READING EXTRA EXERCISES

Reading 1: Development of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly transformed from science fiction into a reality,
affecting various aspects of life today. From healthcare to transportation, AI’s influence is
undeniable. But what exactly is AI, and how has it developed over the years?
The Beginnings of AI
The concept of AI was first introduced in the mid-20th century. In 1956, the term
“artificial intelligence” was coined by John McCarthy during a conference at Dartmouth
College. Early AI research focused on problem-solving and symbolic methods, laying the
foundation for future developments. One of the earliest breakthroughs came in the form of
the Logic Theorist, a program that could solve mathematical theorems, created by Allen
Newell and Herbert A. Simon in 1955.
Growth and Challenges
Despite early excitement, the development of AI faced challenges. In the 1970s,
funding and interest declined, a period often referred to as the “AI winter.” The limitations of
computing power and the lack of progress in natural language understanding contributed to
this slowdown. However, advancements in algorithms and the increase in computing power in
the 1980s revived interest in AI.
Machine Learning and Neural Networks
A significant breakthrough in AI came with the development of machine learning, a
subset of AI that enables systems to learn from data. Instead of being programmed to perform
tasks, machine learning allows computers to develop their own algorithms based on the input
they receive. This was coupled with the advancement of neural networks, inspired by the way
the human brain works.
Deep learning, a branch of machine learning that uses multi-layered neural networks,
has achieved remarkable results. Today, deep learning is behind many AI-driven applications
such as voice recognition, self-driving cars, and personalized recommendation systems.
AI in Everyday Life
AI has become an integral part of modern life, from smart assistants like Siri and Alexa
to recommendation algorithms on social media platforms. In healthcare, AI aids in diagnosing
diseases and creating personalized treatment plans. In transportation, AI is central to the
development of autonomous vehicles.

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Ethical Concerns and Future Challenges
As AI continues to grow, concerns about its impact on employment, privacy, and ethics
have emerged. Some fear that AI could replace human jobs in various sectors, leading to
significant unemployment. Additionally, there are concerns about AI systems being used for
surveillance and infringing on personal privacy.
Another concern is the potential for AI to develop beyond human control, leading to
unpredictable outcomes. The idea of superintelligent AI, systems far surpassing human
intelligence, has been discussed by experts like Elon Musk and Stephen Hawking, who warned
of its potential dangers.
Conclusion
The development of AI is advancing at an unprecedented pace, with profound implications
for society. While AI has the potential to revolutionize various industries, it also raises
important ethical and social questions. As AI continues to evolve, ensuring that its
development is aligned with human values and ethical considerations will be crucial.
• Complete the summary below with words from the passage.
The development of AI began in the mid-20th century, with significant progress in
the 1950s. Early programs such as the __________ were successful in solving complex
problems. However, AI development slowed during the “AI winter” due to a lack of
__________ and advancements in computing power. In recent years, the introduction of
machine learning and __________ have led to the rise of AI applications in everyday life.
• Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage to answer
1. Who coined the term “artificial intelligence”?
2. What type of vehicles are being developed using AI?
3. Which famous entrepreneur has raised concerns about superintelligent AI?
• True/False/Not Given
1. Neural networks were developed based on the human brain structure.
2. The “Logic Theorist” program could only solve simple arithmetic problems.
3. AI has been fully integrated into the healthcare system worldwide.

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Reading 2: Distance Education and Online Learning
In recent years, distance education and online learning have revolutionized the way
students access educational resources. Unlike traditional classroom settings, distance
education allows learners to engage in their studies without being physically present. This
flexibility has proven beneficial for people with busy schedules, particularly working adults
and those living in remote areas. Many institutions now offer online courses, ranging from
short certificate programs to full degrees, enabling students to advance their education
regardless of their location.
One major advantage of online learning is the accessibility of diverse educational
materials. With a computer and internet connection, students can access lectures, readings, and
assignments at any time, creating a self-paced learning environment. This flexibility allows
learners to tailor their study schedules to their personal needs and commitments. Furthermore,
many online platforms incorporate interactive elements such as discussion boards, video
conferences, and quizzes, helping students stay engaged and connect with both instructors and
peers from around the world.
However, online learning also presents certain challenges. One significant issue is the
lack of face-to-face interaction, which some students find essential for understanding complex
topics and staying motivated. Additionally, learners must have strong self-discipline and time-
management skills to succeed in a virtual classroom, as the absence of a physical presence can
sometimes lead to procrastination.
Technological issues may also hinder progress in distance education. Access to a
reliable internet connection and up-to-date devices is necessary for effective participation in
online courses, but this can be a barrier for individuals in low-income or rural areas. Despite
these obstacles, the demand for online learning continues to grow, and institutions are
constantly innovating to improve accessibility, engagement, and educational quality.
Distance education and online learning have undoubtedly transformed the educational
landscape, offering unprecedented opportunities for individuals worldwide to gain knowledge
and skills on their own terms. As technology advances, it is expected that this mode of learning
will continue to evolve, adapting to the needs of modern learners and making education more
inclusive..
• True/False/Not Given
1. Distance education is specifically designed for students with a lot of free time.

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 2. Some people believe that a lack of in-person interaction in online learning can
make complex topics harder to understand.
3. All students in online learning programs struggle with time management.
• Match the statements with the correct paragraph (A, B, C, or D):
___ The role of technology in overcoming accessibility barriers.
___ Challenges faced by online learners.
___ Reasons why online education is beneficial to remote learners.
___ Examples of interactive features in online learning.
• Complete the summary using words from the passage:
Distance education and online learning have made education more accessible to
those with ________ schedules or those living in ________ areas. Students benefit from
the self-paced learning environment, although ________ and ________ skills are essential
for effective participation.
Answer the questions using no more than three words:
• What do learners need to access online courses?
• Which group benefits most from online learning flexibility?
• What problem do rural students often face with online learning?

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Reading 3: True/ False/ Not Given
In recent years, the rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has
significantly transformed the landscape of the Information Technology (IT) industry. As
AI technologies continue to evolve, their impact on various aspects of IT is becoming more
profound. From automation to enhanced decision-making processes, the integration of AI
has brought both challenges and opportunities to the IT sector.
Artificial Intelligence, often referred to as machine intelligence, involves the
development of algorithms and models that enable machines to perform tasks that
traditionally required human intelligence. In the IT industry, AI is applied across a
spectrum of functions, ranging from data analysis and software development to
cybersecurity and customer service.
One of the notable impacts of AI in IT is the automation of repetitive tasks. AI-
powered systems can efficiently handle routine operations, freeing up human resources to
focus on more complex and creative aspects of their work. This has led to increased
efficiency and productivity within IT organizations.
Furthermore, AI plays a crucial role in data analytics. The ability of AI algorithms
to process vast amounts of data and derive meaningful insights has revolutionized how IT
professionals approach decision-making. The predictive analytics capabilities of AI
contribute to more informed and strategic business decisions.
However, the integration of AI in IT also presents challenges, such as concerns
about job displacement due to automation. As machines take over routine tasks, there is a
need for upskilling the workforce to ensure they can adapt to the changing demands of the
industry. Additionally, ethical considerations regarding the use of AI and its potential
biases are important aspects that IT professionals must address.
Are the following statements true, false, or not given, according to the text? (30 pts)
1. AI has had a minimal impact on the IT industry.
2. Automation is one of the key impacts of AI in IT, leading to increased efficiency.
3. AI is solely applied in data analytics within the IT sector.
4. The integration of AI in IT has not raised concerns about job displacement.
5. The primary role of AI in IT is to create a more creative workforce.
6. Predictive analytics is not a capability of AI in the IT industry.
7. The article suggests that the workforce in the IT industry does not need upskilling due
to AI.

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8. Ethical considerations related to AI, such as biases, are not mentioned as challenges in
the article.
9. Traditional decision-making processes in IT have remained unchanged with the advent
of AI.
10. The article implies that the impact of AI in IT is exclusively positive.

Reading 4: True/ False/ Not Given

1. “The past is a foreign country,” said L. P. Hartley in the opening line of The Go-
Between in 1953, and in those days, he was correct. Memories quickly faded, information
was lost, and the past seemed far away. But is this profound truth still true? Professor Viktor
Mayer-Schönberger doesn’t think so, but he argues that it should be.

2. The problem that he describes in his book Delete: The Virtue of Forgetting in the
Digital Age is that we are no longer able to forget. The reason is the computer. As storage
capacity has grown, it has become possible to store almost everything that happens to us
and that is written about or by us. With the advent of powerful search engines such as
Google, we have a memory system with storage and retrieval capabilities that is in some
ways the answer to a dream. Our imperfect memory has long been regarded as a weakness
of the human condition, and until the invention of writing and, later, the printing press,
memories had to be retained by individuals and societies in spoken form (the oral tradition
of songs and stories) or by elaborate memorization techniques and methods. Now, we no
longer need to worry about forgetting anything; to remember is the default setting of much
of our computerized world. So, what is the problem with that?

3. The problem, according to Mayer-Schönberger, is that forgetting is actually a

blessing, not a curse. He cites the case of a Californian woman who, as a result of a rare
condition, literally could not forget anything since she was 11—what she had for every
meal, every TV program she had watched. As a result, decision making became very
difficult for her, along with other problems, especially in terms of relationships. She is
therefore not to be envied but pitied.

4. Forgetting is, in fact, a built-in part of our memory system. It is quite possible that,
as with the woman who couldn’t forget, all our memories are retained, but we lose the
ability to access them. This is not the case in the digital world. Although the massive
expansion of digital memory is a very recent development, there are already clear examples
of problems that this can cause. People applying for jobs find that they have been

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“Googled” by the HR department of their prospective employer, for example, and rejected
because of a youthful indiscretion; young people have to be aware that all of their
correspondence will remain accessible forever, an unasked-for curtailment of their freedom
to make mistakes.

5 Mayer-Schönberger is probably in the minority with his views right now, but time
will tell if his opinion comes to be shared more widely as increasing numbers of people are
negatively affected by the existence of a public super-memory of their lives. The past is no
longer a distant country, and as the store of digital memories grows, it is getting closer all
the time.

Are the following statements true, false, or not given, according to the text? (30 pts)
1. Years ago, people had a different view of the past and our connection with it.
2. Professor Mayer-Schönberger believes that we can now forget the past properly.
3. The storage capabilities of our minds are better than those of modern computers.
4. Mayer-Schönberger argues that it is better to be able to forget things than to remember
everything.
5. Our limited memory might have more to do with recall than storage issues.
6. Modern lifestyles have affected our ability to remember things.
7. Problems of unlimited digital memory and recall include employers finding out about
previous behavior.
8. Only young people realize that all past digital correspondence will exist forever.
9. Schools and colleges have started educating young people on issues related to digital
storage.
10. Most people already see the issue as Mayer-Schönberger does.

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Reading 5: Culture and religion in different regions
The relationship between culture and religion is complex and varies significantly
across different regions of the world. In many societies, religion plays a vital role in shaping
cultural practices, traditions, and values. For instance, in South Asia, Hinduism is not merely
a religion but a way of life that influences everything from family structures to festivals. The
celebration of Diwali, the festival of lights, exemplifies how religious beliefs are intertwined
with cultural identity, showcasing themes of victory, prosperity, and the triumph of light over
darkness.
In contrast, the Middle East is predominantly associated with Islam, which deeply
affects social norms, laws, and customs. The Five Pillars of Islam guide the daily lives of
Muslims and establish a communal sense of belonging. Religious practices such as Ramadan,
a month of fasting and reflection, not only reinforce spiritual beliefs but also foster community
cohesion as families and friends gather to break their fasts together.
Moving to East Asia, Confucianism, though often viewed as a philosophy rather than
a religion, has significantly influenced cultural and social practices. In countries like China
and Korea, Confucian ideals emphasize respect for elders, family loyalty, and the importance
of education. These values have shaped societal structures and familial relationships,
highlighting the role of culture in reinforcing religious philosophies.
In Africa, traditional beliefs coexist alongside major religions such as Christianity and
Islam. Many African cultures have retained their ancestral beliefs and rituals, which often
involve a deep connection to nature and the spirit world. This synthesis of faiths can be seen
in festivals that blend traditional and religious practices, illustrating the dynamic interplay
between culture and religion.
Lastly, in Western societies, the secularization of culture has led to a more pluralistic
approach to religion. While Christianity has historically shaped cultural values, there is an
increasing acceptance of diverse beliefs and practices, reflecting a shift towards inclusivity and
multiculturalism. The celebration of various religious holidays, from Christmas to Diwali,
signifies a growing recognition of the importance of cultural diversity in contemporary society.
Overall, the interplay between culture and religion is a reflection of the historical,
social, and geographical contexts of different regions. Understanding these relationships is
crucial for appreciating the rich tapestry of human experience across the globe.
• Match the regions with their cultural and religious characteristics:
1. South Asia A. Predominantly Islamic with community practices during
2. Middle East Ramadan.
3. East Asia B. Confucian ideals shape family values and respect for elders.

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 4. Africa C. Traditional beliefs coexist with major religions.
5. Western societies D. A shift towards secularization and multiculturalism.
E. A way of life deeply integrated with festivals and daily
practices.

• Complete the sentences with the correct ending:

1. In South Asia, Hinduism influences… A. community cohesion through shared
2. Ramadan in the Middle East reinforces… fasting.
3. Confucianism emphasizes… B. ancestral beliefs alongside major
4. Many African cultures retain… religions.
5. Western societies increasingly accept… C. the importance of education and family
loyalty.
D. diverse beliefs and practices.
E. various aspects of daily life.

• Short Answer?
1. What is the festival celebrated by Hindus in South Asia that symbolizes the triumph
of light over darkness?
2. Which religion predominantly influences social norms in the Middle East?
3. What month of fasting and reflection is practiced by Muslims?
4. Which philosophy has significantly influenced cultural practices in East Asia,
particularly in China and Korea?
5. In Western societies, which religion historically shaped cultural values?
• Paragraph Completion
Religion and culture are closely linked. In South Asia, Hinduism influences
everything from family structures to _________. In the Middle East, the Five Pillars of
Islam provide _________ for Muslims. In East Asia, Confucianism emphasizes respect for
elders and the importance of _________. In Africa, traditional beliefs coexist with major
religions like Christianity and _________. In Western societies, there is growing
acceptance of cultural _________.