CP15

SEMESTER 3
MECHANICS OF
MACHINES

SME:
VIJAYA SANKAR K

Prepared in 2020 by : Mr.VIJAYA SANKAR (SNTC)

Verified in 2020 by: Mr.RAMACHANDRAN S (Associate Director)
Approved in 2020 by: Mr.RAMACHANDRAN S (Associate Director)
Rev No : 00
Released Date : 01/07/2020
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Table of Content

Contents
1. INTRODUCTION TO SIMPLE MACHINES ............................................................................................................ 2
1.1 DEFINITIONS .......................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO SIMPLE MACHINES ................................................................................................................ 5
1.3 LIFTING MACHINE................................................................................................................................................ 16
1.3.1 SIMPLE SCREW JACK ......................................................................................................................................... 17
2. BASIC OF KINEMATICS ................................................................................................................................... 20
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO THEORY OF MACHINES ........................................................................................................ 20
2.2 KINEMATIC LINK .................................................................................................................................................. 22
2.3 KINEMATIC PAIRS ................................................................................................................................................ 23
2.4 KINEMATIC CHAIN ............................................................................................................................................... 27
3. MECHANISM OF MACHINE............................................................................................................................. 31
3.1 Intermittent Motion Mechanisms – Geneva wheel Mechanism, Ratchet and Pawl Mechanism. ..................... 31
3.2 Mechanism used to convert rotary motion to linear motion – Slider Crank Mechanism, Automated clever
mechanism - Screw , Crank ...................................................................................................................................... 34

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1. INTRODUCTION TO SIMPLE MACHINES

1.1 DEFINITIONS
Work: Work is defined as an activity done when a body or object moves with the
application of external force. It is defined as an activity involving a movement and force in
the direction of the force.

Work = Force × Displacement = F × d;

Newton meter is the unit of Work.

Energy: Energy is the ability to perform work. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
It can only be transformed from one kind to another. The unit of Energy is same as of Work
i.e. Joules.
All forms of energy are either kinetic or potential. The energy in motion is known as Kinetic
Energy whereas Potential Energy is the energy stored in an object and is measured by the
amount of work done.

Load: The weight lifted by a machine is called Load. It is denoted by 'W'.

Effort: The power directly applied to a machine to lift a load is called Effort or Power. It is
denoted by ‘P’

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What is a machine?
A machine is a device by means of which work can be performed easily or in a convenient
manner.

A machine can be used:

 To lift heavy loads by applying little force.
 To enlarge magnitude of force
 To increase rate of work done
 To change the direction of force

Example of simple machines are: Lever, pulley, inclined plane, wedge, screw etc.

Mechanical Advantage

The ratio of weight (load) lifted by a

machine to the force (effort) applied
on a machine is called mechanical
advantage of the machine.
Greater the value of mechanical
advantage of a machine, easier is the
work done.
Mathematically,
M.A = load/effort
OR
M.A = W/P
UNIT: It has no unit.

Input of a Machine
The input of a machine is the work done on the machine. In a lifting machine, it is measured
by the product of effort and the distance through which it has moved.

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Output of a Machine
The output of a machine is the actual work done by the machine. In a lifting machine, it is
measured by the product of the weight lifted and the distance through which it has been
lifted.

Efficiency of a Machine
It is the ratio of output to the input of a machine and is generally expressed as a
percentage.
Mathematically, efficiency,
η = Output ×100
Input

Ideal Machine
If the efficiency of a machine is 100% i.e., if the output is equal to the input, the machine is
called as a perfect or an ideal machine.

Velocity Ratio
The velocity ratio (briefly written as V.R.) is the ratio of distance moved by the effort (y) to
the distance moved by the load (x) and is always expressed in pure number. Mathematically,
velocity ratio,
V.R. = y/ x

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1.2 INTRODUCTION TO SIMPLE MACHINES

Thousands of slaves had to be arranged, whenever a heavy load had to be lifted or dragged.
Even today, in the absence of a suitable device, many people have to be arranged to lift a
car so that its tyres can be changed. In order to overcome such difficulties, a few simple
machines were invented, which could save the man power i.e., a single man can do the same
work as many could do, though at a lesser speed.

What are simple machines?

A simple machine defined as a device, which enables us to do some useful work at some
point or to overcome some resistance, when an effort or force is applied to it, at some
other convenient point.

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 Simple machines are tools that make work easier

 They have few or no moving parts
 These machines use energy to do work
 Simple machines make work easier for us by allowing us to push or pull over increased
distances
 Use the idea of spreading force over distance: if you push further, you can use less force
 You are doing the same amount of work — it just seems easier
 You move an object a greater distance to accomplish the same amount of work.
 Simple machines give us an advantage by changing the amount, speed, or direction of
forces
 They allow us to use a smaller force to overcome a larger force
 The amount of effort saved when using machines is called mechanical advantage or MA.

COMPOUND MACHINE
A compound machine defined as a device, consisting of a
number of simple machines, which enables us to do some
useful work at a faster speed or with a much less effort as
compared to a simple machine.
Bicycle is an example of another Compound machine.

Types of Simple Machines

Two groups:
Inclined planes
1. Ramp
2. Wedge
3. Screw
Levers
1. Lever
2. Wheel & Axle
3. Pulley

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Inclined plane
A flat surface that is higher on one end - slanting surface
connecting a lower level to a higher level. This machine
can be used to move an object to a lower or higher
place. Inclined planes make the work of moving things
easier - allows us to raise an object with less effort than
if we lifted it directly upward.You would need less
energy and force to move objects with an inclined
plane.The way an inclined plane works is that to save effort, you must move things a greater
distance. The longer the distance of the ramp, the easier it is to do the work. It will take a
much longer time to do the work. The shallower the ramp, the easier it is to move the object.
The trade-off is that you must move the object farther to lift it to the same height

Examples:

Ramps might have enabled the ancient

Egyptians to build their Pyramids.
To move limestone blocks weighing more than
1000kg each, archaeologists hypothesize that
the Egyptians built enormous ramps.

Wedge
A wedge is a simple machine used to push two objects apart, A
wedge is usually made up of two inclined planes. These planes
meet and form a sharp edge. This edge can split or push
objects apart . A wedge is an inclined plane which moves. A
wedge can also be used as a lifting device, by forcing it under
an object. Most wedges (but not all) are combinations of two
inclined planes, Can also be round, like the tip of a nail
The narrower the wedge (or the sharper the point of a wedge),
the easier it is drive it in and push things apart, To split
something apart really wide, you have to push the wedge a
long distance. Generally it can be anything that splits, cuts, or divides another object
including air and water.
Examples:
Knife , Axe, Teeth, Forks, Nails

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Screw

 An inclined plane that winds around itself and has a wedge at the tip
• A screw has ridges and is not smooth like a nail.
• Some screws are used to lower and raise things
• They are also used to hold objects together
• A screw is like the ramp —the width of the thread is like the angle of an inclined plane
• The wider the thread of a screw, the harder it is to turn it.
• The distance between the threads depends on the slope of the inclined plane - the steeper
the slope, the wider the thread
• Screws with less distance between the threads are easier to turn

Examples of Screws:
1. Jar Lids
2. Light Bulbs
3. Stools
4. Clamps
5. Jacks
6. Wrenches

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Lever
A lever is a board or bar that rests on a turning point. This turning point is called the
fulcrum.An object that a lever moves is called the load. The load is a force or object which
must be overcome by the lever. The applied force or effort or input force is the force you use
to move the lever Lifts or moves loads. By changing the position of the fulcrum, you can gain
extra power with less effort. The closer the object is to the fulcrum, the easier it is to move

Most common simple machine because just about anything that has a handle on it has a
lever attached. The arm length of the lever is determined by the position of the fulcrum Used
to transfer force. It can be used to increase the force that is applied, or make something
move in a different direction, or through a greater distance

It can be used to lift something that is far away, It is the same principle as the inclined plane
- the greater the distance over which the force must be applied, the smaller the force
required to do the work (lift the load), Force moves over a longer distance, Depending on
where the fulcrum is located, A lever can multiply either the force applied or the distance
over which the force is applied

Types of Levers:

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1st Class Levers

• Fulcrum in the center – between load &
effort
• The lever changes the direction of force
• The fulcrum is placed close to the load, and
this will let you move the load with just a
small applied force (effort)
• This type of lever system gives you a mechanical advantage, which means that the force
you apply gets multiplied, so you can put a large force on the load.
• By using a lever like this is that you have to apply a force over a large distance, and the
load itself will move only a short distance
• The fulcrum is exactly half way between
the load and where you apply the force
(effort)
• This lever system has no mechanical
advantage.
• Whatever force is necessary to move the load is the force you must apply
• This type of lever system takes advantage of another property of some levers: they
reverse the direction of the force
• You can push in one direction, and the load
moves the other way
 The fulcrum is nearer the applied force
(effort)
 Much more force than the force of the load
itself must be applied
 If you're lifting something, it will require
much more force than would be needed if
you were to just lift the load by yourself – this type lever system makes the work harder!!
 This type of lever system usually uses a motor to lift the load
 The load is far away , and it moves a long distance
 We get a small movement where we applied the force
Examples of 1st Class Levers:
1. See-saw
2. Scissors
3. Pliers

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2nd Class Levers

 The load is in the center – between the fulcrum and
the applied force or effort
 Causes the load to move in the same direction as the
force you apply
 When the load is nearer to the fulcrum, the effort
needed to lift the load will be less
 If you want to move a very large load with a small
effort, you must put the load very close to the
fulcrum
Examples of 2nd Class Levers:
1. Wheelbarrow
2. Nutcracker

3rd Class Levers:

 The applied force or effort is in the center –

between the load and fulcrum
 This lever system does not give any mechanical
advantage
 No matter where you apply the force, the force
you apply must always be greater than the force
of a load
 No matter how close or how far the load is from
the fulcrum, the effort used to lift the load, has to be greater than the load!
 The load moves in the same direction as the force you apply
 A motor is usually used with this lever system to lift loads at a distance
 Speeds up movement
Examples of Third Class Levers:
1. Your bent arm!
2. Fishing rod

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Wheel & Axle

A wheel with a rod, called an axle,
through its center lifts or moves loads,
The axle is a rod that goes through the
wheel and this lets the wheel turn.The
wheel & axle can be used as a tool to
multiply the force you apply Or to
multiply the distance travelled. A lever
that is able to rotate through a
complete circle (360° ). The circle
turned by the wheel is much larger than
the circle turned by the axle.The
increased distance over which the force is applied as the wheel turns results in a more
powerful force on the axle, which moves a shorter distance. The larger the diameter of the
wheel, the less effort you need to turn it, but you have to move the wheel a greater distance
to get the same work done.
Examples of Wheels and Axles:
1. Cars
2. Roller skates
3. Door knobs
4. Gears
A faucet handle is a wheel and axle.

A wheel and axle consists of two circular objects of different sizes that are attached in such
a way that they rotate together.
As you can see the faucet handle, the larger object is the wheel and the smaller object is the
axle.
The Mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle is usually greater than one. It is found by
dividing the radius of the wheel by the radius of the axle.
For example, if the radius of the wheel is 12 cm and the radius of the axle is 4 cm, the
mechanical advantage is 3.

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Pulleys
 Instead of an axle, the wheel could also rotate a rope or
cord. This variation of the wheel and axle is the pulley
 In a pulley, a cord wraps around a wheel as the wheel
rotates, the cord moves in either direction. When a hook
is attached to the rope you can use the wheel's rotation
to raise and lower objects.
 The rope fits on the groove of the wheel, One part of the
rope is attached to the load
 When you pull on one side of the pulley, the wheel turns
and the load will move
 Pulleys let you move loads up, down, or sideways
 Pulleys are good for moving objects to hard to reach
places
 A pulley makes work seem easier because it changes the
direction of motion to work with gravity
 A pulley saves the most effort when you have more than
one pulley working together
 As you increase the number of pulleys, you also increase
the distance you have to pull the rope
 In other words, if you use two pulleys, it takes half the
effort to lift something, but you have to pull the rope twice
as far
 Three pulleys will result in one-third the effort — but the
distance you have to pull the rope is tripled!

Single Pulleys

A single pulley reverses the

direction of a force, With one
pulley, the force you must pull
with is the same as the weight of
the object.In order to raise the
object a height of 1 meter, you
must pull the rope 1 meter. The
end of the rope must move a
greater distance than the load

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Types of pulleys

Fixed Pulleys

 May be single or combination

 Doesn't change position
 Makes work easier by changing the direction of
the applied force
 The force required to lift the load remains the
same as lifting it without the pulley
 But it is much easier it is to raise a flag from the
ground, instead of climbing up the pole
 If a force needs to be applied around a corner, a
pulley allows us to overcome friction
 The only pulley that when used individually, uses
more effort than the load to lift the load from the
ground
 The fixed pulley is attached to an unmovable
object like a ceiling or wall
 Acts like a first class lever with the fulcrum being located at the axis
 The bar or lever arm becomes a rope
 The advantage of the fixed pulley is that you do not have to pull or push the pulley up
and down.
 you have to apply more effort than the load

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Movable Pulleys

• May be single or combination

• A pulley that moves with the load (both the
load and the pulley move)
• The load moves in the same direction as the
applied force
• The movable pulley allows the effort to be less
than the weight of the load
• It takes less force to raise an object than if you
used only your hands
• The amount of force required depends on the
number of supporting ropes
• The greater the number of pulleys and
supporting ropes, the smaller the force
required.
• The less force required, the greater the
distance the rope must be pulled further than
the load actually moves
• The movable pulley acts as a second class lever
• The load is between the fulcrum and the effort
• The main advantage of a movable pulley is that you use less effort to pull the load
Examples of Pulleys:
 Flag Poles
 Sailboat
 Blinds
 Crane

Simple Machine Video

https://youtu.be/h4XRImMISrQ

https://youtu.be/jtk2V0M6k3M

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Combination Pulley

 Two or more pulleys connected together

 Allow a heavy load to be lifted with less force
 Effort needed to lift the load is less than half
the weight of the load
 The main advantage of this pulley is that the
amount of effort is less than half of the load
 you need more rope and you need to pull more
rope!

1.3 LIFTING MACHINE

Lifting machines are those machines that are used
for lifting loads. The force (or effort) is applied at
one point of the machine and weight (or load) is
lifted at the other point of the machine. Pulleys
used to lift water from a well and screw jacks used
to lift buses are some of the common examples of
lifting machines.
It is a device, which enables us to lift a heavy
load (W) by applying a comparatively smaller
Effort (P).

LAW OF A LIFTINGMACHINE:

‘Law of a machine’ may be defined as

relationship between the effort applied
and theload lifted. Thus for any machine,
if we record the various efforts required
to raise the corresponding loads, and
plot a graph between effort and load, we
shall get a straight line AB as shown in
Fig.

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TYPES OF LIFTING MACHINES:

 Simple wheel and axle.

 Differential wheel and axle.
 Weston’s differential pulley block.
 Geared pulley block.
 Worm and worm wheel.
 Worm geared pulley block.
 Single purchase crab winch.
 Double purchase crab winch.
 Pulleys:
o First system of pulleys.
o Second system of pulleys.
o Third system of pulleys.
 Simple screw jack.
 Differential screw jack.
 Worm geared screw jack.

https://youtu.be/OPwGZ40R0uk

https://youtu.be/zxUco3Q6Cdw

1.3.1 SIMPLE SCREW JACK

Definition

A Screw Jack (also known as a Jack Screw,

a Worm Screw Jack, a Machine Screw Jack
or a Lead Screw Jack) is a devise used to
convert rotational motion into linear
motion. It utilises the property of a screw
thread providing a mechanical advantage
i.e. it can be used to amplify force

It consists of a screw, fitted in a nut, which forms the body of the jack. The principle, on
which a screw jack works, is similar to that of an inclined plane. They vary in size depending
on the load that they are used to lift

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Types: Screw Jacks are of mainly two types.

1. Mechanical
2. Hydraulic.

Principle

A screw jack is commonly used for lifting and supporting the heavy load. A very small effort
can be applied at the end of the lever or handle or to my bar for lifting the heavy loads. This
effort is very small as compared to the load to be lifted. As jack has a simple mechanism, it
is most commonly used in repair work of vehicles.

Calculations
When the effort is applied to the handle or lever arm to complete one revolution then load
is lifted through one pitch of the screw (p), therefore the distance moved by the load is equal
to the pitch of the screw and the distance moved by the effort is equal to 2πL

Let, l = length of the handle or lever arm and

p = pitch of the thread or screw, then

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Application

 Moving platforms on theatre stages;

 Settings on wood working machinery;
 Alignment of radio telescope dishes
 Plastics processing machinery;
 Height-adjustable platforms in manufacturing industries;
 Handling systems in the nuclear industry;
 Adjustable manufacturing equipment that enables different product lines to be
processed.

https://youtu.be/YRbOjmHoCmY

PROBLEMS IN SIMPLE MACHINES

Example:
In a certain weight lifting machine, a weight of 1 kN is lifted by an effort of 25 N. while the
weight moves up by 100 mm, the point of application of effort moves by 8m.Find the
mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency of the machine.
Solution
Given: Weight (W) = 1 kN = 1000 N : Effort (p) = 25 N : Distance through which the weight is
moved (x) = 100 mm = 0.1 m and distance through which effort is moved (y) = 8 m.

Mechanical advantage of the machine:

M.A = W/P = 1000/25 = 40

Velocity ratio of the machine:

V.R. = y/x = 8/0.1 = 80

Efficiency of the machine:

= M.A/V.R = 40/80 = 0.5 = 50%

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2. BASIC OF KINEMATICS
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO THEORY OF MACHINES
Theory of Machines defined as that branch of Engineering-science, which deals with the
study of relative motion between the various parts of a machine, and forces which act on
them.

KINEMATICS: It is the branch of theory of machine which deals with the study of relative
motion between the various parts of the machine.
i.e. It is the study of position ,displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration etc.

DYNAMICS: It deals with the forces and their effects acting on a machine parts.Dynamics is
further divided into:
a) Statics: It deals with the forces and their effects when the machine parts are at rest.

b) Kinetics: It deals with the inertia force which occurs from the combined effect of mass
and motion of the machine parts.

MACHINE: A machine is a device which receives

energy and transforms it into some useful work. A
machine consists of a number of parts or bodies.

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STRUCTURE

It is an assemblage of a number of resistant

bodies (known as members) having no relative
motion between them and meant for carrying
loads having straining action. Structures are
composed of one or more solid elements
arranged so that the whole structures as well as
their components are capable of holding
themselves without appreciable geometric
change during loading and unloading.

Important examples related to civil engineering include: Buildings, bridges and towers;
and in other branches of engineering, ship and aircraft frames, tanks, pressure vessels,
mechanical systems, and electrical supporting structures

The design of a structure involves many considerations, among which are four major
objectives that must be satisfied:

1. The structure must meet the performance requirement (utility).

2. The structure must carry loads safely (safety).
3. The structure should be economical in material, construction,and cost (economy).
4. The structure should have a good appearance (aesthetics).

A railway bridge, a roof truss, machine frames etc., are the examples of a structure.

Sl.No Machine Structure

The parts of a machine move relative The members of a structure do not
1.
to one another move relative to one another
A machine transforms the available In a structure no energy is transformed
2.
energy into some useful work into useful work.
The links of a machine may transmit The members of astructure transmit
3.
both power and motion forces only.

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2.2 KINEMATIC LINK

Introduction
Each part of a machine, which moves relative to some other part, is known as a kinematic
link. A link may consist of several parts, which are rigidly fastened together, so that they do
not move relative with another part.

For example, in a reciprocating steam engine, piston, piston rod and crosshead constitute
one link; connecting rod with big and small end bearings constitute a second link; crank,
crank shaft and flywheel a third link and the cylinder, engine frame and main bearings a
fourth link.

TYPES OF LINKS

Rigid link: A rigid link is one which does not undergo any deformation while transmitting
motion.

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Flexible link: A flexible link is one which is partly deformed in a manner not to affect the
transmission of motion. For example, belts, ropes, chains and wires are flexible links and
transmit tensile forces only.

Fluid link: A fluid link is one which is formed by having a fluid in a container and the motion
is transmitted through the fluid by pressure or compression only, as in the case of hydraulic
presses, jacks and brakes.

2.3 KINEMATIC PAIRS

Introduction
The two links of a machine, when in contact with each other, are said to form a pair. If the
relative motion between them is in a definite direction, the pair is known as kinematic pair.

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TYPES OF KINEMATIC PAIRS

The kinematic pairs may be classified according to the following considerations:

1. According to the type of relative motion between the elements

2. According to the type of contact between the elements.
3. According to the type of closure.

1. According to the type of relative motion between the elements

Turning Pair / Revolute Pair: When the two elements of a pair are connected in such a way
that one can only turn or revolve about a fixed axis of another link, the pair is known as
turning pair.
eg: Shaft in bearing, Lathe spindle on Headstock, Cycle wheel on axle

Sliding Pair / Prismatic Pair: When the two elements of a pair are connected in such a way
that one can only slide relative to the other, the pair is known as a sliding pair.
eg: Piston & cylinder, crosshead & guides, tail stock on lathe bed

Screw Pair: When the two elements of a pair are connected in such a way that one element
can turn about the other by screw threads, the pair is known as screw pair. The lead screw
of a lathe with nut, and bolt with a nut are examples of a screw pair.

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Cylindrical Pair: When the two elements of a pair are connected in such a way that one
element in rotation or translation, parallel to the axis of rotation to the other element, the
pair is known as cylindrical pair.

Rolling pair: When the two elements of a pair are connected in such a way that one roll over
another fixed link, the pair is known as rolling pair. Ball and roller bearings are examples of
rolling pair.

Spherical pair: When the two elements of a pair are connected in such a way that one
element (with spherical shape) turns or pivots about the other fixed element, the pair
formed is called a spherical pair. The ball and socket joint, attachment of a car mirror, pen
stand etc., are the examples of a spherical pair.

2. According to the type of contact between the elements.

Lower pair: When the two elements of a pair have a surface or area contact when relative
motion takes place and the surface of one element slides over the surface of the other, the
pair formed is known as lower pair. It will be seen that sliding pairs, turning pairs, cylindrical
pairs, spherical pairs, and screw pairs form lower pairs.

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Higher pair: When the two elements of a pair have a line or point contact when relative
motion takes place and the motion between the two elements is partly turning and partly
sliding, then the pair is known as higher pair. Pair of friction discs, toothed gearing, belt and
rope drives, ball and roller bearings and cam and follower is the examples of higher pairs.

3. According to the type of closure.

Self closed pair. When the two elements of a pair are

connected together mechanically in such a way that only
required kind of relative motion occurs, it is then known
as self closed pair. The lower pairs are self closed pair.

Force - closed pair. When the two elements of a pair are

not connected mechanically but are kept in contact by the
action of external forces, the pair is said to be a force-
closed pair. The cam and follower is an example of force
closed pair, as it is kept in contact by the forces exerted
by springand gravity.

Kinematic Pair

https://youtu.be/cU1PLmkjwIg

https://youtu.be/s64aU0pK0fY

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MECHANISM

A mechanism is a mechanical device used to transfer or transform motion, force, or energy.

Traditional rigid-body mechanisms consist of rigid links connected at movable joints. Two
examples are shown below.

A mechanism with four links is known as simple mechanism, and the mechanism with more
than four links is known as compound mechanism.
When a mechanism is required to transmit power or to do some particular type of work, it
then becomes a machine.

2.4 KINEMATIC CHAIN

When the kinematic pairs arecoupled in such a way that the last linkis joined to the first link
to transmitdefinite motion, it iscalled a kinematic chain. A kinematic chain is a series of links
connected by kinematic pairs.
It is classified in to two categories
1. Open chain
2. Closed chain

Open Chain: The chain is said to be

open if every link is not connected
to at least two other links

Closed Chain: The chain is said to

be closed if every link is connected
to at least two other links

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Types of Kinematic Chains

The following three types of kinematic chains with four lower pairs are important

1. Four bar chain or quadric cyclic chain.

2. Single slider crank chain.
3. Double slider crank chain.

Four bar chain or quadric cyclic chain

The simplest and the basic kinematic chain is a four bar

chain or quadriccycle chain, as shown in Fig.
It consists of four links, each ofthem forms a turning pair
at A, B, C and D. The four links may be ofdifferent lengths.

According to Grashof ’s law for a four bar mechanism,the

sum of the shortest and longest link lengths should not
begreater than the sum of the remaining two link lengths
if there is to be continuous relative motion between the
two links.In a fourbar chain, one of the links, in particular
the shortest link, will make a complete revolution relative
tothe other three links, if it satisfies the Grashof ’s law. Such a link is known as crank or
driver.

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In Fig. AD (link 4) is a crank. The link BC (link 2) which makes a partial rotation or oscillates
is knownaslever or rocker or follower and the link CD (link 3) which connects the crank and
lever is calledconnecting rod or coupler. The fixed link AB (link 1) is known as frame of the
mechanism.When the crank (link 4) is the driver, the mechanism is transforming rotary
motion intooscillating motion.

https://youtu.be/h8bz4ni6mdY

Single Slider Crank Chain

A single slider crank chain is a modification of the basic four bar chain. It consist of oneSliding
pair and three turning pairs. It is,usually, found in reciprocating steam engine mechanism.

This type of mechanism

converts rotary motion into
reciprocating motion and vice
versa. In a single slider crank
chain, as shown in Fig. the links
1 and 2, links 2 and 3, and links
3 and 4 form three turning
pairs while the links 4 and 1
form a sliding pair.

The link 1 corresponds to the frame of the engine, which is fixed. The link 2 corresponds to
the crank ; link 3 corresponds to the
connecting rod and link 4 corresponds to
cross-head. As the crank rotates, the cross-
head reciprocates in the guides and thus the
piston reciprocates in the cylinder.

https://youtu.be/ZO8QEG4x0wY

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Double Slider Crank Chain

A kinematic chain which consists of two turning pairs and two sliding pairs is known as
double slider crank chain, as shown in Fig. The link 2 and link 1 form one turningpair and
link 2 and link 3 form the second turning pair. The link 3 and link 4 form one sliding pair
andlink 1 and link 4 form the second sliding pair.

https://youtu.be/-waxgJT3Kh0

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3. MECHANISM OF MACHINE
3.1 Intermittent Motion Mechanisms – Geneva wheel Mechanism, Ratchet
and Pawl Mechanism.

A. GENEVA WHEEL MECHANISM

The Geneva drive or Maltese cross is a gear mechanism that translates a continuous rotation
into an intermittent rotary motion. The rotating drive wheel has a pin that reaches into a
slot of the driven wheel advancing it by one step. The drive wheel also has a raised circular
blocking disc that locks the driven wheel in position between steps.

The main difference between Geneva drive

and other gears is that Geneva drives have
unusual teeth. Unlike other gears, in Geneva
drive the interaction between the driving and
the driven part is not continuous and the
resultant motion is intermittent.

WORKING OF GENEVA MECHANISM

In Geneva drive there are two wheels, driving and driven wheel. The driving wheel has a pin
and a little more than semi circular disc which is elevated. The driven wheel has 4, 6 or more
slots in which the pin of driving wheel passes and rotates the driven wheel to angle
depending upon number of slots. If it has 4 slots ,it will be rotated 90 degrees in one step
and if it has 6 slots, it will be rotated 60 degrees at one step. The circular elevated disc is
used to lock the driven wheel after each step.

If the driven wheel has n slots, it advances by 360°/n per full rotation of the drive wheel.
Genevas are also combined with variety of other mechanism , such as four bar linkages ,
clutch-brake combinations , non –circular gears etc to modify the motion curves and dwell
motion ratios obtained from pure Geneva.

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TYPES OF GENEVA DRIVE

1. External Geneva Drive

2. Internal Geneva Drive
3. Spherical Geneva Drive
ADVANTAGES OF GENEVA MECHANISM
 Geneva mechanism may be the simplest and least Expensive of all intermittent
motion mechanisms.
 They come in a wide variety of sizes, ranging from those used in instruments, to
those used in machine tools to index spindle carriers weighing several tons.
 They have good motion curves characteristics compared to ratchets, but exhibit
more “jerk” or instantaneous change in acceleration, than better cam systems.
DISADVANTAGES OF GENEVA MECHANISM
 The Geneva is not a versatile mechanism and produce jerk.
 The ratio of dwell period to motion is also established once the no of dwells per
revolution has been selected.
 All Geneva acceleration curves start and end with finite acceleration & deceleration.
APPLICATIONS
 It is applicable in the production industries and in automobile industries for mass
production.
 Modern film projectors may also use an electronically controlled indexing
mechanism or stepper motor, which allows for fast-forwarding the film.
 Geneva wheels having the form of the driven wheel were also used in mechanical
watches, but not in a drive, rather to limit the tension of the spring, such that it
would operate only in the range where its elastic force is nearly linear.
 Indexing tables in assembly lines, tool changers for CNC machines, and so on.

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B.RATCHET AND PAWL MECHANISM

A Ratchet and Pawl allows rotation in one direction

only.The Ratchet rotates, the pawl drops into each of the
steps on the ratchet rim, preventing the ratchet from
turning backwards.

A spring is used to keep the pawl in contact with the

ratchet. This mechanism is used whenever rotation in
one direction only.

WORKING

Ratchet and Pawl mechanism consists of; Ratchet wheel and a pawl .When the lever carrying
pawl is raised, the ratchet wheel rotates in the counter clock wise direction. As the pawl
lever is lowered the pawl slides over the ratchet teeth. One more pawl is used to prevent
the ratchet from reversing.

APPLICATIONS

 Feed mechanisms,
 Lifting jacks,
 Clocks,
 Watches and counting devices.

Videos of Geneva and Ratchet Pawl Mechanism

https://youtu.be/hXO7PRVP7qY

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3.2 Mechanism used to convert rotary motion to linear motion – Slider Crank
Mechanism, Automated clever mechanism - Screw , Crank
A.SLIDER CRANK MECHANISM

Slider-crank mechanism is used to transform rotational motion into translational motion by

means of a rotating driving beam, a connection rod and a sliding body. In the present
example, a flexible body is used for the
connecting rod.

A slider-crank mechanism is a typical design

which converts rotary motion into linear
motion. It is achieved by connecting a slider
and a crank with a rod. Figure A depicts a
mechanism utilized as a system that
converts the reciprocating linear motion of
an automobile engine into rotary motion.

The second figure, B, is an example of the mechanism that has the same functions as the
slider-crank in the first figure A in addition to the sliding stroke adjustment feature for the
slider. To add this feature, the sliding stroke adjusting screw is placed on top of the rotation
shaft center of the rotation disk. The sliding stroke can be adjusted by the adjusting nut
located on one end of the sliding stroke adjusting screw.

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APPLICATION EXAMPLES

The drive mechanism of the squeegee unit for a simple screen printing machine simple
press mechanism with multi-model compatibility

Slider Crank mechanism

https://youtu.be/ZO8QEG4x0wY

B.AUTOMATED CLEVER MECHANISM – SCREW TYPE

Rotary motion can be converted into linear motion by using a screw. It introduces an
automation clever mechanism (Fig. ) that allows control of linear motion in various ways by
adopting different types of screw structures. “Threaded” and “tapped” screws are used as
a cam.

If the handle installed on the right edge is rotated, it causes a linear motion of the slide block
placed on the two tapped screws that are assembled to the opposing two screws. This
structure can also be applied for a double-speed mechanism, where single rotation of the
handle is transformed into a movement of twice the pitch of the rotation.

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APPLICATION EXAMPLES

1. Oscillating motion of a processing machine

2. Reciprocating linear motion mechanism for one-piece flow production fixture
(printing, wiping, and pressuring)
3. Inspection jigs
4. Electric terminal positioning or scanning movement for inspection equipment
5. Adjustment mechanism for edge positioning of jigs compatible with various products
6. Double-speed mechanism

C. AUTOMATED CLEVER MECHANISM - CRANK

An automation clever mechanism that converts crank rotation into linear motion and makes
the linear motion stroke twice that of the original one.

In this structure, the slider used in the standard slider crank mechanism is replaced by a
toothed gear. In addition, the slider guide is separated into a fixed rack and a movable rack.
The crank motion on the driving shaft is transmitted to the toothed gear. Then, the stroke
of rolling motion (L) over the fixed rack increases by 100% (2L) when it reaches the gear top.
This stroke (2L) acts on the movable rack installed on the gear top.

APPLICATION EXAMPLES

1. Oscillating motion of a processing machine.

2. Reciprocating linear motion mechanism for one-piece flow production fixture
(printing, wiping, pressuring, and others)
3. Inspection jigs

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