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498639006 PHYsics Class12 Project Report Cbse 2020 2021 on Topic Ac Generator.pdf

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43 views10 pages

498639006 PHYsics Class12 Project Report Cbse 2020 2021 on Topic Ac Generator.pdf

Uploaded by

mishraji21040
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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 INTRODUCTION

 THEORY

 CONSTRUCTION

 WORKING

 EFFICIENCY

 USES

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
An electric generator is a
device that converts mechanical
energy to electrical energy. A
generator forces electric
current to flow through an
external circuit. The source of
mechanical energy may be a
reciprocating or turbine steam
engine, water falling through a
turbine or waterwheel, an
internal combustion engine, a
wind turbine, a hand crank,
compressed air, or any other
source of mechanical energy.
Generators provide nearly all of
the power for electric power
grids.
THEORY
1. The strong magnetic field is produced by a
current flow through the field coil of the rotor.
2. The field coil in the rotor receives excitation
through the use of slip rings and brushes.
3. Two brushes are spring-.h eld in contact with the
slip rings to provide the continuous connection
between the fiel d coil and the external excitation
circuit.
4. The armature is contained within the windings
of the stator and is connected to the output.
5. Each time the rotor makes one complete
revolution, one complete cycle of AC is developed.
6. A generator has many turns of wire wound into
the slots of the rotor.
7. The magnitude of AC voltage generated by an
AC generator is dependent on the field strength
and speed of the rotor.
8. Most generators are operated at a constant
speed; therefore, the generated voltage depends
on field excitation, or strength.
CONSTRUCTION
First make the hollow-ended box. Score
the cardboard strip like so: Fold it like this
and tape it securely. Use the nail to poke a
hole perfectly straight through the center
of the box, going through both sides and
all (hole) three layers of cardboard. Then
pull the nail out and use it to widen all the
holes slightly, so when you put the nail
back through, it will be a bit loose and
able to spin. At this point you should
clamp four magnets around the nail and
give it a spin.
It's OK to cover up the nail hole. Pull the
taped end of the wire out, then tape down
both of the wires so the coil doesn't
unwind. You should have about 10cm of
wire left sticking out. Use sandpaper or
the edge of a knife to scrape the thin
plastic coating off 2cm of the wire ends.
Remove every bit of red coating, so the
wire ends are coppery. Spread the wire
away from the nail hole and tape it in
place. Stick the nail back through the
holes and make sure it can spin. Take your
four magnets, stick them face to face in
two pairs, Then stick the two pairs inside
the box and on either side of the nail so
they grab the nail. Push them around
until they are somewhat balanced and
even, then spin the nail and see if they
turn freely. If you wish, you can stick 2cm
squares of cardboard between the
magnets to straighten them, and tape the
magnets so they don't move around on
the nail Make sure that each end of the
generator's wires are
totally cleared of red plastic coating. If
there is a bit of plastic left, it can act as an
insulator which turns off your light bulb
circuit. Twist the scraped end of each
generator wire securely around the silver
tip of each wire from the small light bulb.
(If necessary, use a knife to strip more
plastic from the ends of the light bulb
wires.) One generator wire goes to one
light bulb wire, the other generator wire
goes to the other light bulb wire, and the
two twisted wire connections should not
touch together. In the twisted wires,
metal must touch metal with no plastic in
between.
WORKING
The working of the transformer is explained All metals
contain a movable substance called "electric charge".
Even uncharged wires are full of charge! After all, the
atoms of the metal are made half of positive protons
and half of negative electrons. Metals are special
because their electrons don't stay connected to the
metal atoms, instead they fly around inside the metal
and form a type of electric "liquid" inside the wires. All
wires are full of electric fluid. Modern scientists call
this the "electron sea" or "electron gas." It is not
invisible, it actually gives metals their silvery shine.
The electron gas is like a silvery fluid. When a circle of
wire surrounds a magnetic field, and the magnetic
field then changes, a circular "pressure" called
Voltage appears. This circular voltage trys to force the
movable charges in the wire to rotate around the
circle. In other words, moving magnets create electric
currents in closed circles of wire. A moving magnet
causes a pumping action. If the circuit is not
complete, if there is a break, then the pumping force
will cause no charge
USES OF AC GENERATOR
1. Aircraft auxiliary power generation, wind
generators,
high speed gas turbine generators.
2. Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) drive
systems,
automotive starter generators.
3. An ac generator, or 'alternator', is used to
produce
ac voltages for transmission via the grid
system or,
locally, as portable generators.
4. All of our household appliances runs on ac
current.
Ex: Refrigerator, washing machines, oven,
lights, fan
etc.
EFFICIENCY
Expression for Instantaneous e.m.f. Produced:
Let position of the coil at any time t. It make angle q
with

vertical. If w is uniform angular speed of the coil.


Then q = wt
B be the strength of magnetic field n be the
number of turns
in the coil and A area of the coil then magnetic flux
with the
coil in this position is given by:

f = nBA Cos q = nBA Cos wt.


Differentiate w.r.t. time
= nBA (-Sin wt) w
= -nBA w Sin wt
e = - (-nBA w Sin wt)

maximum value of e.m.f. say E0


e = E0 Sin wt.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

i. www.wikipedia.com
ii. www.vedantu.com
iii. www.byjuys.com
iv. www.brainly.com
v. www.meritnation.com
vi. www.quora.com
vii. www.jagaranjosh.com
viii. www.sciencehub.com
ix. www.sciencevilla.com
x. www.phy12.com

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