PHYSICS

9.1 Energy Generalities

Energy is a scalar quantity that is conserved during all exchanges between
bodies.
Energy gained=Final Energy-Initial Energy
Energy gained by body Y=-Energy lost by body Y

For an isolated system:

NET energy is always constant in an isolated system.
If A and B make up an isolated system:
Energy gained by A+Energy gained by B=0

Whenever body A exerts a force F on object B moving it through a distance d,

energy is transferred from body A to B.

CQD
1. Consider a system consisting of three bodies A, B, and C that can only interact
with each other. Through these interactions, energy is transferred from one body
to another. What is the NET energy gained (or lost) by the system A, B, and C?

2. [G] When does energy transfer occur?

9.2 Work done by a force
The work done by a constant force F over a displacement d in the same direction
as the force is defined as
W=F.d.cos(θ)
The work W that a force F does on an object is the product of the magnitude F of
the force, times the magnitude d of the displacement, times the cosine of the
angle θ between them.

W: Work(measured in joules(J)) 1J=1N.m

A joule is the energy transferred as a result of a force of 1N, acting on a body
through one meter in the same direction as the force
F: Force(measured in newtons(N))
D: displacement(measured in (m))

● Motive work is when the force and distance moved are in the same
distance.
○ W=F.d>0
● Resistive work is when the force and distance moved are in opposite
directions.
○ W=F.d<0
CQD
3. Find the amount of energy transferred from you to each of the following:
a) A mass of 100 g lifted through 1.0 m.
b) A mass of 1 kg lifted through 10 cm.
c) A mass of 1 g lifted through 10 m.
d) Your own body if you go up a distance of 1 m.

4. a) What is the S.I. unit of work? Define it.

b) Calculate the work done by a force of 40 N used to push a box along a
horizontal surface a distance of 12 m, knowing that the box moves in the
opposite direction as the force.

5. [G] What is the work done by the pulling force of a tractor of magnitude 2,000
N over a distance of 50 m? Assume the force and the displacement are in the
same direction.
6. [G] Differentiate between motive and resistive work.

9.3 Work-Energy Theorem

The net work done on a body equals the change in its kinetic energy.
W=K.Ef - K.Ei
K.E=1/2mv2
CQD
7. State and derive the Work-Energy Theorem.

8. a) A 1.0 kg body, resting on a horizontal frictionless surface, is pushed with a

net force F = 4.0 N, through a distance of 2.0 m. Calculate the final kinetic energy
of the body.

b) A 1.0 kg body moving with a velocity of 3.0 m/s, is pushed a distance of 2.0m
in the same direction as its velocity on a horizontal frictional surface with a net
force of 4.0 N. Calculate its final kinetic energy.

c) The above 1.0 kg body, now moving with a velocity of 5.0 m/s, is pushed in the
opposite direction to its velocity, with a net force of 8.0 N, a distance of 1.0 m.
Calculate its final speed.

9. [G] A small block of mass 4 kg is moving a level plane against a constant

resistance of 25 N. If the initial speed of the block is 15 m/s, find its final speed
after moving 10 m.

9.4Work done by Earth on a body

The work done by gravity is W=mgh
If the mass is ascending, work done by gravity is resistive(-).
W=-mgh
If the mass is descending, work done by gravity is motive(+).
W=+mgh
CQD

10. A ball of mass 200 g is shot vertically upwards with a velocity of 5 m/s. The
ball reaches a maximum height before it falls back.
a) Find the initial kinetic energy of the ball.
b) What is the kinetic energy of the ball at maximum height?
c) If h represents the maximum height the ball can reach measured from the level
it is initially shot, express the work done by gravity in terms of h.
d) Using the Work-Energy Theorem, determine the value of h.

11. [G] A ball of mass 200 g is shot vertically from the ground upwards with a
certain velocity. The ball reaches a maximum height of 7.0 m before it falls back.
Determine the work done by gravity from the moment the ball is shot until the
moment it reaches its highest point. Use g = 10.0 m/s2
9.5Gravitational Potential Energy
The gravitational potential energy is stored in the body-Earth system, not in one
body alone.
The kinetic energy gained by falling is originally found as gravitational potential
energy in the body, the Earth, or the body-earth system.

The gravitational potential energy at a height h from a reference level is

Ep=m.g.h.

Change in gravitational potential energy(loss or gain)

ΔEp=mgΔh
● When an object is descending, the change in height(Δh) is negative so the
change in GPE is negative.
● When an object is ascending, the change in height(Δh) is positive so the
change in GPE is positive.
ΔEp=-Wg
● The increase in GPE of a body is the negative of the work done by the
earth on a body.

CQD
12. Four boxes, initially at the same level, were raised to different heights: Box A
of mass 3 kg was lifted 0.5 m. Box B of mass 2 kg was lifted 1.0 m. Box C of
mass 1 kg was lifted 1.5 m. Box D of mass 0.5 kg was lifted 2.0 m.
a) Which box increased its potential energy the greatest amount?
b) If the boxes are now allowed to fall back to the ground, which one will be
traveling the fastest when it reaches the ground?

13. [G] A window cleaner of mass 75.0 kg climbs up a ladder to a third-floor

window, 8.00 m above ground level. What is his potential energy relative to the
ground? Use g = 9.80 m/s2
9.6Mechanical Energy
Mechanical energy is the sum of both potential and kinetic energies of a body.
In a system where there is no loss or creation of energy, total mechanical energy
is conserved.
● When the only force doing work on a body is its weight, the change in the
mechanical; energy of the body remains zero.
○ Mechanical energy =1/2mv2+m.g.h.

CQD
14. The seat of a swing is 30 cm above the ground when it is stationary.
When swinging, a boy passes through the lowest point with a speed of 6.5
m/s. What is the height of the seat (above ground) when it first comes to
rest?

15. A sled, initially at rest, is pushed to the right with a force of 10 N for 2.0
m, on a frictionless level surface.
a) Draw the force diagram of the sled.
b) Is mechanical energy conserved? Why?
c) Using the Work-Energy Theorem, calculate the final Ek of the sled.
d) Find the speed of the sled if its mass is 5 kg. Verify your answer using
the Laws of Dynamics and Kinematics.

16. [G] A 60.0 kg swimmer jumps into a pool from a diving board that is
6.00 m above the pool. Assume the initial speed of the swimmer is 2.00
m/s and the pool level is taken as a reference for gravitational potential
energy. What is the initial mechanical energy of the swimmer? Use g =
10.0 m/s2.

17. [G] A small block of mass m is dropped from a height of 0.80 m above
the ground. Find its speed when it is 0.60 m above the ground. Neglect
frictional forces and use g =10.0 m/s2.

9.7Power
Power is defined as energy transferred per unit time.
P(in watts)=W(in joules)/t(in seconds)

CQD
18. a) Define power and give its unit.
b) A car is traveling at 30 m/s on a level road, against a constant
resistance of 450 N. How much work does the car engine do in 10 s? What
is the engine’s power?

19. Find the power generated by a boy, of mass 50 kg, if he runs up a flight
of 50 steps in 25 seconds, knowing that the height of each step is 15 cm.

20. A kilowatt-hour (kWh) is the energy released when an object that has a
power of 1 kW works for a time of one hour. How many joules is this? (284)

21. A mass m slides from rest, down a smooth incline of length L, moving
down a height h.
Find:
a) a mathematical relation between L, h and the angle of inclination.
b) the loss of gravitational potential energy in terms of L.
22. The bob of a pendulum swings between a point P on the extreme right
and a point Q on the extreme left. R is the mid-point of the path of the bob.
Which of the following are true?
a) The kinetic energy of the bob is zero at R.
b) At a point between P and R, the bob possesses both potential and
kinetic energies.
c) The potential energy of the bob is maximum at P.

23. [G] A car traveling at 30.0 m/s on a level road, against a constant
resistance of 450. N. How much work does the car engine do in 10.0 s.?
What is the engine’s power?