(1-cos δ/2) b) zero
c) 2v2/x sin δ/2 d) 2v2/x(1-cos δ/2)
Descriptive Questions
1. List the objectives of shunt compensation.
2. With phasor diagram and power angle characteristics, explain a two-machine power system with
ideal midpoint compensation.
3. Discuss how to improve the transient stability by using shunt compensation.
4. Discuss how to prevent voltage instability at the end of line by using shunt compensation.
5. With the help of necessary waveforms explain how power oscillation damping can be done
using shunt compensation.

Module (II): Methods of controllable var generation

Objective Questions
1. In case of thyristor switched capacitor If the residual capacitor voltage is lower than the peak
A.C voltage VC<Vpeak, then the correct instant of switching is(V =instantaneous voltage
of voltage across the switch)
a) at V=0
b) at V=Vpeak
c) at VC =V
2. In case of thyristor switched capacitor If the residual capacitor voltage is equal to or higher
than the peak A.C voltage(VC ≥ Vpeak),then the correct switching is(V =instantaneous
voltage of voltage across the switch)
a) at V=0
b) at V=Vpeak
c) at VC =V
3. In case of Thyristor controlled reactor, if the firing angle is zero then what would be the
current flow in the reactor
a) Minimum
b) Thyristor will not turn ON
c) Maximum
d) can’t say
4. In case of Thyristor controlled reactor, If the firing angle (∝) increases the current flow in
the reactor
a) Decreases b) Increases c) does not change d) can’t say
5. The FC-TCR is consist of ________and_________.
a) Fixed capacitor, Fixed inductor
b) Variable capacitor, Fixed inductor
c) Variable capacitor, Variable inductor
d) Fixed capacitor, Variable inductor
6. A Device whose output current which is either inductive or capacitive can be controlled
effectively the system potential difference is known as________.
a) SSG b) BESS c) SMES d) STATCOM
7. ..................is a variable impedance type controller and ..........................is a variable
switching type controller
a) STATCOM,TCR b) TCR, STATCOM c) TCR, SSSC d) Both b & c
8. If excitation voltage of the synchronous machine is greater than the terminal voltage then the
machine acts as a capacitor. similarly output voltage of a voltage source converter is greater
than the terminal voltage then the voltage source converter act as a capacitor ( T/F)
9. If excitation voltage of the synchronous machine is less than the terminal voltage then the
machine acts as a inductor. similarly output voltage of a voltage source converter is less than
the terminal voltage then the voltage source converter act as a inductor ( T/F))
10. The salient features of STATCOM are______.
a) Compact size b) Dynamic response
c) Wide range control d) all of these
11. Thyristor control reactor (TCR) becomes Thyristor switched reactor (TSR) when
a) alpha = 0 b) alpha = 90 c) alpha = 180 d) alpha = 210
Descriptive Questions
1. What is best location for SVC in a power transmission network?
2. Explain the operation and characteristics of thyristor controlled and thyristor switched reactor
type VAR generator with circuit diagram and waveforms.
3. Draw the operating V-I area of the voltage sourced converter type VAR generator.
4. Explain the thyristor-controlled reactor –fixed capacitor with necessary circuit diagrams and
wave forms?
5. Explain the operation of basic rotating synchronous compensator?
6. Explain the operation of basic switching converter type VAR generator?
7. What is the necessity of hybrid VAR generators? Explain different types of hybrid VAR
generators with necessary diagrams.
 UNIT-IV
Assignment cum Tutorial Questions
Objective Questions
1. By connecting which FACTS controller, can get better transient stability
a) STATOM b) SVC c) SSSC d) TCVR
2. Transfer function of SVG (static var generator) to tell the dynamic behavior of the
compensator
a) ∆VT/∆V=1/(1+G1 G2 HX)
b) ∆VT /∆V=1/(1-G2 HX)
c) ∆VT /∆V=1/(1+G1 G2 )
d) ∆VT /∆V=(1+G1 G2 HX)
3. Regulation slope K is given by
a) ∆VCMAX/ICMAX b) ∆VLMAX/ILMAX
c) ICMAX/(∆VLMAX/ILMAX ) d) both a & b
4. Large amount of load changes suddenly, then the system performance depending on the
transient stability of the system(T/F)
5. Small amount of load changes gradually, then the system performance depending on the
steady state stability of the system(T/F)
6. Application of SVC is
a) Stability Enhancement b) Damping sub synchronous oscillations c) both a &b
7. In power oscillation damping, the frequency of the sub synchronous oscillation is
normally significantly --------------than the normal power oscillation. (Higher/lower)
8. The dynamic behavior of the compensator is a function of power system………………
a) voltage b) fault current c) impedance d) active power
9. Practical compensator, the response time in worst case is in the range of
a) 30 -40 m.sec b) 3-4 m.sec c) 30-40 micro.sec d) 3-4 sec
10. SVC is used to maintain the power factor above __________
a) 0.2 b) 0.5 c) 0.8 d) 0.6
11. The converter based var generation may be required with a suitable energy storage in
order to provide ................compensation
a) active power
b) reactive power
c) active and reactive power
Descriptive Questions
1. Write a comparison between STATCOM and SVC in the following:
(i) V-I characteristics (ii) transient stability.
2. Explain the general control scheme of static var generators.
3. Why regulation slop is necessary in control scheme?
4. Write a short note on transient stability enhancement using STATCOM and SVC.
5. Explain with a neat block diagram general control scheme of Static Var Compensator(SVC).
6. Derive a transfer function for basic static var compensator.
7. Explain the dynamic behavior of compensator as a function of power system impedance.

8. What are the functions of STATCOM?

9. What is SVC? What are its applications?
10. Draw and discuss V-I characteristics of SVC.
11. Analyse the transient stability enhancement by VSC and STATCOM done by increasing the
temporarily midpoint voltage.
 UNIT-V
Assignment cum Tutorial Questions
Module (I): Objectives of Series Compensation
Objective Questions
1. The Effective transmission impedance Xeff with the series capacitive compensation is

a) Xeff=X+XC b) Xeff=X-XC c) Xeff=XC d) Xeff=X

2. The degree of series compensation K range is

a) 0<K<10 b) 0<K<1 c) K>1 d) K<0

3. The degree of series compensation K is the ratio of

a) b) c d)

4. When a series capacitor is connected in series with the long transmission line the line
impedance will decrease (T/F)

5. During the Line to ground fault the transmitted electric power is_____ and the mechanical
input given to the generator is ____

a) Pe,0 b) 0,Pm c) 0.0 d) Pe, Pm

6. When the rotationally oscillating generator accelerates the angle δ must be......

a) Decrease

b) Increase

c) Must be constant

7. The value of K increases sharply the reactive power supplied by the series capacitor is...

a) Increase

b) Decrease

c) reactive power supplied by the series capacitor is constant (no change)

8. Disadvantage with series compensation

a) Reduce the stability b) increase the voltage drop

c) Reduce the power factor d) Increase in fault current

Descriptive Questions
1. What are the objectives of Series compensation an d Analyze how series compensation is
used to improve Power Oscillation Damping.
2. Explain the basic concept of series compensation?
3. How the series compensation can improve the transient stability and control the power
oscillation damping?
4. By connecting the series capacitor in series with the transmission line, derive the equation
for power flow in the transmission line. (assume voltage at bus is V, and line reactance is X.)

Module (II): Variable Impedance & Switching Converter Type Series Compensators
Objective Questions
1. As the turnoff delay angle increases in the GCSC results in consequent reduction in
__________________ along blocking angle.

a) capacitive current

b) harmonics flow in the transmission line

c) Fundamental capacitive voltage

2. TSSC and GCSC can be considered simply as a continues variable capacitor whose
capacitance is controllable in the range of 0 < Xc < XCmax.(T/F)

3. TCSC is a capacitive reactance compensator, which consists of _______capacitor bank

______ by a thyristor-controlled reactor.

a) shunt, series b) series, shunted

c) series, series d) shunt, shunt

4. List of Static Series compensators.

a) TCR, TSR, TSSC, TSC

b) GCSC, TCSC, TSSC

c) TSSC, TCSC, SVG, SVS

d) SVG, SVC, TCR, TSR

5. The device which based on thyristor but having no gate turn off capability_________.

a) TCSC b) TCR c) TSSR d) TSSC

Descriptive Questions
1. Explain the internal control scheme for GCSC and associated waveforms with block
diagram.
2. Explain with a neat sketch in detail the Thysristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) with
its impedance Vs firing angle.
3. Analyze functional internal control scheme for TCSC based on synchronization to
fundamental component of line current.
4. Describe the thyristor-controlled series capacitor with neat circuit diagram and wave Forms?
5. Enumerate the modelling of TCSC to enhance system transient stability.
6. Explain the operation of GTO thyristor-controlled series capacitor with neat wave forms?
7. Explain the operation of thyristor switched series capacitor with neat wave forms?
8. Explain the basic operating control schemes for the following
i) GCSC ii) TSSC iii) TCSC
 UNIT-VI
Assignment cum Tutorial Questions
Module (I): Static Voltage Regulators
Objective Questions
1. In Voltage regulation, tap changers can, in general, be used to control _______flow in the
line.
a) Active power b) Reactive power c) Apparent power d) Resistance
2. The role of modern voltage phase angle regulators with fast electronic control can also be
extended to handle dynamic system events, such as______________ and the corresponding
voltage dips.
a) Transient stability improvement
b) Power oscillation damping
c) The minimization of post-disturbance overloads
d) All the above
3. The basic concept of _________ and phase angle regulation is the addition of an appropriate
in-phase or a quadrature component to the prevailing terminal voltage in order to change it
magnitude or angle to the value specified.
a) Voltage b) Current c) Power d) None of these
4. The basic concept of voltage and __________is the addition of an appropriate in-phase or a
quadrature component to the prevailing terminal voltage in order to change it magnitude or
angle to the value specified.
a) Phase angle regulation
b) Phase angle rectification
c) Power angle regulation
d) Power angle rectification
5. As compared to reactive compensators, voltage and phase angle regulators bring a new
element to the control of dynamic events, the capability to exchange__________.
a) Reactive power
b) Real power
c) Apparent power
d) None of these
6. The on-load tap changing voltage and angle regulators, lack the ability of a reactive
compensator to supply or absorb _________and thus this burden is left to the power system
to handle.
 a) Real power
b) Reactive power
c) Apparent power
d) None of these
7. For small angular adjustments, the resultant angular change is approximately_________ to
the injected voltage, while the voltage magnitude remains almost constant.
a) Inverse
b) Double
c) Proportional
d) riple
Descriptive Questions
1. List out the Objectives of voltage regulator.
2. Explain the basic working principle of voltage regulator.
3. Justify how the ‘phase angle regulator can work as a boost converter’ with the help of phasor
diagram.
4. Describe the operation of real and reactive loop power flow control.
5. Explain the operation of continuous control tap changer with a load R,L,C.
6. Explain the operation of thyristor tap changer with discrete level control using equal
winding section, ternary proportioned sections.
7. Explain the operation of switching converter-based voltage angle regulators with phasor
diagrams.
8. Describe the real and reactive loop power flow control.

Module (II): Static Phase Angle Regulators

Objective Questions
1. By means of varying the __________ a FACTS controller can control the power flow as
required.
a) Phase angle b) Capacitance c) Frequency d) Power factor
2. PARs stands for__________.
a) Phase angle regulators
b) Power angle regulators
c) Plant active resistance
d) Programmable automatic resistor
3. PSTs stands for__________.
 a) Phase shifting terminals
b) Phase shifting transformers
c) Power shifting terminals
d) Phase shifting transformers
4. Mechanical phase angle regulators or phase shifting transformers, using on-load tap
changers with quadrature voltage injection, were introduced in the year__________.
a) 1924 b) 1926 c) 1928 d) 1930

Descriptive Questions
1. List out the Objectives of phase angle regulator.
2. Explain the basic working principle of phase angle regulator.
3. Explain how transient stability can improve by using phase angle regulator.
4. Describe the operation of power flow control by using phase angle regulator.
5. Explain how transient stability can improve by using phase angle regulator.
6. Explain how can provide power oscillation damping by using phase angle regulator.
7. Explain the operation of switching converter-based phase angle regulators with phasor
diagrams.