1,Fallacy and its Impact on Argument or Discussion:

the word ‗fallacy‘ is a general term that refers to a logical defect or flaw or fault that a certain
argument exhibits in its structural arrangement or reasoning process, or in the

contents of its statements used as premises or a conclusion, for various reasons, other than

merely false premises. In general, it is a violation of standard argumentative rules or criteria.

There are four general criteria of a good argument, which specifically evaluate the relevance,

acceptability, sufficiency, and rebuttablity of the premises. A good argument must have premises

that: are relevant to the truth of the conclusion, are acceptable to a logical person, together

constitute sufficient grounds for the truth of the conclusion, and anticipate and provide an

effective rebuttal to all reasonable challenges to the argument or to the position supported by it.

A premise is relevant, if its acceptance provides some reason to believe, counts in favor of, or

makes a difference to the truth or falsity of the conclusion.

#Types of fallacies

Formal and informal fallacy.

# formal fallacy;committed due to a formal or structural defect of a deductive argument and deductively
invalid argument .

#formal fallacy exist because oe an error in the structure of the argument .

Some of these forms are ; catagorical,disjunctive , hypothetical syllogisms .

# apply only to deductive argument , not to inductive argument

E.g all A are A .

all C are B .

all A are C .

# Informal fallacy

Are referred to found in the content , context and language of the argument ,Which could be inductive
or deductive

E.g all A are B

all C are D

all A are D
#Logical fallacies make an argument weak by using mistaken beliefs/ideas, invalid arguments, illogical
arguments, and/or deceptiveness. If you are arguing, avoid fallacies of thought because they create
weaknesses in an argument. Here are some of the most common fallacies to be aware of.

1Ad hominem

¤ Attacking one’s character rather than the issue; an insult is not addressing the concern.

¤Does your reason for arguing stand on solid ground, or are you just insulting the opponent?

2Appeal to False Authority

#Using a source quote from someone who is not an expert in the field.

#Who qualifies as an “expert”?

#Are there credentials for your “expert”?

#Do you/they have the authority?

#Is your/their source biased?

3Bandwagon Fallacy

#When evidence merely says that the reasoning is because others do or like it, you are not providing
solid evidence.

#Who is “everyone”?

#Are they really “all” thinking the same way?

4 Begging the Question/Circular Reasoning

#Affirming the claim in a circular manner that essentially supports itself.

#Is your claim supported by something other than its own concept?

5Either/Or Fallacy

#Reducing complex arguments to simply right/wrong

#There are more than two sides to arguments.

#Ask yourself if someone can come up with an alternative

6Faulty Analogy

#Comparing things that are similar in some ways, but not where it matters most.

7Faulty Causality

#Drawing the conclusion that when two events happen close together one has caused the other.

8Vagueness, Evasions, Misstatements

#Vagueness is simply lies in truth’s clothing.

#Misstatements often take a quote out of context to “prove” a point.

Describe an encountered fallacy in everyday life or studies.

Explain how it affected the argument or discussion.
Provide examples and evidence to support your analysis.
Question Can you provide an example of a fallacy that you have encountered in everyday life or
in your studies? How did it affect the argument or discussion?
example of a fallacy that you have encountered in everyday life

In a discussion on traditional health care, one traditional health care professional argued that traditional
medicine is beneficial and can provide patients with faster recovery at a better and more affordable
price, and that it is produced locally, and that it helps prevent unnecessary complications and
inconveniences for the patient. Another health professional argued that traditional medicine is very
harmful and can even lead to death, and that it has not been scientifically proven.

The impact on the debate or discussion was that the second health professional deviated from the main
point and made a discussion that was not based on the main point. He emphasized the harms rather
than the benefits by stating that traditional medicine is not beneficial. Instead of emphasizing that
traditional medicine can improve the health sector and that people who are engaged in the field can
achieve good results by combining it with modern medical knowledge, he abandoned the original idea
of the discussion and entered into a debate, which disrupted the flow of the discussion and made the
results less effective.

1. Misrepresentation: The original argument was about the benefits of traditional medicine, but health
professionals focused on its misuse and ineffectiveness.

2, Disruption: Seeking ways to implement false information and unnecessary policies instead of focusing
on the stability of the situation as useless

3, Missed Opportunity: Traditional medicine has been practiced since ancient times, and while it is
possible to modernize and develop the country's health sector, it has not been possible to make it
relevant due to the discussion. For example: - Studies indicate that since ancient times, humans have
tried to provide patients with a better way to treat themselves and their communities through
traditional methods. Modern medicine is based on traditional medicine. However, instead of focusing on
the benefits, the focus is on the harms and instead of completely eliminating the idea, it would have
been possible to have a more constructive discussion by focusing on the issue and improving medical
policies.
Conclusion: - The main argument is that instead of raising a point, the discussion has become ineffective
by turning it into a problem. It is important to recognize and avoid such errors and make rational
decisions.

Question Can you provide an example of a fallacy that you have encountered in everyday life or
in your studies? How did it affect the argument or discussion?

E.g "Teacher , I deserve the "F" I receive on this exam to be dropped because my mother died be for the
in car accident , so I could not study that much ."

# It is An appeal to pity fallacy attempts to persuade an audience by eliciting feelings of sympathy or

compassion, rather than by providing logically sound evidence or reasons. The argument focuses on the
arguer's unfortunate circumstances or suffering, aiming to sway the listener's emotions.

# Why it's fallacy? in this case, The student's mother's death is indeed a tragic event, and the student's
grief is understandable. However, the grade on the exam should be based on their demonstration of
understanding the material, not on their personal circumstances. While the teacher may have empathy
for the student, the grade doesn't reflect pity but rather the student's level of knowledge based on the
test.

How it Affects the Argument/Discussion:

#By Distraction from the Main Issue: The appeal to pity distracts the teacher and shifts the focus from
the student's performance on the exam (which is what the grade reflects) to the student's emotional
state and personal tragedy. It becomes about the student's pain, not about their knowledge.

#ByEmotional Manipulation: It places the teacher in a difficult position. If the teacher sticks to the
academic standard, they might appear cold or uncaring. The student is attempting to use the teacher's
natural sense of compassion to gain an unfair advantage.