Direct Sequence Spread

Spectrum (DSSS)
by Shrikant Poddar

2K22/EC/218
basics of Spread Spectrum
It is a modulation technique in which transmitted Bandwidth is larger than
the information signal bandwidth.

Bit rate of the spreading sequence is much higher then the input data.
Need of Spread Spectrum
Bandwidth utilization

multiplexing

FDM , TDM , CDM , WDM (division multiplexing)

multiple access scheme

FDMA , TDMA , CDMA , SDMA , IDMA

Limitations of FDMA , TDMA limited BW ,concentrated spectrum , narrow bw.

hence we use CDMA in Dsss

spread factor or
processing gain
Bss=L.B

L = Bss/B (Analog system)

L = Tb/Tc (Digital system)
significances of spread spectrum
immunity to jamming
low interference
higher processing gain
security
multiple access
Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum (DSSS)
here, input signal can be Interference Resilience
modulated by By spreading the signal across a wider
frequency band, DSSS enhances
PSK/QPSK/QAM resilience against interference and
eavesdropping.

It is digital Spread spectrum.

Introduction to Spread Spectrum Techniques
Overview of Spread Spectrum
Spread spectrum techniques involve transmitting a signal by spreading it across a
much wider frequency band than the original signal's bandwidth. This approach
provides several advantages, including improved signal-to-noise ratio, reduced
interference, and increased security.

1 2

Advantages over Conventional Methods

Compared to traditional communication methods, spread spectrum techniques
offer enhanced resistance to interference, improved privacy, and the ability to
operate in noisy environments. These advantages make spread spectrum an
attractive choice for a wide range of applications, from military communications to
commercial wireless networks.
significances of Dsss
In Analog Spread Spectrum we use FHss

IT has drawbacks of :

Non coherent detection

FSK , DPSK, technique at i/p signal
BER bit error rate is poor
low efficiency
Principles of DSSS
Basic Concept of Direct Sequence Spreading Spreading Code Characteristics

In DSSS, the original data signal is multiplied by a high- The spreading code, or PN sequence, is a key component of
bandwidth pseudorandom noise (PN) sequence, which spreads DSSS. It must have specific characteristics, such as good
the signal over a much wider frequency band. autocorrelation and cross-correlation properties, to ensure
efficient signal spreading and minimize interference between
multiple DSSS users.
Signal Recovery at the Receiver

At the receiver, the DSSS signal is despread by multiplying

it with a synchronized copy of the same PN sequence used
at the transmitter. This process effectively collapses the
signal back to its original bandwidth, allowing the receiver
to recover the original data.
Signal Processing in DSSS

Spreading

1 The original data signal is multiplied by a high-bandwidth pseudorandom noise (PN) sequence, spreading the signal
across a much wider frequency band.

Modulation

2 The spread signal is then modulated using a suitable technique, such as BPSK or QPSK, to prepare it for transmission
over the communication channel.

Transmission

3 The modulated DSSS signal is transmitted over the communication channel, where it can resist interference and
eavesdropping attempts.

Despreading

4 At the receiver, the DSSS signal is despread by multiplying it with a synchronized copy of the PN sequence, collapsing
the signal back to its original bandwidth.

Demodulation

5 The despread signal is then demodulated, and the original data is recovered, taking advantage of the improved signal-
to-noise ratio provided by the DSSS technique.
Modulation Techniques in DSSS

1 BPSK and QPSK 2 Signal Representation 3 Advantages of Integration

DSSS is often integrated with In DSSS, the modulated signal can The combination of DSSS and
binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) or be represented as a product of the phase-shift keying modulation
quadrature phase-shift keying original data signal, the spreading provides enhanced signal
(QPSK) modulation schemes to code, and the phase-shift keying robustness, improved resistance to
effectively transmit the spread modulation, resulting in a interference, and increased
signal. complex-valued waveform that transmission security, making it a
occupies a much wider frequency popular choice for various digital
band. communication applications.
DSSS System Architecture
DSSS waveform example
DSSS System Architecture
Transmitter Receiver System Synchronization
The DSSS transmitter consists of a The DSSS receiver includes an RF Proper synchronization between the
data source, a spreading code front-end to receive the signal, a transmitter and receiver, especially in
generator, a multiplier to spread the despreading code generator, a terms of the spreading and
signal, a modulator, and an RF front- multiplier to despread the signal, a despreading codes, is crucial for
end to transmit the signal over the demodulator, and a data sink to successful DSSS signal reception and
communication channel. recover the original information. data recovery.
Performance Analysis of DSSS

Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)

1
The SNR of a DSSS system is affected by factors such as the
spreading gain, the ratio of signal power to noise power, and the
bandwidth of the transmitted signal. Maintaining a favorable SNR is
2 Bit Error Rate (BER) Analysis
essential for reliable data transmission.
The BER of a DSSS system is influenced by the SNR, the spreading
gain, and the modulation scheme used. Analyzing the BER
performance helps determine the feasibility and reliability of DSSS
Interference Mitigation 3 in different communication scenarios.
DSSS's ability to spread the signal across a wider bandwidth makes
it resilient to narrowband interference, as the interfering signal is
effectively "averaged out" during the despreading process at the
receiver.
Advantages and Applications of DSSS

Enhanced Security Interference Resistance

The spreading of the signal across a wider bandwidth makes DSSS's ability to mitigate the effects of narrowband interference
DSSS resistant to eavesdropping and jamming, making it a and noise makes it suitable for use in crowded electromagnetic
preferred choice for secure communication applications, such as environments, such as wireless local area networks (WLANs) and
military and government systems. cellular networks.
Advantages and Applications of DSSS

Multipath Resistance GPS and Satellite Communications

DSSS signals can better withstand the effects of multipath DSSS is a fundamental technology used in global positioning
propagation, where the signal travels through multiple paths system (GPS) and satellite communication systems, where it
before reaching the receiver, making it useful for applications in provides reliable signal transmission and improved resistance to
urban and indoor environments. interference and jamming.
Comparison with Other Technologies
FHSS OFDM CDMA

Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum Orthogonal Frequency Division Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is
(FHSS) is another spread spectrum Multiplexing (OFDM) is a modulation a multiple access technique that uses
technique that uses a pseudorandom technique that divides the available DSSS to allow multiple users to transmit
sequence to switch the carrier bandwidth into multiple orthogonal data over the same frequency band
frequency, whereas DSSS spreads the subcarriers, allowing for efficient data simultaneously. CDMA leverages the
signal across a wider bandwidth. FHSS is transmission. While OFDM is effective in unique properties of DSSS to enable
generally more resistant to narrowband multipath environments, it doesn't efficient spectrum utilization and
interference but less secure than DSSS. provide the same level of security and improved overall system capacity.
interference resistance as DSSS.
Conclusion and Future Trends
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) is a powerful technology that has proven its value in various digital communication
applications. Its ability to enhance signal security, resist interference, and operate in challenging multipath environments has made it
an essential component in modern communication systems. As the demand for reliable, secure, and efficient data transmission
continues to grow, the future of DSSS looks promising, with ongoing research and development aimed at further improving its
capabilities and expanding its reach across diverse communication domains.