INTERNAL SECURITY SHORT NOTES BY

ADITYA SIR ( IRON MAN)

Left-Wing Extremism
Introduction- The term Naxalism derives its name from the village Naxalbari of West Bengal.
Violent incidents in Naxalism-affected States have come down by 77% in 2022 compared to the
high of 2010.

Causes:

1. Social and Economic Inequality: Disparities in wealth and access to resources.

2. Land Disputes: Conflicts over land ownership and land reforms.
3. Political Marginalization: Exclusion of certain groups from political processes.
4. Corruption: Mismanagement and corruption in governance.
5. Lack of Development: Poor infrastructure, healthcare, and education in rural areas.
6.Historical Grievances: Long-standing issues related to caste and tribal rights.
INTERNAL SECURITY SHORT NOTES BY
ADITYA SIR ( IRON MAN)

Impact:

1. Violence and Insecurity: Attacks on government forces and civilians.

2. Economic Disruption: Hindered development projects and investments.
3. Human Rights Violations: Abuse and exploitation of local populations.
4. Political Instability: Weakening of democratic institutions and processes.
5. Displacement: Forced migration of people from conflict areas.

What are Initiative of Government Against Naxalism?

National Policy and Action Plan to address Left Wing Extremism 2015

SAMADHAN

Aspirational Districts Programme

Security Related Expenditure (SRE) Scheme: Scheme implemented in 10 LWE affected

States for Security Related Expenditure.

It relates to training and operational needs of security forces, ex-gratia payment to the
family of civilians/security forces killed/injured in LWE violence, rehabilitation of surrendered
LWE cadres, community policing, village defence committees and publicity materials.

Special Central Assistance (SCA) for most LWE Affected Districts: It aims to fill the critical
gaps in Public Infrastructure and Services, which are of emergent nature.

Scheme of Fortified Police stations: Under the scheme, 604 fortified police stations have
been constructed in LWE affected areas.

Road Connectivity Project for LWE Affected Areas (RCPLWE): It aims at improving road
connectivity in LWE affected States.
INTERNAL SECURITY SHORT NOTES BY
ADITYA SIR ( IRON MAN)
Solutions:

1. Inclusive Development: Addressing socio-economic disparities and improving

infrastructure.
2. Land Reforms: Implementing fair and effective land distribution policies.
3. Political Engagement: Ensuring representation and participation of marginalized
groups.
4. Effective Governance: Combating corruption and ensuring transparent
administration.
5.Security Measures: Strengthening law enforcement and intelligence operations.

Terrorism

“Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate
or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of
political or social objectives.”

Causes:

1. Political Grievances: Oppression, lack of representation, and authoritarian regimes.

2. Religious Extremism: Radical interpretations of religious ideologies.
3. Economic Disparities: Poverty, unemployment, and lack of opportunities.
4. Cultural Conflicts: Clashes between different cultural and ethnic groups.
INTERNAL SECURITY SHORT NOTES BY
ADITYA SIR ( IRON MAN)
5. Foreign Interventions: Military interventions and foreign policies that create
resentment.

Impact:

1. Loss of Life and Property: Mass casualties and destruction from attacks.
2. Psychological Trauma: Fear and anxiety among populations.
3. Economic Costs: Damage to infrastructure, loss of tourism, and increased security
spending.
4. Social Polarization: Heightened tensions between different communities.
5. Political Repercussions: Erosion of civil liberties and strengthening of security
apparatus.
INTERNAL SECURITY SHORT NOTES BY
ADITYA SIR ( IRON MAN)
Solutions:

1. Addressing Root Causes: Tackling political, social, and economic issues that fuel
terrorism.
2. Counter-Radicalization: Promoting moderate ideologies and de-radicalization
programs.
3. International Cooperation: Collaborating globally to track and combat terrorist
networks.
4. Enhanced Security: Improving intelligence, surveillance, and law enforcement
capabilities.
5. Promoting Dialogue: Encouraging communication and understanding between
conflicting groups.

Organized Crime

Organised crime varies from country to country but generally involves illegal activities
such as property offenses,,drug trafficking , money laundering currency violations,
intimidation, prostitution, gambling, and trafficking in arms and antiquities.
INTERNAL SECURITY SHORT NOTES BY
ADITYA SIR ( IRON MAN)
Causes:

1. Weak Law Enforcement: Inadequate policing and judicial systems.

2. Economic Opportunities: Profitable illegal markets like drug trafficking, arms
smuggling, and human trafficking.
3. Corruption: Collusion between criminals and public officials.
4. Poverty and Unemployment: Lack of legitimate opportunities for income.
5.Political Instability: Chaotic environments that allow criminal organizations to flourish.

Jammu & Kashmir

External Actors and Militant Groups: Pakistan-based groups such as Lashkar-e-Taiba (LET),
Jaish-e-Mohammad (JEM), Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami (HUJI), and Harakat-ul-Mujahideen (HUM)
operate from across the Line of Control (LOC), engaging in militant activities within J&K. These
groups are often accused of receiving funding and support from external sources.

Financing and Funding Sources: Terrorist organisations in Kashmir source their funding from
various channels, including local charities, donors in the Persian Gulf, state sponsors, handlers,
and the Hawala system. The funding methods also involve money laundering, drug money, and
counterfeit currency.

Hawala is an informal funds transfer system that allows for the shifting of money
from one person to another without the actual movement of money.

Northeastern States

Terrorist Groups and Insurgencies: The United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) and the
longstanding Naga insurgency in Nagaland are highlighted as major insurgent groups
operating in the region. These groups have been active for years, raising concerns about
security and stability.

Symbiotic Relationship Between Crime and Terrorism: Poor governance in the

Northeastern states has facilitated a symbiotic relationship between terrorist organizations and
criminal groups. These groups run parallel governments in certain regions and engage in
illegal activities like drug trafficking, arms smuggling, human trafficking, and money laundering
to finance their operations.
INTERNAL SECURITY SHORT NOTES BY
ADITYA SIR ( IRON MAN)

What is the Legal Position of Organised Crime in India?

Organised crime has always existed in India in some form or another. It has, however,
assumed its virulent form in modern times due to several socio-economic and political
factors and advances in science and technology.

Even though rural India is not immune from it, it is essentially an urban phenomenon.

India does not have a specific law to deal with organised crime at the national level. The
existing laws, such as the National Security Act,1980, and the Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 are inadequate as they target individuals and not criminal
groups or enterprises.

Some states, such as Gujarat (Gujarat Control of Organised Crime Act, 2015), Karnataka
(Karnataka Control of Organised Crime Act, 2000), and Uttar Pradesh (Uttar Pradesh Control of
Organised Crime Act, 2017), have enacted their own laws to combat organised crime.

India is also a party to several international conventions and treaties that aim to prevent
and suppress organized crime at the global level.

These include:

United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC).

United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC).

United Nations Office On Drug And Crime (UNODC).

Conventions facilitate cooperation, mutual assistance, law enforcement, and information

sharing among countries.

Impact:

1. Violence and Crime: Increased homicides, kidnappings, and street crimes.

2. Economic Losses: Undermining legal businesses and economic stability.
3. Corruption: Erosion of public trust in institutions.
4. Public Health Crises: Drug addiction and trafficking-related diseases.
INTERNAL SECURITY SHORT NOTES BY
ADITYA SIR ( IRON MAN)
5. Social Disruption: Destabilization of communities and families.

Solutions:

1. Strengthening Law Enforcement: Training and equipping police forces and judicial
systems.
2. Anti-Corruption Measures: Implementing transparent and accountable governance.
3. Economic Development: Creating job opportunities and reducing poverty.
4. International Collaboration: Sharing intelligence and coordinated efforts against
transnational crime.
5. Community Engagement: Involving local communities in crime prevention and
rehabilitation programs.
INTERNAL SECURITY SHORT NOTES BY
ADITYA SIR ( IRON MAN)
MONEY LAUNDERING

What is Money Laundering?

Definition: According to the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), money laundering
is the processing of money obtained from criminal activities to disguise its illegal origin.
These criminal activities include financial fraud, drug trafficking, and terrorist activities.

Process of Money Laundering: Money laundering involves three steps:

1. Placement: Injection of the “dirty money” into the legitimate financial system.
2. Layering: Concealment of the source of the money through a series of transactions
and bookkeeping tricks.
3. Integration: Withdrawal of laundered money from the legitimate financial system by
the criminals for their ulterior motives.

Common Methods of Money Laundering:

• Smurfing: Dividing large sums of money into smaller, less suspicious amounts, then
depositing them into one or more bank accounts over time by multiple people (smurfs)
or by a single person.
• Shell companies: Companies without active business operations that take in dirty
money as “payment” for supposed goods or services but provide none, creating the
appearance of legitimate transactions through fake invoices and balance sheets.
• Overseas banks: Use of “offshore accounts” in countries with bank secrecy laws like
the Bahamas, Bahrain, the Cayman Islands, Hong Kong, Panama, and Singapore.
• Hawala: A parallel remittance system that functions independently from or concurrently
with “traditional” banking or financial channels.
• Electronic Money Laundering (EML): Takes place through online auctions and sales,
gambling websites, and virtual gaming sites. The newest frontier involves
cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, as seen in the 2015 Paris attack funding.
INTERNAL SECURITY SHORT NOTES BY
ADITYA SIR ( IRON MAN)
Negative Impacts and Effects of Money Laundering:

Economic Effects:

• Destabilisation of economy: According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the

quantum of money laundered is approximately 2 to 5 percent of the global GDP. The
unpredictability of the economy due to the influx of illegal money can lead to financial
crises.
• Loss of revenue exchequer to the government: Money laundering decreases the tax
funds available for collection in the economy, reducing government revenues and
affecting budgetary allocations for social sectors like health and education.
• Impact on financial sector: Discourages foreign investors from long-term investments
in financial markets, leading to volatility in exchange rates and interest rates.
Encourages tax evasion culture.
• Transfer of economic power to wrong entities: Economic power is transferred from
law-abiding citizens and the government to criminals.

Social Effects:

• Decline of social and political morality: Leads to a decline in societal morals and
exposes it to criminal activities like drug trafficking, smuggling, and corruption.
• ‘Demographic Dividend’ turns into ‘Demographic Disaster’: Increases
unemployment and criminal activities as legitimate businesses fail to compete with
those using illegal money.

Political Effects:

• Policy paralysis: Leads to measurement errors and misallocation of resources,

making legislative bodies unable to quantify its negative economic effects and linkages
with other crimes.

Challenges in Combating Money Laundering in India:

• Increased use of digital currency like Bitcoins and cryptocurrency: Conceals illicit
funds; over $2.5 billion laundered in cryptocurrencies since 2019 (IMF).
INTERNAL SECURITY SHORT NOTES BY
ADITYA SIR ( IRON MAN)
• Presence of tax haven countries: Strict financial secrecy laws incentivize creation of
anonymous accounts in tax haven countries.
• Laxity on the part of banks: Competition forces banks to lower their guards.
• Collusion by financial institution employees: Collusion with money launderers
exacerbates the problem, as seen in cases like the PNB Fraud.
• Lack of convergence among enforcement agencies: Separate wings dealing with
different crimes lack coordination.
• Lack of awareness about the seriousness of money laundering: Aggravates the
problem as people continue using black markets and Hawala transactions.

Measures Taken to Combat Money Laundering in India:

Statutory Measures:

• Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002: Provides greater power to

government agencies for attachment and confiscation of properties and stricter bail
conditions.

Institutional Measures:

• Enforcement Directorate: Investigation and prosecution of cases under PMLA.

• Financial Intelligence Unit India (FIU-IND): Established in 2004 to gather, analyze,
and disseminate data on suspicious financial transactions.

International Cooperation Measures:

• Financial Action Task Force (FATF): India has used FATF to push for sanctions
against countries like Pakistan.
• UN Conventions: Signatory to conventions like the International Convention for
Suppression of Financing of Terrorism (1999), the UN Convention against Transnational
Organized Crime (2000), and the UN Convention against Corruption (2003).

Way Forward:
INTERNAL SECURITY SHORT NOTES BY
ADITYA SIR ( IRON MAN)
• Strengthen PMLA: Introduce stricter provisions to address the evolving tactics of
money launderers.
• Criminalize money laundering in tax haven countries: Ensure that financial secrecy
laws do not impede the implementation of FATF recommendations, in accordance with
the Vienna and Palermo Conventions.
• Public sensitization: Raise awareness about the dangers of money laundering and
encourage avoidance of black markets and Hawala transactions. Educate the private
sector about their role in anti-money laundering activities.
Balance financial confidentiality and anti-money laundering measures: Use
diplomatic efforts to nudge tax haven countries to end financial secrecy laws, striking a
balance between confidentiality and prevention of money laundering.

Border Management
Definition:
Border management is the process of securing national frontiers and safeguarding the
country from risks associated with the movement of goods and people across borders.
This includes regulating legal and illegal immigration, ensuring safe movement of
authorized individuals and goods, and preventing smuggling, human trafficking, and
infiltration.

Principle:
The Government of India follows the principle of “One Border, One Border Guarding
Force” to secure its borders:

• BSF: Manages the Bangladesh and Pakistan borders.

• ITBP: Manages the China border.
• SSB: Manages the Nepal and Bhutan borders.
• Assam Rifles: Manages the Myanmar border.
• Indian Army: Protects the Line of Control (LoC) on the Indo-Pakistan border and the
Line of Actual Control (LAC) on the Indo-China border.
• Indian Navy and Indian Coast Guard: Secure coastal borders, with State (Marine)
Police acting as the second line of defense.
INTERNAL SECURITY SHORT NOTES BY
ADITYA SIR ( IRON MAN)
Countries Sharing Borders with India:

• India shares borders with Bangladesh, China, Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar, Bhutan, and
Afghanistan.
• The diverse terrain includes deserts, fertile lands, marshes, snow-covered peaks, and
tropical forests, making the borders vulnerable to insurgency, illegal migration, and
smuggling.

India’s Maritime Boundaries:

• Territorial Waters: Extend up to 12 nautical miles; sovereign territory requiring

permission for entry.
• Contiguous Zone: Extends up to 24 nautical miles; allows hot pursuit of vessels
violating laws or regulations.
• Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): Extends up to 200 nautical miles; coastal states
have rights to natural and economic resources.

Role of the Department of Border Management:

• Formed under the Ministry of Home Affairs in 2004, responsible for land and coastal
borders (except LoC in Jammu and Kashmir).
• Responsibilities include fencing, floodlighting, surveillance, patrolling, security
infrastructure development, intelligence analysis, and developing Integrated Check
Posts (ICPs).

Challenges in Managing Indian Borders:

• Indo-Pak Border: Varied climates, infiltration, and cross-border terrorism.

• Indo-China Border: Disputes and frequent face-offs.
• Indo-Bangladesh Border: Illegal immigration and smuggling.
• Indo-Nepal Border: Smuggling and terrorism.
• Indo-Myanmar Border: Drug trafficking and insurgency.
• Indo-Bhutan Border: Smuggling.

Way Forward:
INTERNAL SECURITY SHORT NOTES BY
ADITYA SIR ( IRON MAN)

• Smart Identity Management: Use of biometrics for identification.

• Smart Inspection Systems: Non-invasive techniques for detecting concealed items.
• Security and Surveillance Systems: Deploy intrusion detection systems,
watchtowers, surveillance cameras, and laser curtains.
• Cross-Border Cooperation (CBC): Information sharing and collaboration on issues
like human trafficking, smuggling, and terrorist threats.
Development of Border Areas: Implement the Border Area Development Program
(BADP) and Vibrant Villages Programme (VVP) for comprehensive development of
villages in border districts.