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CH 14 deitel how to program

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4 views

CH 14 deitel how to program

Uploaded by

rabiasultan24277
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CH 14

1. Introduction

 The preprocessor executes before the C compiler.


 It performs actions like:
o Including other files in the source file.
o Defining symbolic constants and macros.
o Conditional compilation of program code.
o Conditional execution of preprocessor directives.

2. #include Directive

 Used to include external files into the current source file.


 Two forms:
o #include <filename>: Searches for the file in standard library directories.
o #include "filename": Searches in the current directory.

3. #define Directive

 Symbolic Constants: Replaces all instances of a constant with its value, e.g., #define
PI 3.14159.
 Macros:
o Can include arguments for operations.
o Example:

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#define CIRCLE_AREA(x) ((PI) * (x) * (x))

 Common Pitfall: Avoid side effects like modifying variables in macro arguments, as
they can lead to errors due to multiple evaluations.

4. Conditional Compilation

 Directives:
o #if, #elif, #else, #endif are used to include/exclude code sections based on
conditions.
o #ifdefand #ifndef are shorthand for checking whether a name is defined.
 Useful for including debugging code selectively.

5. #error and #pragma Directives

 #error: Terminates compilation with a custom error message.


 #pragma: Allows implementation-defined actions, often used for specific compiler
features.

6. # and ## Operators

 #: Converts a macro argument into a string.


o Example:

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#define HELLO(x) puts("Hello, " #x)

 ##: Concatenates two tokens.


o Example:

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#define TOKENCONCAT(x, y) x##y

7. Line Numbers

 #line directive can renumber subsequent lines and set a new filename for error reporting.
 Syntax:

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#line 100 "file1.c"

8. Predefined Symbolic Constants


 Includes constants like:
o __LINE__: Current line number.
o __FILE__: Current filename.
o __DATE__ and __TIME__: Compilation date and time.
o __STDC__: Indicates Standard C support.

9. Assertions

 Use the assert macro (from <assert.h>) to test conditions during development.
 Example:

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assert(x <= 10);

 Can be disabled by defining NDEBUG for production.

10. Secure C Programming

 Highlighted best practices include:


o Avoiding unsafe macros that cause multiple evaluations of arguments.
o Prefer functions over macros for better safety and debugging

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