Wu

Cho
ng-
s hi
§1.1

 2 

 

hi
§1.1  !"
#$%& '()*(+,- (a, b) ./01234567
89 (a , b ) + (a , b ) = (a + a , b + b ),

s
:9 (a, b)(c, d) = (ac − bd, ad + bc),
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2

6;< )*(+,- (a, b) =>? )@A- α .BC

ng-
α = (a, b) = a(1, 0) + b(0, 1),
a ;C α D
,E . b ;C α DF E .
a = Re α, b = Im α.
F
#$GH 7 I A- D ,EJF EKLMNO
A-PQ RSTU V
F WXY #$ 7Z $ 1
(1, 0)(1, 0) = (1, 0), (1, 0)(a, b) = (a, b),
[\ (1, 0) ] (^,- 1 _`D34ab.
Cho
(1, 0) = 1.
F WXY #$ 7cde i
(0, 1)(0, 1) = (−1, 0) = −1,
<`f=>?Fgh i = (0, 1) .
i2 = −1.
ij .A- α k [j BC
α = a + i b.
F WXY #$ 7 0
(a, b) + (0, 0) = (a, b), (a, b)(0, 0) = (0, 0),
[\ (0, 0) ] (^,- 0 _`D34ab.
(0, 0) = 0.
F
#$lm A- α∗ ≡ a − i b n α = a + i b oCpq O
Wu

∗
(α∗ ) = α.
pq A- D :r C ,-O
(a + i b)(a − i b) = a2 + b2 .
F
#$st A-89 Du347
(a + i b) − (c + i d) = (a − c) + i (b − d),
F
#$vt A-:9 Du347
a + ib (a + i b)(c − i d) ac + bd bc − ad
= = 2 2
+i 2 .
c + id (c + i d)(c − i d) c +d c + d2
wxy z{| 3 
}~€
§1.2

hi
)@A-[j‚Aƒ„ D )@†‡ˆ (\‰ 1.1) O

s
Š 1.1 ‹Œ α  α

ng-
A- α = a + i b Ž [j‡ˆAƒ„ D )@‘ (\‰ 1.2) O
∗

Š 1.2 ’“ OP  O P ”•–—˜ ‹Œ
‘š ›œž 7Ÿ )@‘ƒ (¡¢Ÿ ‘ D )@£† ¤¥†) ¦§ ‡ _ )@
0 0

<™D
A-O
Cho
#$¨t Y©ª« & 7 ¬­® J¯ ­® KLM8O
A-89°±ƒ²³´µ9 6 (¶;C·¸ µ9 6) O

Š 1.3 ‹Œ¹º»¼½¾¿ÀºÁÂÃÀºÁ Š 1.4 ‹ŒÄº»¼½¾¿ÀºÁÂÃÀºÁ

ƒ²³´µ9 6 (¶·¸ µ9 6) Å [jƂÇA-MÈ α − β ≡ α + (−β) 7
‡ ‘É Ê (Ë ‡ˆ −β) .ÌÍÎ 89Ï
1. Ÿ§ β D
2. Ð β DÑ
†Ò Ê α DÑ † Î )‘ .˧ ‡ α − β O
Wu
§1.2

ÓÔÕÖ× 4 
#$ YØÙÚÛÜ7

hi
α = r(cos θ + i sin θ).
r, θ ;C
A- α DÝ ^Þ ¸.
r = |α|, θ = arg α.
ß Ì.
a = r cos θ, b = r sin θ.
A- 0 DÝC 0 .Þ ¸ P = O

s
Š 1.5 ‹Œ»àáÃâáûãäå
#$æç Yèéê7 ÐÇ ·¸ë - Dìíî.ij )@A- D Þ ¸ Pšï) D.ð Ž
[j8 2π Dñòó -ôO

ng-
F

õö÷ (−π, π] øùD Þ ¸ú;C Þ ¸Dûú O

ØÙÚÛÜüY #$ýþ 7
A- pq
α∗ = r(cos θ − i sin θ).
A-:9
α1 = r1 (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 ) , α2 = r2 (cos θ2 + i sin θ2 ) ,
ǚ
Cho

α1 · α2 = r1 r2 (cos θ1 cos θ2 − sin θ1 sin θ2 )

+ i (sin θ1 cos θ2 + cos θ1 sin θ2 )

= r1 r2 [cos (θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin (θ1 + θ2 )] .

I @A-M: .f šðÿ DÝ M: .Þ ¸ M8O

A- 9
α1 α1 · α∗2 r1
= = [cos (θ1 − θ2 ) + i sin (θ1 − θ2 )] .
α2 α2 · α2∗ r2
I @A-M .f šðÿ DÝ M .Þ ¸ MÈO
#$ Y
$ ÛÜ7 => AÒ- ë -
ei θ = cos θ + i sin θ,
 ] (^,Ò- ë -M _Dî  7
ei θ1 · ei θ2 = ei (θ1 +θ2 ) ,
6 A- α k [j‡ˆ
Wu

α = rei θ .
Ò-‡ˆµ  1D A-:9^ 9 7
α1 · α2 = r1 ei θ1 · r2 ei θ2 = r1 r2 ei (θ1 +θ2 ) ,

α1 1 r1
= r1 ei θ1 · e−i θ2 = ei (θ1 −θ2 ) .
α2 r2 r2
wxy z{| 5 
§1.3    

hi
 ) = + 2D A-
zn = xn + i yn , n = 1, 2, 3, · · · ,
;C A-+ 2.BC O
A-+ 2Dî  ^,-+ 2 M _ O
{zn }

)@A-+ 2 N Ç I @,-+ 2 O

s
  = + 2 {zn} . A- z .*Ç ñò  =D ε
)@  † (¶  †) O > 0 . (  @ zn °±
|zn − z| < ε .6; z C {zn } D
)@+ 2 [j(P  )@  † .¡¢ + 2

ng-
1 2 3 4 5 6
, − , , − , , − , ···

f(I @  † . ±1 O 2 3 4 5 6 7

 Lš .*Ç,-+ 2 xn D  † (Å  Ì š,-) .

- ú T D.;C {x } D  .BC lim x Ï
n n
- ú U D.;C {x } D1  .BC n→∞lim xn
O
n
„ D + 2 . ±1 f KLšð D J1  O n→∞

!"#$%&"#$  = + 2 {zn} .¢b  )@ ' - M .( *Çi( D n .) (

+ ( * D Ï+ 6f š * D O
Cho
|zn | < M .6 2;C
% , )@( * D  + 2 -. ()@  †O
Ø / (= + 2 {zn} .¢b  A- zÇ.*Ç ñòD ε > 0 .0 Q 1 ¤ N (ε) > 0 .(2
Bolzano–Weierstrass

n > N (ε) 3 . |zn − z| < ε .6; {zn } 45 z .BC

lim zn = z.
)@+ 2D  Ì š+ 2D  † .6n→∞ šï) D  †O
#$ Ø /78 (#$9:) Y Cauchy ;<=> ñò  = ε > 0 . ' ó - N (ε) > 0 .(
*Ç ñò ' ó - p .(
)@ * + 2 P[Qš 45 D O
|zN +p − zN | < ε.
Wu
§1.4
?| 6 
 @ A 
§1.4

hi
BCD =>  A-ƒ„ D ) = EF D A G ë -O
H Y I  j J )† C KL Î )@ K.BMNO ± P U .(QKRD i( D † )S Ç T †
U .6; V † C † U D R†O
WX °± 12I @ YZ D † U 7 (1) E ) Ð R† [ Ï (2) ] ( \ õ î.Ë † U ñò
†
I . ) [j‚) Y]^\_`a .]^ D † )S Ç V † U O

s
‰ 1.6(a) ^ (b) D ‰µ ) š EF .b (c) P c  EF O

ng-
Š 1.6 de (a)  (b) fgde (c)
EF ö‚PN  ‡ˆO ¡¢.
‡ˆj¥† C KL J r C NO D KREF
‡ˆ h ) i 
|z| < r

‡ˆ 1 N ƒ„
0 < arg z < π/2
Cho
NNO‰ 1.7 j ? k @ lm D EF O
Im z < 0

|z| < R |z| > r R1 < |z| < R2

Wu

Š 1.7 n ˜ op » de
θ1 < arg z < θ2 Im z > 0 |z| < R, Im z > 0
wxy z{| 7 
WX Y q "% q " i r EF D ´ * † .s P S Ç EF .b šjð C KL Î K.P t NO
U ( EF D †O

hi
¢ u ´. KR0v
* † D w f c ´ * O
WX q " Y xy ¢b z{ ´ *| .EF}~€ .6 | Ê;C ´ * D ' ÊO¡¢.*Ç
 F a < |z| < b .´ * š Kì |z| = a ^ |z| = b O*Ç RK |z| = a a‚ .´ *' ʚ 3ƒ€ ÊÏ
*Ç „ K |z| = b a‚ .´ *' ʚ u 3ƒ€ ÊO
EF 8 ´ * C f c  EF G O G = G + C O

s
# †‡ $ '(A-ƒ„ D )@ EF G .¢b *Ç G RD ˆ )@ z ú.) ()@ ¶  @
G

A- ú w nø *Æ .6; w C z Dë - A G ë - .BC

ng-
w = f (z),
=> F C O
‰ C z = x + i y .ij
G

w = f (z) = u(x, y) + i v(x, y),

)@A ^ š
v(x, y) ) x
^ , -O
yD ë
u(x, y)
G ë - B P Š š I @ ‹Œ , G ë - D (+ [ O
Cho
 @A } Ž‘’
§1.5
A G ë - Å (  ^ \“ D ”• O– g CD ) 1<I @ ”• ^( —˜t O
# †‡ $ YØ /™š ' ë - f (z)  z † D ›FR( =>.¢b  A- A .*Ç ñòD
ε > 0 .0
Q 1 ¤)@ δ(ε) > 0 .(2 |z − z |0 < δ 3 . ( |f (z) − A| < ε .6; z → z 3 f (z) D
 (= A)  . ‡ˆ C
0 0

lim f (z) = A.
œ (Y # †) ‡ $ ' ë - f (z)  z † ž ›FR( =>. lim f (z) = f (z ) .Ë *Ç ñ
z→z0

( † \“ O
0 0

òD Aε >G0 .- δ(ε)^>\“

0 .(2 |z − z | < δ 3 . |f (z) − f (z )| < ε .6; f (z)  z
z→z0

ë  ”• D ‡ Ÿ . µ  ^, G ë -  M _ Ob ÐÇi ž D - D
0 0 0

G¡¢£P _ ()@š  A-ƒ„ G¡ .)@ B  Ç  , ¤ G¡) .‰ V ., ¥ v > s P

Wu

M_O
ë - EF G \“ Rˆ )† -) \“ .;C  G R
\“ O
 EF G  Dë ] ( I @ ¦ M î  7
1. |f (z)| § G ¨©ª .«¬­®¯°±ª
Ï
ÂÃ 2.z1 fÄ(z)z2§.GÅÆÇÈ
¨²³´µ . ¶·¸¹º¯ ε > 0 .»§¼ z ½¾¯
|z1 − z2 | < δ .É© |f (z1 ) − f (z2 )| < ε
O δ(ε) > 0 .¿ G ¨¯¹ÀÁ

\“ ë - D ^JÊ JrJ Ë ( K Ì P C Í D †) .j ž\“ ë - D A  ë - ¦ š \“ ë -O

§1.6 ÎÏÐÑ 8 
§1.6 Ò Ó Ô Õ

hi
*Ç * + 2 {z } . =ñò ' - M .P  )@ ' ó - N .(2 n > N 3 . |z | < M O
Ö×؂ .0 (  @ z °± |z | > M O< 3 [j Ù + 2  ( ÚÛ D  † D ”• .; 
n n

Ú † (BC ∞ †) C * + 2D )@  †O¡¢ z = 1 ^ z = ∞ f š+ 2
n n


z = 1, 2, 1, 4, 1, 6, 1, 8, · · ·
@ †O
n

DI )@ * + (

s
¢b 2  ÚÛ  † .ÜÝ . ∞ † f šð D ï) D )@  † .¶; * + 2
45 Ç∞ †O † Å š)@ (A) - . Ý TÇ ñ u ' - .Þ ¸ P = O A-ƒ„ Å  MÆ D )†O

ng-
Ú
j ñò €  ÞÚß ¥† .Ë [¤ à Ú †O
áâ (  Ú † D A-ƒ„ ;C ãä ?D A-ƒ„O
C? åæçÞ ‡ è Ú † .Ž [j éê A- ë „O
Š A-ƒ„ D ¥† (0, 0) Î æ O C 1 D ë „ .( n A-ƒ„M ì .ì † ;C í OŠ í D
æ O D ñî Ç)£† Oð 2 => ë „ ­® (θ, φ) .¡¢ ( φ = 0 ^ π DI @ N ƒ„ n A-
ƒ„M , ¤ ï
'ò ;C .6 θ = 0 ^ π 6 *ÆÇ ï ^ í O<`=>D ë „ f;C A- ë „ .¢
N

‰ 1.8 O
Cho
Š 1.8 ‹Œ óô
*ÇA-ƒ„ )† z .Ÿ ð^A- ë „ D ï M \ .V \^ ^ ë „  () ñ † .<f š
‚ .A- ë „ D †^A-ƒ„ D † Å  ))*Æ D —õ Oǚ .f [j‚A- ë „ D<
N

@ ñ † a ‡ˆA- z O¡¢ í *ÆÇA- 0 .ö÷ *ÆÇA-ƒ„ Dgh KOø A-ƒ„

D† ÞÚß ¥† .f Q ¤  Ú †  A- ë „ D *Ɔ ï O
*Ç  Ú † .Ž [j‚ GÖ (¶ ùú) D ûü => O¡¢ GÖ w = 1/z f ýþ ? A- z ^A
N

- w øùD ))*Æ —õ OA- z = 0 *ÆÇ w = ∞ .6 z = ∞ *ÆÇ w = 0 O

Wu
ÿ
 9 

∗
§1.7  }

hi
1.
Y. (16 )    ! "#$ % 1545 &'Girolamo Cardano((
)* '+, - ./012 /' 1501 ∼ 1576) 3  Ars Magna( 4)25) 67 "89:;< =>
- '? @AB >-CDEFGHI 'J KLMNOPQ FGRHS%TU ' Rafael Bombelli((
)* 'V W  - ./' 1526 ∼ 1572) XY : FZ> - '[ \ =  ]^_` a ( bc d

s
e >-f) Lgh i jk (l 4 - .5 ' 1572 & @m) %
2. Johann Bernoulli n Leibniz opq
.uvw "' Johann Bernoulli(1667 ∼ 1748) E Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz(1646 ∼

ng-
rstZy tt _H hz{-  st L Z| =} - % 1702 &' Johann Bernoulli ~ @'€
1716) x
√
√ t−1 −1b − z
z= −1b
t+1  t= √
‚ƒ 'h −1b + z

dz dt
= −√ .

b `„_ †‡ {-ˆ ‰t ^ AB `Š  ‹{-Œ-{- 'Ž ‰ Johann Bernoulli  uv =

z 2 + b2 −12bt

Š  ‹{- E -{- ‚ ‘ ’%P i“” #• =h – a-  - E} -  - S— ;< %

Leibniz 6
 ˜st
"š › d `} -)
Cho
(™
dx
Z

L œžŸ: Z -{- '8 `}cx-+d @¡ ¢ £ '¤6  ˜' 1712 & ¥¦ (Acta Erud.,
Œ
1712, 167 ∼ 169 ' l Math. Schriften, 5, 387 ∼ 389)
‰e 1712 ∼ 1713 & E Johann Bernoulli §
¨ "'©ª«¬ a-  -  >­% Leibniz  <® ¯)° 1  -  - `± ' 0 ² 1 ‚ 
-  - ` a'bT ˆ³h a-  - %3´6 µ¶'·¸ −1  -¹ 'º » √−1  -
¼  6½¾c √−1 ¿ÀÁ h- %c Johann Bernoulli I ÂÃ[ \ a-  -  j- %
3 ® ¯b`
Ä
d(−x) dx
= ,
Ž ‰ ln(−x) = ln x ¾ª b` ln 1 = 0 'Ž ‰ −x % x ŠÅ ¶' d ln x = dx/x ƍ ± - x
Çv% ln(−1) = 0 Leibniz

ÈÉ & U ' 1727 ∼ 1731 &  L eonhard Euler(1707 ∼ 1783) E Johann Bernoulli ª•, =ÊË%
 !
Johann Bernoulli ÌÍÎÏ3 l 'c Euler
AB K( %
3. Euler ÐÑ
• A =6 i –° } -  À z 'Z ¡  CD AB '
Wu

1714 & Roger Cotes( Ò' 1682 ∼ 1716)

√ √

−1φ = ln cos φ + −1 sin φ .
Ó 18 Ô' Euler  ? „%
& 10!  ¨ "¶ y = 2 cos x E y = e√−1x + e−√−1x  K
1740
6 i rt 'bTÕ Ö×
Johann Bernoulli
1743 &'3
ª• A = (¡ Ø ` Euler Ù _)
h 1 √−1s i√
cos s = e + e− −1s ,
2
1 h √−1s √ i
sin s = √ e − e− −1s .

&'3 • ¡ Ú Euler Ù _  ˆ ‰Û |  “” %
2 −1
1748 Cotes
∗
§1.7 ÜÝÞßàáâ ( ãä) å 10 æ
ÐÑ
4. de Moivre
H  çè "¶'é ` 1 : n  i ‹ (α E

hi
&' Abraham de Moivre( ' 1667 ∼ 1754) 3
±ê x(= vers α ≡ 1 − cos α) ² t(= vers nα ≡ 1 − cos nα) ‚  – ’ˆ ‰Ú
1722
nα)
1 − 2z n + z 2n = −2z nt
1 − 2z + z 2 = −2zx
"ëì z c Û |%P i“”  de Moivre Ù _ '

s
√
n √
cos α ± −1 sin α = cos nα ± −1 sin nα.
Jˆí de Moivre îÁ h \ï:Û | P iðñ  Aò _ 'ðñ  “”  Euler ? @%
 de Moivre  “” "' n  ± ó- ' Euler ôõ n ö ÷`ø ( j- %

ng-
5. Euler ùúûüoýüoþÿ q
U  -{- -{- E  ‹{-‚ ‘ ’ h = t   ' ‰
1747 &
' Euler ~
Û h – - -  “ < % 1749 &'3 < Leibniz , ² Bernoulli , –° a- E>
| }  ±
-  - ‚ Ê < 6 ¥ "'P Ê < ="¿  t %   Ú
d(−x) dx
=

c #•Ê < '3  K( Leibniz  <® ( 

−x x

dx
d ln x =

Æ  ± x Çv) 'ª ~ @' Johann Bernoulli  "Û @±  “ <  Õ Ö ln(−x) E ln x Æ 6 i 

x
Cho
- 'P i  -  ln(−1) % Euler ¶' Bernoulli j ·  = ln(−1) = 0 'JP   [ \%
 ^ ' Johann Bernoulli    ¤6 i R  [ \ = ln √−1 = √−1π/2 %
1777 &
‰U ' Euler x ZCD i   A √−1 %
6. Euler oûü 
  =a-  - E} -  - „  U ' Euler ! ô6 µ! " } - | #  $ »- '3
õ } - Ø ‚ ` %& " - Œ ˆ³  - %3 4  -  ' ó () 5 (1768 ∼ 1769 &
*+ @m ' 1770 & , + @m) 67 "¶¯
b ` Ž hˆ ‰&-  - . Œ / é 0 ) 'Œ / é 0 0 'Œ / „ ° 0 'Ž ‰1 2'a- 
3  k ³ 45  ˆ³  - "% c 67 g 8 ¶¼ 7  ˆ³  - %Íc PQ 9: 6
7 ò | 6 Q-   '¼ 7 ™  S ¶   ˆ³  - 'bc § ;< >-Œ /%& "
 - 'b ` ¼ 7 ƹ ² &- ‚ "%
" = i >?@  È t AB  CD %3 8 `
Euler 7 ô = 6
Wu

√ √ √
−1 · −4 = 4 = 2,
b` √a b =} -
√ √ %

Euler õ
ab
;< ˆ³  - 'J ª ¶¼ 7  h Z%Z E  Z  ]« FG  H h !%3 I
J ¶'¸ ”  õ 12 t Ç y t' ¼ 7  K s ` 40 'P y t 6 + √−4 E 6 − √−4 ' c ˆ
‰]« P i FG  ˆ !%
7. L ü MNOP
1702 &' Johann Bernoulli
«¬ 'ø Q hz{-  st¢  4R  ‹{- ² -{- ‚ S ø
QTU {- % Johann Bernoulli «¬±  S VW °³ HX ø Q 6 i j ’- YZ _ t !` j ’-
[\] ^_`a b 11 c
defghfijdkl % Leibniz 8 ` P  ˆ³ % 1742 & 10 Ó 1 Ô' Euler  ? Nicholas
‚ m)  ¨ "no [ \: «¬ ¯ø ( -  j ’- YZ _

hi
Bernoulli(1687 ∼ 1759 ' Johann Bernoulli
6À ³ p t !` j ’-  6 E  b_ K s % Nicholas Bernoulli ×¨P i“ < ±  S%
3¶ YZ _ x − 4x + 2x + 4x + 4  q ® 
4 3 2
q
√
q
√
q
√ E q
√
E Euler  “ < rs % 1742 & 12 Ó 15 Ô'Euler t? Goldbach  ¨ "~ @'} k  ‰uvw _
1 + 2 + −3, 1 − 2 + −3, 1 + 2 − −3 1 − 2 − −3,
bc 
@¡ 'Ž ‰ x− a+b√−1
E x− a−b√−1
 K s6 ij ’-   YZ _% Goldbach M xyz

s
{ PQ |& '8 ` } 6 i j ’- YZ _ ³ t !` j ’- b_ K s'î ? @J~ x4 + 72x − 20 %
[ \ Goldbach < C ='î¶ \ € À z°  š ‚  YZ _ . Çv%J  Goldbach Ì 
× ¨ 'b` Euler îÁ h? @h –3  À z  ƒ„ [ \% –   [ \} 6 i j ’- YZ _š ›

ng-
Euler

h 6 i jk Œ 6 i } k ( - †  À z) %TU ' d’Alembert E Lagrange M ‡! Ã[ \ Euler  “

< 'J 3 7  [ \.   'ˆ % Lagrange ‰‰ŠŠ õ ( j) - S— Õ Z ° &- ` k  '
cÁ h[ \ - YZ _ k  ð ‹  9: ƒ  } - %
–°  †  À z  Œ6 i j—S [ \ Gauss ? @% 1799 &3 Helmstädt t Ž
< ¥ " = d’Alembert, Euler E Lagrange  V 'Í U @ = € [ \% K6 ‘ < ¥ "'
[ \ = n  YZ _ ³ABÇ 6 E  j ’- b_ K s % Gauss  [ \VW ° } - 
’ 8 'bc M  “” =} -  : • %
Gauss
Cho
Wu
§1.8 –—˜–™ b 12 c

š›œš §1.8

hi
ž ü Ÿ w = f (z) ¡¢ G £d¤¥¦§ '¨©ª G £d«¬ z '
∆w f (z + ∆z) − f (z)
lim = lim
­ ª '®¯ ¦§ f (z) ª z ¬°± % ∆z→0 ∆z ∆z→0 ∆z

²³´¥ 'µ¶ f (z) '·¯¶ f (z) ª z ¬d±§ %

¨© ¦§ w = f (z) ª z ¬d¸¹º ∆w = f (z + ∆z) − f (z) °»¼½

s
0

¾¿
∆w = A(z)∆z + ρ(∆z),

ng-
ρ(∆z)
lim = 0,
®¯ w = f (z) ª z ¬ÀÁ ' ∆w dÂÃÄÅ ¯¶ ¦§ w ª z ¬dÁÆ 'µÇ
∆z→0 ∆z
A(z)∆z

¾¿ÈÉ dz = ∆z %
dw = A(z)dz,

ÊËÌÍ'¨© ¦§ w = f (z) ª z ¬°± '® eÉ ªÎ ¬°Ï 'ÐÑÒÓ %ÔÕ A(z) = f (z) ' 0

·
dw = f (z) dz Ö dw 0
= f (z). 0

i²±§× ¯Ç ÁØ % dz
Cho
Ž Ù ∆z→0 ¹
lim (∆w/∆z) '( ÚÛ ∆z
‰ø ( _ Ü ° 0 L ' ∆w/∆z . Ü ° KÝ  h Þß %
Šw  ¶'¸ ” Ö ∆z ‰ K_ Ü ° 0 ' ∆w/∆z Ü ° K ß  à 'I lim (∆w/∆z) á ¹
 %
∆z→0

âã 'äå ∆z → 0 dæçâèéj 'ê °»ëì í ü Àž o îïðñ %

• ∆x → 0 ' ∆y = 0 '
∆w ∆u + i∆v ∂u ∂v
f 0 (z) = lim = lim = +i ;
∆z→0 ∆z ∆x→0 ∆x ∂x ∂x
• ∆x = 0 ' ∆y → 0 '
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