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Transformer

Transformers Notes

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20 views

Transformer

Transformers Notes

Uploaded by

xavierarnold2000
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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cuore RED Learning Objectives vara "TRANSFORMER Transformer Transformer Construction Core-type Transformers Shell-type Transformers EMF. Equation of Transformer Voltage Transformation Ratio Transformer with losses Equivalent Resistance Magnetic Leakage Transformer with Resistance and Leakage Reactance Total Approximate Voltage Drop in Transformer Exact Voltage Drop Separation of Core Losses Short-Circuit orimpedance Test > Why Transformer Rating in kVA? Regulation ofa Transformer Percentage Resistance, Reactanceandimpedance Kapp Regulation Diagram ‘Sumpner of Back-to-back YovvyY YovY¥YY ¥ vv vy VY ae A Toovercome losses, the electricity froma generator is passed through a step-up ae eee transformer, which increases the voltage. anon ‘Throughout the distribution system, the voltages are changed using step-down transformers to voltages suitable to the applications at industry ‘and homes. vy 4116 Electrical Technology 32.1. Working Principle of a Transformer A transformer isa static (or stationary) piece of apparatus by means of which electric power in ‘one circuit is transformed into electric power of the same frequency in another circuit. It can raise or Tower the voltage ina circuit but with acorrespond- ing decrease or increase in current. The physical basis of a transformer is mutual induction between ‘wo circuits linked by a common magnetic lux. In its simplest form, it consists of two inductive coils which are electrically separated but magnetically linked through a path of low reluctance as shown in Fig. 32.1. ‘The two coils possess high mutual inductance. Ifone coil is connected toa source of | alternating voltage, an alternating flux is set up in the laminated core, most of which is linked with the other coil in which it produces mutually-in- Laminated Core Secondary Primary Fig. 32.4 duced e.m.. (according to Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction e = Mails). Ifthe second coil circuit is closed, a current flows in it and so electric energy is transferred (entirely magnetically) from the first coil to the second coil. ‘The first col, in which electric energy is fed from the a.c. supply ‘mains, is called primary winding and the other from which energy is drawn out, is called secondary winding. In brief, a transformer isa device that 1. transfers electric power from one circuit to another 2. it does so without a change of frequency 3. itaccomplishes this by electromagnetic induction and 4, where the two electric circuits are in mutual inductive influence of each other. 32.2. Transformer Construction ‘The simple elements ofa transformer consist of two coils having mutual aA inductanceand a laminatedsteelcore. The primary secondary ‘two coils are insulated from each other and coil coil the steel core. Other necessary pans are: ‘some suitable container for assembled core 110/120. 2201240 and windings ; a suitable medium for volts volts. insulating the core and its windings from its container; suitable bushings (either of = porcelain, oil-filled or capacitor-type) for — insulating and bringing out the terminals Ps cof windings from. the papa Ton tank ee volts In all types of Principe of transtomer unsere, the coreis constructed of transformer sheet sce! laminations assembled to provide a continuous magnetic path with a minimum of airgap included. The stcl used i of high silicon content, sometimes heat treated to produce a high permeability and a low hysteresis loss at the Transformer 1117 usual operating flux densities, ‘The eddy current loss is minimised by Normal Operation laminating the core, the laminations being insulated fromeach otherby a. Low High light coat of core-plate varnish or by an oxide layeron the surface, The yv9ttage_votage, thickness of laminations varies from 0.35 mm fora frequency of 50 Hz 10 (0.5 mm fora frequency of 25 Hz. The core laminations (in the form of strips) are joined as shown in Fig, 32.2. Its seen thatthe joints in the alternate layers are staggered in order to avoid the presence of narrow gaps right through the cross-section of the core. Such staggered joints are said to be “imbricated’. Constructionally, the transformers are of two general types, distinguished from each other round ‘merely by the manner in which the primary and secondary coils are placed around the laminated core. The two types are known as (i) core-type and (i) shell- type. Another recent development is spiral-core or wound-core type, the trade name being spirakore transformer. In the so-called core type transformers, the windings surround a considerable part of the core whereas in shell-type transformers, the core surrounds a considerable portion of the windings as shown schematically in Fig. 32.3 (a) and (6) respectively. Core-type transformer Shel-Type transformer @ @ Fig. 32.3, Fig. 32.4 In the simplified diagram for the core type transformers [Fig, 32.3 (a)], the primary and secondary winding are shown located on the opposite legs (or limbs) of the core, but in actual construction, these are always interleaved to reduce leakage flux. As shown in Fig. 32.4, half the primary and half the secondary winding have been placed side by side or concentrically on each limb, not primary on one limb (or leg) and the secondary on the other. ge baminaton iL lee — —— — Fig. 325 Fig. 32.6 In both core and shell-type transformers, the individual laminations are cut in the form of long strips of L's, £’s and P's as shown in Fig. 32.5. ‘The assembly of the complete core for the two types of transformers is shown in Fig. 32.6 and Fig. 32.7. 1118 Electrical Technology As said above, in order to avoid high reluctance at the joints where the laminations are butted against each other, the alternate layers are stacked differently to eliminate these joints as shown in Fig, 32.6 and Fig. 32.7, 32.3. Core-type Transformers ‘The coils used are form-wound and are of the cylindrical type. The general form of these coils may be circular or oval or rectangular. In small size core-type transformers, a simple rectangular core used with cylindrical coils whichare either circular or rectangular in form. But for large-size core-type transformers, round Butt Joi Fig. 32.7 ah 3) al 2iegcore Seg core 4169 core Single-Phase Transformer Cores. or circular cylindrical coils are used which are so ‘wound as t0 fit over a cruciform core section as shown in Fig. 32.8(@). The citcular cylindrical coils L,Y. Insulation are used in most of the core-type transformers. HLY. Insulation hecause of their mechanical strength, Such LV. Winding a HLY. Winding qi ioe (Cruciform Section) Fig. 328 (a) cylindrical coils are wound in helical layers with the different layers insulated from each other by paper, cloth, micarta board or cooling ducts. Fig. 32.8(¢) shows the general arrangement of these coils with respect to the core. Insulating cylinders of fuller board are used to separate the cylindrical windings. from the core and from each other. Since the low- voltage (LY) winding iseasiestto insulate, itis placed nearest tothe core (Fig. 32.8). HY. Winding LV. Winding 7 Insulating ome © Fig. 32.8 Transformer 1119 Because of aminatons and insulation, the net oreffetve core areas reduced, due allowance for wwhichas tobe made Ex. 32.6. Iti found that, in general the reduction incore sectional area due tothe presence of paper surface oxide et iso the order of 10% approximately. {As pointed out above rectangular cores wih rectangular cylindrical cols can be used for smal-ize cove-ype transformers as shown in Fig. 32.9 (but for large-sized raneforiers it becomes wasteful io tse retangularylindrcal cols and socirulr cynical oils are prefered. For such purposes, square core may be used as shown in Fig. 32.9 (0) where circles represent the tabula former carrying the coils Obviously, considerable aman’ of useful space isl wasied. A corn improvement on square core sto employ crciform core asin Fig. 329) which demands at east two sizes of ore strips. For very larg transformers, futher core-steppingis done asin Fig 32.9(¢) where at least tee sizes of core plates are mecesny. Coe sipping notonlygiveshigh space factor bul also esultsnredoced length of the mean tumand the consequent PR los. Tree stepped coeisthe one mos common sedalthough more steps maybe used for very large transfommersesin Fig, 32.9), From the geometry ofFig 329, can be shown that maximum goss core section for Fig. 32.9 (6 is 0.5 and for Fig, 32.9(c) tis O 616 where dis the Giameter ofthe eylnialeo 0.166 016d may 14d 1144) 0.0744, £0.09 0.124 gd ease le Y Heosrda tl A 0.3694 |) i aan i ir ative ia \ t 7 ‘ol ond 085 Re i MN Td Th al 1 i oie 14-0850» 09>, 0.934, @ Cc) oO @ © Fig. 329 32.4, Shell-type Transformers In these case also, the coils are form-would but are multi-layer dise type usually wound in the form of pancakes. The different layers of such multi-layer discs are insulated from each other by paper. The complete winding consists of stacked dises with insulation space between the coils-the spaces forming horizontal cooling and insulating duets. A shell-type transformer may have a simple rectangular form as shown in Fig. 32.10 or it may have distributed form as shown in Fig. 32.11 2 pf Fig. 32.10 A very commonly-used shell-type transformer is the one known as Berry Transformer-so called after the name ofits designer and is cylindrical in form. The transformer core consists of laminations arranged in groups which radiate out from the centre as shown in section in Fig. 32.12. 1120 Electrical Technology Itmay be pointed out that cores and coils of transformers must be provided with rigid mechanical bracing in order to prevent movement and possible insulation damage, Good bracing reduces vibration and the objectionable noise-a humming sound-during operation, ‘The spiral-core transformer employs the newest development in core construction. The core is as- sembled of a continuous strip or ribbon of transformer steel wound inthe form of a circular or elliptical cylinder. Such construction allows the core flux o follow the grain of the iron, Cold-rolled steel of high silicon content enables the designer to use considerably higher operating flux densities with lower loss per kg. The use of higher flux density reduces the weight per kVA. Hence, the advantages of such construction, are (i) relatively more rigid core (i) lesser weight and size per kVA rating (i lower iron losses at higher ‘operating flux densities and i») lower cost of manufacture Cylindrical Magnetic Winding Core: C) Fig. 92.11, Fig, 32.42 ‘Transformers ate generally housed in tghtly-fited sheet-metal ;tanks filled with special insulating oil® ‘This oil has been highly developed and its function is two-fold. By circulation, it not only keeps the coils reasonably cool, but also provides the transformer with additional insulation not obtainable when the transformers eft inthe air, In cases where a smooth tank Surface does not provide sufficient cooling area, the sides of the tank are ccomugated or provided with radiators mounted on the sides. Good transformer ol should be absolutely free from alkalies, sulphur and particularly from moisture, The presence of even an extremely small percentage of moisture inthe oil is highly detrimental from the insulation viewpoint because it lowers the dielectric strength ofthe oil considerably. The importance of avoiding moisture in the transformer oil is clear from the fact that even an addition of 8 parts of water in 1,000,000 reduces. the insulating quality ofthe oil toa value generally recognized as below standard. Hence, the tanks are seated air-tight in smaller units, In the case of large-sized transformers where complete air-tight construction is impossible, chambers known as breathers are provided to permit the oil inside the tank to expand and contract as its temperature increases or decreases. The atmospheric moisture is, entrapped in these breathers and is not allowed to pass on tothe oil. Another thing to avoid inthe oil is sledging which is simply the decomposition of oil with long and continued use. Sledging is caused principally by exposure to oxygen during heating and results in the formation of large deposits of dark ‘and heavy matter that eventually clogs the cooling duets in the transformer. No other feature in the construction of a transformer is given more attention and care than the insulating materials, because the life on the unit almost solely depends on the quality, durability and handling of these materials. All the insulating materials are selected on the basis oftheir high quality and ability o preserve high quality even after many years of normal use. ® Instead of natural mineral ol, now--days synthetic insulating Muids known as ASKARELS (trade name) are used. They are non-inflammable and, under the influence ofan electric arc, do not decompose to produce inflammable gases. One such fluid commercially known as PYROCLOR is being extensively used because it possesses remarkable stability as a dielectric and even after long service shows no deterioration through sledging, oxidation, acid or moisture formation. Unlike mineral ol itshows no rapid burning Transformer 1121 All the transformer leads are brought out oftheir cases through suitable bushings. There are many designs ofthese, thersize and construction depending on the voltage othe leads. For moderate voltages, porcelain bushings are used to insulate the leads as they come out through te tank. In general, they 1ook almost ike the insulators used onthe transmission ines. Inhigh voltage installations, oiled or capacitor type bushings areemployed. ‘The choice of core or shell-type construction i usually determined by cost, because similar characer- istics canbe obtained with bot types. For very high-voltage transformers or for moltiwinding design, shell type construction is preferred by many manufacturers. In thistype, usually the mean length of eoiltumn is longer than in acomparable core-type design. Both core and shell forms are used and the selection decided by many factors such as voltage rating, kVA rating, weight, insulation stress, heat distribution etc. Another means of classifying the transformers is according to the type of cooling employed. The following types are in common use (@) iksfiled self-cooled ©) oit-filled water-cooled —_(¢) airsblast ype Small and medium size distribution tansformers-so called because of their use on distribution systems as distinguished from line transmission-are of type (a). The assembled windings and cores of such transformers are mounted in a welded, ol-tightstel tank provided with steel cover. After putting the core tits proper place, the tank is filled with purified, high quality insulating oi. The oil serves to convey the heat from the core and the windings tothe case from where itis radiated out to the surroundings. For small size, the tanks are usually smooth-surfaced, but for larger sizes, the eases. ae frequently corrugated or fluted to get greater heat radiation area without increasing the cubical capacity of the tank. Still larger sizes are provided with radiators o pipes. Construction of very large self-cooled transformers is expensive, a more economical form of construction for such large transformers is provided in the oil-immersed, water-cooled type. As before, the windings and the core are immersed in the oil, but there is mounted near the surface oF el, ‘cooling coil through which cold waters kept circulating. The hea is cartied away by this water. The largest transformers such as those used with high-voltage transmission lines, are constructed in this Cil-filled transformers are built for outdoor duty and as these require no housing other than their own, a great saving is thereby effected. ‘These transformers require only periodic inspection. For voltages below 25,000 ¥, transformers can be built for cooling by means of an ar-blast. The transformer isnot immersed in oil, but is housed ina thin sheet-metal box open at both ends through ‘which airis blown from the bottom to the top by means ofa fan or blower. 325. Elementary Theory of an Ideal Transformer An ideal transformers one which has po losses ie its windings have no ohmic resistance, there isno ‘magnetic leakage and hence which has no FR and core losses. In other words, an ideal transformer consists, of two purely inductive coils wound on a loss-free core. It may, however, be noted hat itis impossible 10 realize such a transformer in practice, yet for convenience, we will start with such a trans- former and step by step approach an actual transformer. Primary’ Secondary @ Fig. 92.13 1122 Electrical Technology Consider an ideal transformer (Fig. 32.13 (a)] whose secondary is open and whose primary is con- nected to sinusoidal alternating voltage V . This potential difference causes an altemnating current to flow in the primary. Since the primary col is purely inductive and there is no output (secondary being open) the primary draws the magnetising current J, only. The function of this current is ‘merely to magnetise the core, it is small in magnitide and lags V, by 90°. This alternating current J, produces an altemating flux 6 whieh is, at all ‘ims, proportional tothe current (assuming ‘Step-up transformer permeability of the magnetic circuit to be Primary coil Secondary coil constant) and, hence isin phase with it This changing uxisinkedboth withthe primary Seer andthe secondary windings, Therefore, it has 9 tops and the produces self-induced ean the primary. secondary coll has ‘This self-induced ems. E, is, atevery in- 30, the voltage is stant, equal toandin oppostiontoV,. Kis <= sped up 10 also known as counter e.m-f. or back e.m.f. a ofthe primary. ‘Similarly, there is produced in the: Se ed ondary an induced e.m.f. E, which is Primary coil__ Secondary coil Known as murually induced emf. This a ithe primary eit eam. is antiphase with V, and its magni- 2 —— tas 30 loops and, tude is proportional tothe rate of change the secondary cl of fox and the numberof secondary tums. the sok ‘stepped down 10 ‘The instantaneous values of applied — = + times, voltage, induced e.m.fs, flux and ‘magnetising current are shown by sinu- Step-up transformer soidal waves in Fig. 32.13 (b). Fig, 32.13 (©) shows the vectorial representation ofthe effective values of the above quant 32.6. E.M.F. Equation of a Transformer Let Ny = No.oftumsin primary N, = No.oftumsinsecondary ©, = Maximum usin corein webers By XA f= Frequeney ofc. inpucin Hz As shownlin Fig. 32.14, fox inreases from its ro value to ‘maximum value ®, in one quarter ofthe cycle. in 1/4 fsevond. Average rate of change of flux = 174, = 4f¢,, Wbisor volt Now, rate of change of flux per turn means induced e.mnf in vols Averigeemifvtum = 4/¢,, volt If flux & varies sinusoidatly, then em, value of induced e.m fis obtained by multiplying the average value with form factor, rma. value wm factor = = oe average value rms.valweofems,jum = 1.11x4f0,=4.44/0,, volt Now, rm. value of the induced e.m inthe whole of primary winding (induced e.m.f/tun)xNo. of primary tums 444 FN, ©, =444f N, ByA “ Ey Transformer 1123 Similarly, ms. value ofthe em. induced in secondary is, E, 4A4f Ny ®,,= 4.44 FN ByA Ati) Itis seen from (and (ji that E/N, = EYN,=4.44 f@,,. Iemeans that e.m.ftur isthe same in both the primary and secondary windings. In an ideal transformer on no-load, V, = E, and Ey (Fig. 32.15). V,, where V, is the terminal voltage 32.7 Voltage Transformation Ratio (kK) From equations (i) and (i), we get iF E St | IPE, aL ‘This constant K is known as voltage transformation ratio, (TEN, >N, ie. K> 1, then transformers called step-up transformer (ii) TEN,

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