Scribd
Upload
9 views47 pages

Materials and their structures 7

Uploaded by

Vivaan Maheshwari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
9 views47 pages

Materials and their structures 7

Uploaded by

Vivaan Maheshwari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 47

Materials and

Cycles of Earth
Grade 7
Structure of the
Atom
"If opposite charges attract,
how does this force help atoms
stay together to form
molecules?"
Electrostatic
attraction
There is an attraction between the positive and
negative charges. This electrostatic attraction
between the positive charge on the protons
and the negative charge on the electrons is
what holds individual atoms together.
James Chadwick

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WEPMwhNsLbU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7LM89tj8rv8
What happened to the particles when they hit the
gold foil?

What did scientists learn about the atom from this


experiment?

Why was it surprising that some particles bounced


back instead of passing straight through?
Purity
Pure elements
•Definition: Pure elements are substances made of only one kind of atom.
Gold: Purity and Carats
•What is Carat (K)?
• A measure of the purity of gold.
• 24K gold: Pure gold (99.9% gold), soft and
malleable.
• 18K gold: 75% gold mixed with other metals like
copper or silver, making it stronger and more
durable.
• 14K gold: 58.3% gold, commonly used in jewelry
for better strength and affordability.

•Why Mix Gold with Other Metals?


• Pure gold is too soft for daily use, so it’s alloyed
(mixed) with harder metals to improve durability.
Silver: Hallmarks and Purity
•What is Sterling Silver?
• Sterling silver contains 92.5% pure silver,
with 7.5% of another metal, usually copper.
•Hallmarks:
• Hallmarks are tiny stamps on silver items
that indicate their purity.
• Example: "925" hallmark on sterling silver
indicates 92.5% silver content.
•Uses of Silver:
• Silver is used in jewelry, mirrors (due to its
reflectiveness), electrical circuits, and
photography (in the form of silver nitrate).
•Why is Silver Alloyed?
• Pure silver is soft and can be easily
damaged, so it’s alloyed with stronger
metals.
Diamonds: Carbon in its Purest Form
•What are Diamonds?
• Diamonds are a form of pure
carbon where atoms are arranged
in a crystal structure, making them
extremely hard.

4 Cs of Diamonds:
• Carat: Weight of the diamond.
• Cut: How well the diamond is
shaped, which affects its sparkle.
• Clarity: Measures the purity of the
diamond, checking for internal flaws
or inclusions.
• Color: Pure diamonds are
colorless, but slight tints of yellow or
brown can occur due to impurities.
Weather and
Climate
What is the difference
between weather and
climate??
Climate is the average weather
conditions of a place observed over
a long period, usually 30 years or
more.

Weather is the short-term


atmospheric conditions in a specific
area, which can change daily and
includes factors like temperature,
rainfall, and wind.
The study of weather is
called meteorology.

The study of climate is


called climatology.
"How do you think the weather in
a particular place affects the daily
lives of people living there, and
how might it change over time?"
How might the climate zone you live in affect
the types of plants and animals that can
thrive there, and what adaptations do you
think they might have developed?
•Climate and Plant Growth: Plants in hot, dry climates develop
features like thick leaves to store water, while plants in cold climates
might have small, tough leaves to survive frost.

•Animal Adaptations: Animals in deserts adapt by storing water or


being active at night. In colder regions, animals grow thick fur or
store fat to stay warm.

•Local Examples: In a tropical zone, you'll find lush plants and


animals adapted to heat and humidity. In a polar zone, organisms
must resist freezing temperatures.
ICE AGE
An Ice Age is a long
What is an Ice Age? period of time when During an Ice Age,
Earth's temperatures large parts of
are significantly continents may be
lower than average, covered in ice,
leading to the impacting sea levels
expansion of ice and ecosystems.
sheets and glaciers.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UYsAm4n7M_I&t=22s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I4EZCy14te0
Glacial Periods

Glacial periods are colder phases within an Ice


Age.

These periods see glaciers expanding further from


the poles towards lower altitudes and latitudes.

Many land areas are covered with thick ice sheets,


and temperatures are much lower.
Interglacial Periods

Interglacial periods are warmer phases between glacial


periods during an Ice Age.

Ice sheets retreat, and temperatures rise closer to


current-day levels.

These warmer phases allow plants, animals, and


humans to thrive more easily in non-polar regions.
Difference between Glacial period and an Ice age

Ice Age: A very long Glacial: A very cold


time (millions of years) time during an ice age
when the Earth is when ice spreads and
much colder than covers more areas. Think of an ice age
normal, and large parts These cold times are like a big winter, and a
of the land are covered called glacials. They glacial is the coldest
with ice. During an ice are followed by warmer part of that winter!
age, there are both times, called
cold times and warmer interglacials, when the
times. ice melts and shrinks.
How do scientists know
the Earth was colder in
the past?

Glaciers-Boulders Fossils of the animals


who were adapted to
live in colder regions
In New Zealand, a scientist studied a peat bog, a wet area where dead plants
don't fully decay because there's little oxygen, and the soil is slightly acidic.

Over time, layers of peat form, with the deepest layers being the oldest.

The scientist used a tool called an auger to carefully take out a sample of soil,
keeping the layers in the right order.

The deepest part of the sample was 237,000 years old!

The scientist found pollen in the soil and figured out which plants it came from.

By knowing what climates those plants liked, the scientist discovered what the
weather was like over thousands of years.
https://www.youtube.com/shorts/vP4nnrIq2e0
Formation of the
Atmosphere
Formation of Early
Earth:
•The Earth formed about
4.6 billion years ago from
a cloud of gas and dust.

•Intense volcanic activity


released gases into the
surroundings.
Release of Gases
(Primordial Atmosphere):
•Gases like carbon dioxide
(CO₂), water vapor (H₂O),
nitrogen (N₂), methane (CH₄),
and ammonia (NH₃) were
released by volcanoes.

•There was little or no oxygen


(O₂) in this early atmosphere.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJnEvgJDlMQ
Cooling of the Earth:
•As the Earth cooled,
water vapor condensed
to form liquid water.
•This led to the
formation of oceans.

Absorption of CO₂:
•Carbon dioxide dissolved
into the oceans.
•Some of it combined with
minerals to form carbonate
rocks.
Emergence of Life:
•Microorganisms like cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) appeared in the
oceans.

•These organisms began photosynthesis, producing oxygen.


Build-up of Oxygen (Great Oxidation Event):
•Over millions of years, oxygen levels in the
atmosphere increased due to photosynthesis.
•This allowed the ozone layer (O₃) to form, protecting
life from harmful UV radiation
Modern Atmosphere:
•The atmosphere evolved
into its current state,
primarily composed of
nitrogen (78%), oxygen
(21%), and trace amounts
of other gases like argon
and carbon dioxide.

•This balance supports


diverse forms of life on
Earth.
The History of Earth's Atmosphere
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v1EPy5r1m-M
Changes to the
Atmosphere

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sturoUChNo4
Thank you

You might also like