©FORM ONE NOTES 2024 ©NAKURU HIGH SCHOOL

TOPIC 6: THE ENGINE

 An Engine→Is defined as any device which exerts power by converting heat
energy into mechanical energy to do work.
 Heat engine →Is defined as a device which transforms the chemical energy of
fuel into thermal energy and uses this energy to produce mechanical energy to do
work.
 An engine is therefore considered to be an energy converter
 This device is therefore classified into either (a)External combustion
(b)Internal combustion
 The external combustion engine consist of two major units i.e
(a) Heat generating unit
(b)Heat energy-motion converter unit.

 Examples of other energy converters are:Electric

motors,Generators,Turbines,Solar panels,Electric bell,Juice
blenders,Electric fan,Dynamos,Florescent tube and Windmills.
 An automobile →is a vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine and it is
used for transportation of passengers and goods on the ground.
 An automobile →can also be defined as a vehicle which can move by conversion
of chemical energy to mechanical energy.
 Automotive engineering →is a branch of engineering which deals with the
designing and constructing automobiles.
 An engineer→ Is a person trained to design and manufacture or design and
assemble different components/parts of an entity to form a unit device or
machines.
 Automotive engineers→ are therefore tasked with designing and assembling
different components to develop a unit machine(automobiles).
 Automotive engines are categorized as (a)Internal combustion and external
combustion
(b)Type of fuel :Petrol,Diesel,Gas
(c)Number of strokes:Two stroke
petrol/Two stroke diesel,Four stroke Petrol/Four stroke diesel.
 Internal Combustion engine→ Is defined as a class of engines where
combustion of air and fuel mixture takes place inside the cylinder and are used as
the direct motive force.
CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
1. According to the method of igniting the fuel
 Spark ignition engine
 Compression ignition engine
 Hot spot ignition engine
2. According to the type of fuel used.
 Petrol engine
 Diesel engine
 Gas engine(CNG,LPG)
 Alcohol engine(ethanol,methanol)

3. According to the number of strokes per cycle

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 Four stroke
 Two stroke
4. According to the basic engine design
 Reciprocating engine(use of cylinder piston arrangement)
 Rotary engine(use of turbines)
5. According to the working cycles
 Otto cycle(constant volume cycle)engine
 Diesel cycle (constant pressure cycle)engine
 Dual combustion cycle(semi diesel cycle)engines.
6. According to speed
 High speed
 Low speed
 According to Valve Arrangement
 Single Overhead
 Dual Overhead
7. According to Cylinder Arrangement
 V-shaped arrangement
 W-shaped arrangement
 H-shaped arrangement
NB:MAJOR ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
(a)Rotary engine(Wankel)
(b)Gas Turbine engines
(c )Reciprocating/Piston engines
(d)

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL COMBUSTION

ENGINES
S/ External Combustion Engine Internal Combustion Engine
No
1. Combustion of air fuel mixture is Combustion of air fuel mixture takes
outside the engine cylinder place inside the engine cylinder.
2 It can use cheaper fuel including solid High grade fuel are used with proper
fuel filtration.
3 Higher ratio of weight and bulk to It is light and compact due to lower
output due to presence of auxiliary ratio of weight and bulk to output.
apparatus like boiler and
condenser.Hence it is heavy and
cumbersome
4 The engines are running smoothly Very noisy operated engine
and silently due to outside
combustion
5 Lower efficiency of about 15-20% Higher efficiency of about 35-40%

 A Spark-ignition engine →Is an internal combustion engine,it is also called

petrol engine,where the combustion process of air-fuel mixture is ignited by a
spark from a spark plug.
 Compression ignition engine also called Diesel engine→where the heat
generated from compression together with the injection of fuel is enough to
initiate combustion process without need of any external spark.

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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TWO STROKE AND FOUR STROKE ENGINES

S/ TWO STROKE ENGINE FOUR STROKE ENGINE
No
1 It has one revolution of crankshaft It has two revolutions of power stroke
during one power stroke during one revolution
2 It generates high torque It generates less torque
3 It uses ports for fuel outlets and It uses valves for outlet and inlet of
inlets fuel.
4 It generates more smoke and shows It generates less smoke and shows
less efficiency more efficiency.
5 Engines are cheaper and simple for Engines are expensive due to
manufacturing lubrication and valves are tough to
manufacture.

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE COMPONENTS

1. Cylinder block
2. Cylinder head
3. Piston
4. Piston pin or Gudgeon pin
5. Connecting rod
6. Crankshaft
7. Camshaft
8. Crankcase
THE BASIC ENGINE STRUCTURE DIAGRAM

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THE BASIC EXTERNAL PARTS OF AN ENGINE

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BASIC ENGINE TERMINOLOGIES

1.Top Dead Centre(T.D.C)→Refers to the uppermost limit of piston travel in the
cylinder during a stroke.
2.Bottom Dead Centre(B.D.C)→Refers to the lowest point of piston travel in the
cylinder during a stroke.
3.Cylinder→This refers to the portion of the engine in which the piston travels.
4.Bore→The distance across the(diameter)of the cylinder measured in inches or
millimetre.
5.Stroke→The distance which the piston travels from T.D.C to B.D.C measured in
inches or millimetre.
6.Throw→The distance from the centre line of the crankshaft to the centre line of the
crank-pin.The throw is equal to half the stroke.
7.Combustion Chamber→The hollowed-out portion of the cylinder head which
covers the cycle.The term combustion chamber is also used to describe the whole
space of the head above the piston which combustion takes places.
8.Revolution Per Minute(RPM)→The number of revolutions which the crankshaft
makes in one minute used as a means of stating the speed at which an engine is
running (turning over).
9.Displacement Volume/Swept Volume.
 This is the volume displaced by the piston as it moves from B.D.C to T.D.C
measured in cubic inches or cubic centimetre.The displacement volume can be
calculated as follows.
D.V/S.V = 3.1416 ×(bore/2)2 ×STROKE (n*3.142*r2 * H)

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10.Clearance Volume
 The volume above the cylinder when the piston is at T.D.C
11.Total Volume
 The volume of the cylinder when the piston is at B.D.C (displacement volume
and clearance volume).
12.Engine Capacity or Size
 The size of engine is determined by the displacement volume.An engine which
has a bore smaller than its stroke is said to be Under-square,An engine which
has both the bore and the stroke the same is called a Square Engine.
 An Engine which has a larger bore than the stroke is said to be Over-square.
13.Torque
 Twisting or turning effort.Refers to the force with which the crankshaft is turned.

14.Compression Ratio
 The statement of how much mixture in the cylinder is compressed while the
piston moves from B.D.C to T.D.C .
 Is the extent in which air-fuel mixture is squeezed in the combustion chamber.
 Can also be described as the ratio between the volume in the cylinder when the
piston is at B.D.C to the volume in the cylinder when the piston is at T.D.C
 If the mixture in the cylinder is squeezed into one-sixth of the space it used to
occupy then the engine has a 6:1 compression ratio.
 If the mixture is squeezed into one-ninth of the space it occupied to begin with
the,the engine has a 9:1 Compression Ratio.

Compression ratio=(Displacement volume +Clearance Volume)/Clearance

Volume.
E.g
*If a certain engine has a piston displacement of 10 cubic inches and a clearance
volume of 2 cubic inches the compression ratio is
(10+2)/2 = 6:1
 Theoretically the higher the compression ratio the greater will be the power
output of the engine.
 In practise ,however excessively high compression ratio have an unfavourable
effect on the burning of the fuel.
15.HORSEPOWER RATING
 H.P is used as a mean of measuring the rate at which work is done.
 1H.P=33000 foot-pounds of work per minute.
 If an engine can produce 99000 foot-pounds of work in one minute it is a 3HP
Engine.

16.RECIPROCATING MOTION
 This is the to and fro movement of the piston.While the big end of the connecting
rod moves in a circular motion,the small end causes the piston to move up and
down in the cylinder.
17.ATOMS
 This is the simplest form of an element which can take part in a chemical reaction
and consist of three basic particles i.e electrons,proton &neutrons.
 Air-fuel mixture is normally atomized before ignition(to atomize is to break into
small particles).

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18.MOLECULES
 Is the smallest portion that matter may be divided into and still retain all of the
properties of the original matter.
19.HEAT AND TEMPERATURE
 Heat is the total amount of thermal energy contained in a body.
 Temperature is the measure of intensity of heat in a body or at which atoms and
molecules move.
20.COMBUSTION
 Is a chemical reaction in which oxygen combines with the other elements.

21.EXPANSION OF GASES
 When a proper mixture of petrol vapour and air is confined under pressure within
a cylinder,the pressure will generate heat .If this mixture is ignited ,instant
combustion occurs .As a result,heat,pressure and the tendency to expand are
multiplied therefore creating the force which drives the engine piston or turbine.

21.SPECIFIC HEAT
 Specific heat refers to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g
of mass of a substance by 10C.

22.PARTIAL VACUUM
 Is the absence of air or other matter and is recorded in pressure less than
approximately 100Kpa
 The engine,fuel pump,carburettor and other unit operation basically rely on the
scientific principles of creation of partial vacuum and pressure difference.

23.PRESSURE
 Pressure is directly proportional to temperature.Gas pressure in any container is
the results of the ceaseless bombardment of the inner sides of the container by
molecules.The higher the number of molecules there are the more the
collision and the higher the pressure will be against the sides of the container.
 The faster the rate of motion of particles the harder they will hit the container and
the higher will be pressure.

GAS LAWS
 Gas laws are used to indicate the relationship between gas,pressure,temperature
&volume.
Examples of gas laws include:
(a)Boyle`s laws→It state that at constant temperature,the volume of a specific mass
of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure.
(b)Charles`Law→It state that at constant pressure,the volume of a given mass of a
gas increases,a specific amount for each degree of temperature.

24.TRANSFORMING ENERGY
 Energy is the capacity or the ability to do work.Energy stored in petrol is called
potential energy because it has the ability to do work.
 When the potential energy is converted to another form it does work.
 Kinetic energy which does work force the piston down the cylinder hence
making the piston to result to mechanical energy.

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OPERATION OF A FOUR-STROKE CYCLE ENGINE

(ii) Describe the events taking place in engine in each of the figures shown below.

1. 2. 3. 4.

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(a) FOUR-STROKE CYCLE PETROL ENGINE (SPARK IGNITION)

INDUCTION STROKE
 When the engine is started (cranked) the piston is at T.D.C, the piston will slide
down the cylinder due to the effect of the connecting rod pulling it downwards.
 The piston moves downwards in the cylinder as the intake valve remains open to
allow the air and fuel mixture from the carburettor into the cylinder(for petrol
engine case).
 The mixture flows into the cylinder due to reduction of pressure in the
cylinder(Due to a state of partial vacuum).

COMPRESSION STROKE
 By the time the piston reaches the bottom dead centre the mixture has filled the
cylinder.
 The inertial motion of the flywheel maintains the rotational motion of the
crankshaft hence the reciprocating motion of the piston.
 The piston starts its upward motion,the intake valve closes to enable the moving
piston to compress the mixture.
 When the compression of the mixture is taking place the volume is reducing
causing the pressure to rise(Boyle’s Law).

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POWER STROKE
 Before the end of compression stroke an electric spark is discharged by the
sparking plug into the compressed mixture in the combustion chamber.
 The valves remain closed.
 The burning mixture causes an expansion of the cylinder content.
 Pressure also rises pushing the piston downwards.
 Power is transmitted from the piston through the connecting rod to the crankshaft.
 The engine produces power only in this stroke cycle.

EXHAUST STROKE
 When the piston reaches B.D.C in its power stroke it starts moving upwards due
to the inertial flywheel motion.
 The exhaust valves open allowing burnt gases to move out of the engine cylinder.
 At the end of the exhaust stroke the exhaust valve closes and the intake valves
open allowing air-fuel to enter the cylinder for a fresh intake stroke.

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TWO-STROKE CYCLE(PETROL)
 As the name suggest this is completed in only two strokes of the piston and one
crankshaft revolution.This is achieved by exhausting the spent gases and filling
the cylinder with fresh charge at the same time.
 Instead of valves in the top of the cylinder ,the two stroke engines has opening
called ports in the cylinder walls.
 The piston acts as a valve to open or close them.The crankcase also has gas tight
seals to prevent pressure loss.
 Various events occur both above and below the piston at the same time so two
actions are considered at a time.

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BELOW THE PISTON

 Fresh mixture is rushing into the crankcase because the inlet port has been
uncovered.

AT THE TOP OF THE PISTON

 The mixture is being compressed.As the piston reaches T.D.C the mixture is
ignited and the piston is pushed down on the power stroke.This closes the inlet

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port and the piston Starts to compress the fresh mixture in the crankcase a process
called crankcase compression.
 Towards the bottom of the stroke two thing happen again.The exhaust gases flow
escape through the exhaust port and the pressurized mixture in the crankcase now
flow through the transfer port into the cylinder.
 It is directed upwards in such away that it helps to push the last bit of the burnt
gases out of the exhaust port.
 As the crankshaft continues turning ,the piston rises to seal of the transfer port
and starts the compression stroke.The upward movement of the piston creates a
depression in the crankcase.
 As the piston move up the cylinder the inlet port is uncovered so more fresh
mixture enters.The cycle then continues .
NB In one rotation of the crankshaft there are two strokes each stroke providing
two functions I.e They are power/exhaust and Compression/Induction.

COMPRESSION IGNITION(DIESEL)ENGINE

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 The name compression ignition (C.I) describes the process of combustion.

 The basic difference in C.I from a petrol engine is that in the C.I engine no
spark is needed to ignite the mixture.
 Air alone is drawn into the cylinder during induction and it is compressed so that
its temperature is raised to the point where ignition of the diesel fuel occurs soon
as it is injected.
 The temperature increase of the air in the cylinder basically depends on two
things;
(I) The speed of the compression
(II) The extent of compression (the final pressure)
 Diesel engines have compression ratios between about 12:1 and 24:1 while most
petrol engines have compression ratio below 10:1
 The high compression ratio used in C.I engines are sufficient to heat the air
inside the the cylinder to around 10000C.
 As diesel fuel has a flash point (the point at which vaporized fuel ignites)of
around 4000C, It will ignite as soon as it is injected.
 This occurs without any need for ignition system,although some diesels have
glow plugs to heat the air for cold starting.
 Physically C.I engines are usually constructed more robustly than petrol engines
but apart from that there is little difference in the main component and their
functions.
 There are both two-stroke and four stroke C.I engines.

TYPES OF C.I ENGINES

(a) FOUR-STROKE C.I CYCLE

INDUCTION
 The piston moves down creating large volume and lower pressure(Boyle’s Law)
 The inlet valve opens and air flows into the depression until the piston reaches
the bottom of its stroke and valves closes.
 The cylinder is full of air.

COMPRESSION STROKE

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 With both the inlet and exhaust valve closed the piston moves up the
cylinder ,compressing the air to between 3000Kpa and 5000Kpa and raising its
temperature to around 10000C.
 Just before T.D.C a finely atomized spray of fuel is injected into the hot air.
 The droplets vaporizes,combine with the oxygen in the air and ignites.

POWER STROKE
 The burning gases cause a very rapid temperature increase to around 15000C
which raises the pressure to around 7000Kpa.
 This high pressure forces the piston down the cylinder on its power
stroke,producing a turning force or torque on the crankshaft.

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EXHAUST STROKE
 As the piston reaches the bottom of the cylinder the exhaust valve opens and the
piston returns up the cylinder pushing the exhaust gases out through the exhaust
valves.
 When the piston nears the top of its stroke the inlet valve begins to open as the
exhaust begins to close.The cycle continues.

TWO-STROKE CYCLE C.I ENGINE(DIESEL)

 In the C.I two-stroke engine the complete cycle of operation takes place in two
strokes of the piston I.e (in one crankshaft revolution), in a similar manner to
that of the petrol engine.
 However, whereas petrol engine always rely on crankcase compression to
transfer the air-fuel mixture to purge the cylinder,C.I engine usually rely on some
form of charger or blower.
 There are two basic types of C.I two-stroke engines; Uni-flow using inlet ports
and exhaust valve and Valveless using inlet and exhaust ports.

UNI-FLOW C.I TWO-STROKE ENGINE

 This engine employees normal poppet-type exhaust valve at the top of the
cylinder,opened by rockers operated by a camshaft.

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 Instead of inlet valves there are inlet ports cut into the cylinder walls of at the
lower end of the cylinder.
 The ports are supplied with air under pressure from a mechanical blower.
 The movement of the piston controls the opening and closing of the ports and
therefore the flow of air into the cylinder.
 When the piston is at the bottom of the cylinder the exhaust valves are open and
the inlet port around the bottom of the cylinder are uncovered.
 Pressurized air is blown into the cylinder forcing out the burnt gases in a process
known as Scavenging.
 The exhaust valve close and the rising piston shuts of the inlet port.
 The charges of fresh air trapped in the cylinder is compressed by the rising
piston,gaining heat in the process.
 Just before T.D.C, diesel fuel is injected into the hot compressed air and begins to
burn.There is rapid rise in temperature and expansion of gases which force the
piston down the cylinder on the power stroke.
 At the bottom of its stroke the piston uncovers the inlet ports ,and the exhaust
valves open,repeating the full operating cycle in just two strokes.
 The design is called Uni-flow because of the single flow of air through the
cylinder.

NOTE
 Two-stroke cycle engines→are engines which receives power every time the
piston moves down the cylinder.
 Four-stroke cycle engine→are engines which receives power once in every four
strokes.

APPLICATION OF PETROL ENGINES

 Automobile
 Motorcycles
 Motorboats
 Lawn mowers
 Chain saw
 Portable generators
 Air-crafts

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APPLICATION OF DIESEL ENGINES

 Machines which do the following tasks;
 Lifting steal beams
 Drilling wells
 Digging foundation
 Paving roads
 Moving soil.

APPLICATION OF TWO-STROKE ENGINES

 Outboard motors
 Small on and off-road motorcycles
 Scooters
 Tuk-Tuk
 Ultralight.
 Locomotives
 Ships
N/B Many motorbikes use two-stroke engines.

APPLICATION OF FOUR STROKE ENGINES

 Cars
 Trucks
 Some motorbikes

Examples of Heat Engines

 Gasoline engines
 Diesel engines
 Jet engines
 Steam turbines that generates electricity.

NOTE
 Two strokes occur in one crank revolution.
 One stroke occurs in half crank revolution.
 Gasoline is refined petroleum used as fuel for internal combustion.
 When calculating the engine capacity we only focus on the swept volume*n
where n is the number of cylinders.
 Combustion chamber volume is the same as clearance volume.
 Engine capacity is also known as cubic capacity.
 Power and efficiency of the engine depends on compression ratio and not on
cubic capacity.
 Torque is normally high when the rotation is low
 Rotation of an engine is measured by counting the number of crankshaft
revolutions per minute.

MACHINES WHICH USE;

(A)INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
 Jets
 Cars
 Motorcycles
 Lawn mowers
 Heavy commercial cars

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(B)WANKEL ENGINES (ROTARY)

 Used in models of
 Citreon
 Mazda
 Honda civics cars
 Motorboats
(C ) JET TURBINES
 Air -crafts
(D)TURBINE ENGINES
 Small air-crafts
 Hydro-electric stations
 Blowers.

 Horsepower-hour→Is a unit of work equals to the work done by one

horsepower in one hour.
 1H.P =33000 Foot-pounds per minute
 Horsepower→A unit of power equals to 746watts
 Volumetric efficiency →Is the ratio of mixture drawn into the cylinder compared
with the amount that will theoretically fill it at atmospheric pressure.
 Poor volumetric efficiency is due to inefficient scavenging that is the removal
of exhaust gases and their replacement by fresh mixture.
 Two-stroke engines have; →Intake port
→Exhaust port
→Transfer port

DISADVANTAGES OF TWO-STROKE ENGINES OVER FOUR STROKE

 Has poor volumetric efficiency i.e the ratio of the mixture drawn into the
cylinder compared with the amount that would theoretically fill it at atmospheric
pressure.
ADVANTAGES OF TWO-STROKE ENGINES OVER FOUR STROKE
 Has fewer moving parts ,simpler and cheaper to make than a four stroke
engine
 Has a balanced cycle of operation since there is only one crankshaft revolution.
 Produces high torque.

MATHEMATICAL CALCULATIONS RELATED TO ENGINES

1. Calculate the capacity or the swept volume of a four cylinder engine with a
bore of 80mm and a stroke of 70mm.The bore and stroke dimensions are divided by
10 to bring them to centimetre.
Solution
Cylinder swept volume =π*r2*l
=22/7*4*4*7
=352cm3
Total swept volume
=cylinders swept volume*no of cylinders
=352*4
=1408cm3
=1.408Litres
N/B Engine capacity is same as total swept volume.

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N/B Average Piston Speed=2*Stroke*rpm

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

1. (a)The following information is about an engine found in the power mechanics

workshop.
Engine cylinder diameter 6cm,Distance between pistons dead centers 7cm
and a clearance volume 22cc.Determine;
(I) The engines displacement volume (2mks)
(II) The total volume (2mks)
(III) The compression ratio (2mks)
(IV) Using the answer in a(iii) above categorize the type of internal combustion
engine whose specifications are provided.Give reason for your answer. (2mks)
(b) Explain the relation between an engines compression ratio and its power output.
(c) A certain engine has a displacement volume of 150cc and a clearance volume of
30cc.Calculate the engines compression ratio. (2mks)
2. Explain the following engine terms (4mks)
(I) Engine stroke
(II) Piston stroke
(III) Scavenging
(IV) Volumetric efficiency
(V) 4-stroke cycle engine
3. Describe the operation of a 2-stroke cycle diesel engine with an exhaust valve
(15mks)
4. State an application of each of the following types of engines.
(I) External combustion engine
(II) Turbine engines
(III) Jet engines
(IV) Rocket engines
5. Describe the operation of a four stroke cycle petrol engine. (16mks)
6. Define the terms below. (4mks)
(i) Displacement volume
(ii) Engine capacity
(iii)Horsepower-hour.
7. Outline two advantages and disadvantages of a two-stroke cycle engine.
8. What causes a poor volumetric efficiency. (2mks)
9. Define the terms
(a) Reciprocating motion
(b) Bore
(c) Throw
10. The stroke of an engine is 7.2cm.If the engine runs at 1000rpm,calculate;
(a) The size of the crankshaft throw.
(b) The average speed of the piston
11. The displacement volume of a four cylinder engine is 1600cc.If the clearance
volume is 40cc,calculate;
(a) The total cylinder volume.
(b)The compression ratio

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12. A Two stroke cycle engine,a four-stroke cycle and a Wankel engine were run
simultaneously at 1000rpm.Find the number of power strokes in each engine per
minute.
13. In order to make a two stroke cycle engine run,what three things must happen in
the cylinder.
14. Describe the basic operation of the four stroke diesel engine.
15. List the different types of energy converters used in homes.
16. Define the following terms
(a) Atoms
(b)Molecules
(c) Combustion
(d)Heat
(e) Vacuum
(f) Partial vacuum
17. (a)State what you understand by potential energy,kinetic energy and
mechanical energy.
(c) State Boyle’s Law of gases.
(c )What does Charles law state?

KNOWLEDGE IS POWER
DEFINITION OF VARIOUS CAREER TERMS RELATED TO TECHNICAL
KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS.

THE REALITY IS THIS!!

1. An Engineer→Is a person who uses scientific knowledge to solve practical

problems.
2. Design→the act of working out the form of something(as by making a sketch or
outline or plan)
3. Construct→make by combining materials and parts.
→put together different parts to form a unit.
→fabricate,build,conception,retrace.
4. Automotive Engineer→An engineer concerned with the design and construction
of automobiles.Automotive engineering is the branch of vehicle engineering
incorporating elements of mechanical engineering,electrical
engineering,electronics,software and safety engineering as applied to the
design,manufacture and operation of various automobile systems.
5. Mechanical engineer→Is a person trained to design and construct machines.
-Mechanical engineering combines creativity,knowledge and analytical tools to
complete the difficult tasks of shaping an idea into reality e.g construction of drawn.
6. Electrical engineer→A person trained in practical application of the theory of
electricity.Electrical engineering is a discipline concerned of equipment
devices,systems which uses electricity,electronic and electromagnetism.
7. Civil engineer →An engineer trained to design , construct and maintain public
works (roads,bridges,harbour and large buildings.)
8. Aeronautical engineer→Is an engineer concerned with the design and
construction of aircraft.Aeronautical engineering is the science involved with the

21 TECHNOLOGY IS THE APPLICATION OF SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES

©FORM ONE NOTES 2024 ©NAKURU HIGH SCHOOL

study design,and manufacture of flight capable machines or the technique of operating

aircraft.Aeronautic engineers are responsible for the research,design and production
of aircraft,spacecraft.Avionics are the electronic systems used on aircraft,artificial
satellites and space crafts.
9. Software engineer→A person who designs,write and tests computer programs.
10.Computer engineer→A person who designs and manufacture different types of
computer hardware components.
11.Manufacture/Fabricate→Is to create or produce in a mechanical way.
12.A mechanic→A Craftsman skilled in operating machine tools.
→Someone whose occupation is to repair and maintain automobiles.
13.Chemical engineer→Is the person trained in designing equipment,systems and
processes for refining raw-materials and for mixing ,compounding and processing
chemicals.
14.Geo-spatial engineer→Is an engineer who work with
maps,satellites,imagery,GPS systems,other tools to collect,analyse and interpret
information about our physical environment.
15.Marine engineer→Is a person trained to design,build,test and repair
ships,boats,underwater crafts,offshore platforms and drilling equipment.
16.Mechatronics Engineering→Is the designing of computer-controlled
electromechanical systems.The essence is that the design of the mechanical systems
must be performed together with the design of electrical/electronic and computer
aspects that together comprises a complete system.
17.Telecommunication Engineering→Is an engineering discipline centered on
electrical and computer engineering which seeks to support and enhance
telecommunication systems.The engineer is responsible for designing and overseeing
the installation of telecommunication equipment and facilities such as complex
electronic switching systems and other plain old telephone service facilities,optical
fibre cabling,IP networks and microwaves transmission systems.

THE TOPIC ENGINES IS THE BACKBONE OF STUDYING POWER

MECHANICS SO WE MUST GET IT RIGHT FROM THIS TOPIC!

22 TECHNOLOGY IS THE APPLICATION OF SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES