Lesson 1

Arc Length and Area of a

Sector

Precalculus
Capstone Project
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
 Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

● Find the length of an arc.

● Find the area of a sector.

● Relate arc length and sector area.

2
 Parts of a Circle

Recall the names of the following parts of the circle.

3
 Parts of a Circle

The center of a circle is the point that is equidistant from

all the points on the circle.

4
 Parts of a Circle

A radius of a circle is a segment that extends from the

center of the circle to any point on the circle.

5
 Parts of a Circle

An arc is a part of the circle’s circumference.

6
 Parts of a Circle

A central angle is formed by two radii in a circle whose

vertex is the center of the circle.

7
 Arc Length

The length of an arc is given by

𝜃
𝑠= 2𝜋𝑟
360°
𝜃𝜋𝑟
=
180°

where 𝑟 is the radius of the circle and 𝜃 is the

corresponding central angle in degrees.
8
 Let’s Practice!

What is the length 𝒔 of the given arc below?

10
 Let’s Practice!

What is the length 𝒔 of the given arc below?

𝝅 inches

11
Try It!

What is the length 𝒔 of the given arc

below?

12
 Let’s Practice!

What is the length 𝒔 of the given arc below?

13
 Let’s Practice!

What is the length 𝒔 of the given arc below?

𝟏𝟒𝝅 meters

14
Try It!

What is the length of an arc on a circle

with radius 𝒓 = 𝟏𝟐 centimeters if the
corresponding central angle is 𝜽 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎°?

15
 Let’s Practice!

What is the length 𝒔 of the given arc below?

16
 Let’s Practice!

What is the length 𝒔 of the given arc below?

𝟓𝝅
inches
𝟑

17
Try It!

What is the length of an arc on a circle

with a diameter 𝒅 = 𝟑𝟎 cm if the
corresponding central angle is 𝜽 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎°?

18
 Area of a Sector

A sector is a portion of the area of a circle that is

enclosed by two radii and their intercepted arc.

19
 Area of a Sector

The area of a sector is given by

𝜽
𝐴= 𝝅𝒓𝟐
𝟑𝟔𝟎°

where 𝑟 is the radius of the circle and 𝜃 is the

corresponding central angle in degrees.

20
 Let’s Practice!

What is the area of given sector of the circle below?

21
 Let’s Practice!

What is the area of given sector of the circle below?

𝟐𝟓𝝅
square inches
𝟑

22
Try It!

What is the area of a sector of a circle

with radius 𝒓 = 𝟑𝟎 inches if the
corresponding central angle is 𝟔𝟎°?

23
 Let’s Practice!

What is the area of a sector of a circle with diameter

𝒅 = 𝟐𝟒 cm if the corresponding central angle is 𝟏𝟐𝟎°?

24
 Let’s Practice!

What is the area of a sector of a circle with diameter

𝒅 = 𝟐𝟒 cm if the corresponding central angle is 𝟏𝟐𝟎°?

𝟒𝟖𝝅 𝐜𝐦𝟐

25
Try It!

What is the area of a sector of a circle with

diameter 𝒅 = 𝟒𝟖 cm if the corresponding
central angle is 𝟐𝟏𝟎°?

26
 Let’s Practice!

The face of a circular clock has a diameter of 12

inches. What is the area of the sector that
corresponds to the acute angle between the minute
and hour hands when the time is two o’clock?

27
 Let’s Practice!

The face of a circular clock has a diameter of 12

inches. What is the area of the sector that
corresponds to the acute angle between the minute
and hour hands when the time is two o’clock?

6𝝅 square inches

28
Try It!
A carousel is composed of six numbered
and equally-spaced horses as shown below.
What is the area of the sector of the
carousel from horse 1 to horse 3 if the
carousel has a diameter of 4 meters?

29
 Relationship Between Sector Area and Arc Length

These equations show the relationship between

sector area and arc length:

30
 Relationship Between Sector Area and Arc Length

These equations show the relationship between

sector area and arc length:
𝒔𝒓
𝑨=
𝟐
𝟐𝑨
𝒔=
𝒓

31
 Relationship Between Sector Area and Arc Length

These equations show the relationship between

sector area and arc length:
𝒔𝒓
𝑨=
𝟐
𝟐𝑨
𝒔=
𝒓

𝐴 is the area of the corresponding sector, 𝑠 is the length

of the corresponding arc, and 𝑟 is the radius of the
circle. 32
 Let’s Practice!

What is the area of a sector of a circle with radius

𝒓 = 𝟏𝟎 inches if the corresponding arc length is 2
inches?

33
 Let’s Practice!

What is the area of a sector of a circle with radius

𝒓 = 𝟏𝟎 inches if the corresponding arc length is 2
inches?

10 square inches

34
Try It!

What is the area of a sector of a circle with

radius 𝒓 = 𝟐𝟒 cm if the corresponding arc
length is 𝝅 cm?

35
 Let’s Practice!

What is the length of an arc of a circle with a

diameter of 8 meters if the area of the
corresponding sector is 𝟏𝟔 square meters?

36
 Let’s Practice!

What is the length of an arc of a circle with a

diameter of 8 meters if the area of the
corresponding sector is 𝟏𝟔 square meters?

8 meters

37
Try It!

What is the length of an arc of a circle with

a diameter of 20 feet if the area of the
corresponding sector is 𝟏𝟎 square feet?

38
 Let’s Practice!

The area of a sector of a circle is 𝟒𝝅 square inches,

while the length of the corresponding arc is 𝟐𝝅
inches. What is the radius of the circle?

39
 Let’s Practice!

The area of a sector of a circle is 𝟒𝝅 square inches,

while the length of the corresponding arc is 𝟐𝝅
inches. What is the radius of the circle?

4 inches

40
Try It!

The area of a sector of a circle is 56 square

centimeters while the length of the
corresponding arc is 14 centimeters. What
is the radius of the circle?

41
Lesson 10.2

Angle Measures PART 1

Precalculus
Capstone Project
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that deals with
triangles and their measures. This can be used to
determine the height of tall objects, such as buildings,
without measuring the actual objects.

In this lesson, you will learn about an essential concept in

trigonometry, which is angles that are measured using
degrees or radians.

2
Trigonometry comes
from the Greek word
trigonon, which means
triangle, and metron
means to measure.
Architects and
Engineers use
trigonometry to
calculate roof slopes
and structural loads.
3
 Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

● Define a unit circle.

● Define a radian.

● Convert from degree measure to radian measure

and vice versa.

4
 Unit Circle

The unit circle is a circle

with a radius of 1.

7
 Unit Circle

The 𝑥-intercepts of the unit

circle are (1, 0) and (−1, 0),
and its 𝑦-intercepts are (0, 1)
and (0, −1), as shown.

8
 Angles

In geometry, an angle is a figure

formed by two rays with a
common endpoint called the
vertex.

9
 Angles

In trigonometry, an angle is a
figure generated by a ray
rotating about its endpoint called
the vertex.

An angle is measured from its

initial side to its terminal side.

10
 Angles

A positive angle is generated by a counterclockwise

rotation, while a negative angle is generated by a
clockwise rotation.

11
 Let’s Practice!

What is the direction of rotation of an angle with a

measure of 𝟐𝟎°?

12
 Let’s Practice!

What is the direction of rotation of an angle with a

measure of 𝟐𝟎°?

counterclockwise

13
Try It!

What is the direction of rotation of an

angle with a measure of −𝟏𝟖𝟎°?

14
 Let’s Practice!

Which of the following angles is positive?

A B

15
 Let’s Practice!

Which of the following angles is positive?

A B

16
Try It!
Which of the following angles is
negative?
A B

17
Remember

Any circle with its center at the origin

has the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 , where 𝑟
is the radius of the circle.

In the case of a unit circle, the equation

is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1.

18
Remember

The 𝑥-intercept (1, 0) is on the unit

circle since 12 + 02 = 1.

The same goes for the 𝑦-intercept

(0, −1), since 02 + −1 2 = 1.

19
 Let’s Practice!

𝟑 𝟔
Show that the point 𝑷 , is on the unit circle.
𝟑 𝟑

20
 Let’s Practice!

𝟑 𝟔
Show that the point 𝑷 , is on the unit circle.
𝟑 𝟑

𝟐 𝟐
𝟑 𝟔
+ =𝟏
𝟑 𝟑
21
Try It!

𝟏 𝟑
Show that the point 𝑸 ,− is on the
𝟐 𝟐
unit circle.

22
 Let’s Practice!
𝟏
The point 𝑷 𝒙, − is on the unit circle located at
𝟐
Quadrant III. Find its 𝒙-coordinate.

23
 Let’s Practice!
𝟏
The point 𝑷 𝒙, − is on the unit circle located at
𝟐
Quadrant III. Find its 𝒙-coordinate.

𝟑
−
𝟐
24
Try It!

𝟐
The point 𝑷 − ,𝒚 is on the unit circle
𝟐
located at Quadrant II. Find its
𝒚-coordinate.

25
Lesson 10.2

Angle Measures PART 2

Precalculus
Capstone Project
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
 Degree and Radian Measures

There are two ways to measure angles, called degrees and

radians.

27
 Degree and Radian Measures

A degree can be obtained by dividing a full rotation into

360 parts.

28
 Degree and Radian Measures

Given a string and circle C,

how will you measure one
radian?

29
 Converting Degree to Radian Measure and Vice Versa

How many radians is a full

rotation?

30
 Converting Degree to Radian Measure and Vice Versa

How many radians is a full

rotation?

31
 Converting Degree to Radian Measure and Vice Versa

How many radians is a half

rotation?

32
 Converting Degree to Radian Measure and Vice Versa

How many radians is a half

rotation?

33
 Degree and Radian Measures

The measure of the central angle 𝜃 is equal to ratio of the

𝑠
arc length 𝑠 and the radius 𝑟 of the circle, or 𝜃 = .
𝑟

35
 Degree and Radian Measures

A radian is the measure of

the central angle 𝜃 that
corresponds to an arc such
that the arc length 𝑠 is equal
to the radius 𝑟 of the circle.

36
 Let’s Practice!

Express 𝟏𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟖° in degrees, minutes, and seconds.

37
 Let’s Practice!

Express 𝟏𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟖° in degrees, minutes, and seconds.

𝟏𝟏𝟐°𝟑𝟒′ 𝟒𝟖′′

38
Try It!

Express −𝟑𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟓° in degrees, minutes, and

seconds.

39
 Converting Degree to Radian Measure and Vice Versa

To convert from degrees to radians, multiply the

𝜋
angle measure in degrees by .
180

To convert from radians to degrees, multiply the

180
angle measure in degrees by .
𝜋

40
 Let’s Practice!

Convert 𝟗𝟎° to radians.

41
 Let’s Practice!

Convert 𝟗𝟎° to radians.

𝝅
𝟐
42
Try It!

Convert −𝟐𝟕𝟎° to radians.

43
 Let’s Practice!
𝟐𝝅
Convert − to degrees.
𝟑

44
 Let’s Practice!
𝟐𝝅
Convert − to degrees.
𝟑

−𝟏𝟐𝟎°

45
Try It!

𝟒𝝅
Convert to degrees.
𝟑

46
 Let’s Practice!

Convert 2 radians to degrees, minutes, and seconds.

47
 Let’s Practice!

Convert 2 radians to degrees, minutes, and seconds.

𝟏𝟏𝟒°𝟑𝟓′ 𝟐𝟒′′

48
Try It!

Convert 6 radians to degrees, minutes, and

seconds.

49
Lesson 10.3

Coterminal Angles

Precalculus
Capstone Project
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
 Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

● Define angles in standard position.

● Find angles coterminal to a given angle.

2
 Angles in Standard Position

An angle is in standard
position if its vertex is at
the origin of the coordinate
plane, and its initial side lies
on the positive side of the
𝑥-axis.

3
 Angles in Standard Position

A counterclockwise rotation produces a positive angle.

A clockwise rotation produces a negative angle.

Positive

Negative

4
 Let’s Practice!

Which of the following angles is in standard position?

A B

5
 Let’s Practice!

Which of the following angles is in standard position?

A B

6
Try It!

Which of the following angles is in

standard position?

A B

7
 Let’s Practice!

Draw the arrow indicating the rotation so that the

angle is in standard position and is negative.

8
 Let’s Practice!

Draw the arrow indicating the rotation so that the

angle is in standard position and is negative.

9
Try It!

Draw the arrow

indicating the
rotation so that the
angle is in standard
position and is
positive.

10
 Let’s Practice!

Which of the following angles is in standard

position and is positive?

11
 Let’s Practice!

Which of the following angles is in standard

position and is positive?

12
Try It!

Which of the following angles is in

standard position and is negative?

13
 Coterminal Angles

What is common among the angles below?

−𝟐𝟏𝟎° 𝟏𝟓𝟎° 𝟓𝟏𝟎°

14
 Coterminal Angles

What is common among the angles below?

−𝟐𝟏𝟎° 𝟏𝟓𝟎° 𝟓𝟏𝟎°

Their terminal sides are on the same position, which is

30° from the negative 𝑥-axis. 15
 Coterminal Angles

Two angles are coterminal if they have the same

terminal side.

Examples:

−210° 150° 510°

16
 Coterminal Angles

Example:
Find a positive angle that is coterminal to 45°.

18
 Coterminal Angles

Example:
Find a positive angle that is coterminal to 45°.

𝟒𝟎𝟓°
19
 Coterminal Angles

Example:
Find a negative angle that is coterminal to 45°.

20
 Coterminal Angles

Example:
Find a negative angle that is coterminal to 45°.

−𝟑𝟏𝟓°
21
CONTINUATION…

22
 Let’s Practice!

Find the smallest positive angle coterminal with 𝟗𝟎°.

23
 Let’s Practice!

Find the smallest positive angle coterminal with 𝟗𝟎°.

𝟒𝟓𝟎°

24
Try It!

Find the smallest positive angle

coterminal with 𝟐𝟏𝟎°.

25
 Let’s Practice!

Find the largest negative angle coterminal with 𝟐𝟎°.

26
 Let’s Practice!

Find the largest negative angle coterminal with 𝟐𝟎°.

−𝟑𝟒𝟎°

27
Try It!

Find the largest negative angle

coterminal with 𝟑𝟏𝟓°.

28
 Let’s Practice!
𝟑𝝅
Find the smallest positive angle coterminal with .
𝟐

29
 Let’s Practice!
𝟑𝝅
Find the smallest positive angle coterminal with .
𝟐

𝟕𝝅
𝟐
30
Try It!

Find the smallest positive angle

𝟓𝝅
coterminal with .
𝟒

31
 Let’s Practice!
𝟏𝟑𝝅
Find the largest negative angle coterminal with .
𝟔

32
 Let’s Practice!
𝟏𝟑𝝅
Find the largest negative angle coterminal with .
𝟔

𝟏𝟏𝝅
−
𝟔
33
Try It!

Find the largest negative angle

𝟏𝟏𝝅
coterminal with .
𝟒

34
 Let’s Practice!

Which of the following pairs of angles in standard

position are coterminal angles?

A. 𝟑𝟓° and 𝟕𝟓𝟓°

𝟐𝝅 𝟕𝝅
B. and
𝟑 𝟑
𝟑𝝅 𝟓𝝅
C. − and
𝟒 𝟒

35
 Let’s Practice!

Which of the following pairs of angles in standard

position are coterminal angles?

A. 𝟑𝟓° and 𝟕𝟓𝟓°

𝟐𝝅 𝟕𝝅
B. and
𝟑 𝟑
𝟑𝝅 𝟓𝝅
C. − and
𝟒 𝟒

A and C
36
Try It!

Which of the following pairs of angles in

standard position are coterminal
angles?
A. 𝟏𝟐𝟎° and 𝟗𝟐𝟎°
𝝅 𝟏𝟎𝝅
B. and
𝟑 𝟑
𝝅 𝟕𝝅
C. − and
𝟒 𝟒

37
Lesson 4

Exact Values of Circular

Functions of an Angle

Precalculus
Capstone Project
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
 Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

● Illustrate circular functions.

● Recognize special angles.

● Find the exact values of circular functions using

the reference angles.

2
Trigonometric Ratios

opposite
sin 𝜃 =
hypotenuse

adjacent
cos 𝜃 =
hypotenuse

opposite
tan 𝜃 =
adjacent

3
Trigonometric Ratios

adjacent
cot 𝜃 =
opposite

hypotenuse
sec 𝜃 =
adjacent

hypotenuse
csc 𝜃 =
opposite

4
 Trigonometric Ratios and Special Right Triangles

In any 30°-60°-90° triangle, the

hypotenuse is always twice the
measure of the shortest side of
the triangle, and the longer leg
is 3 times the measure of the
shortest side.

5
 Trigonometric Ratios and Special Right Triangles

Using trigonometric ratios, we

3
can say that cos 30° = and
2
1
sin 30° = .
2

6
 Trigonometric Ratios and Special Right Triangles

Consider a 30o–angle in
standard position in a unit
circle and form a right
triangle.

7
 Trigonometric Ratios and Special Right Triangles

The intersection of the

terminal side with the unit
circle is called as the
terminal point.

8
 Trigonometric Ratios and Special Right Triangles

In this illustration, the

terminal point of the 30o–
angle in standard position is
3 1
, .
2 2

9
 Trigonometric Ratios and Special Right Triangles

3
Notice that cos 30° = is the
2
same as the 𝑥-coordinate of
the terminal point, while
1
sin 30° = is the same as the
2
𝑦-coordinate of the terminal
point.

10
 Trigonometric Ratios and Special Right Triangles

In any 45°-45°-90° triangle, the

measure of the hypotenuse is
always 2 times the measure of
one of its legs.

11
 Trigonometric Ratios and Special Right Triangles

2
Using trigonometric ratios, we can say that cos 45° =
2
2
and sin 45° = .
2

12
 Trigonometric Ratios and Special Right Triangles

Now, consider a 45o–angle in

standard position in a unit
circle and form a right
triangle.

13
 Trigonometric Ratios and Special Right Triangles

In this illustration, the

terminal point of the 45o–
angle in standard position is
2 2
, .
2 2

14
 Trigonometric Ratios and Special Right Triangles

2
Notice that cos 45° = is the
2
same as the 𝑥-coordinate of
the terminal point, while
2
sin 45° = is the same as the
2
𝑦-coordinate of the terminal
point.

15
 Trigonometric Ratios and Special Right Triangles

In both illustrations, cos 𝜃 = 𝑥 and sin 𝜃 = 𝑦. With these,

we have the following circular functions.
hypotenuse 1
opposite csc 𝜃 = = ,𝑦
sin 𝜃 = =𝑦 opposite 𝑦
hypotenuse
≠0
hypotenuse 1
adjacent sec 𝜃 = = ,𝑥
cos 𝜃 = =𝑥 adjacent 𝑥
hypotenuse
≠0

opposite 𝑦 adjacent 𝑥
tan 𝜃 = = ,𝑥 ≠ 0 cot 𝜃 = = ,𝑦 ≠ 0
adjacent 𝑥 opposite 𝑦
16
 Let’s Practice!
𝝅
Find the exact value of 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝟓° + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 .
𝟑

17
 Let’s Practice!
𝝅
Find the exact value of 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝟓° + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 .
𝟑

𝟐+𝟐 𝟑
𝟐
18
 Reference Angles

A reference angle is the smallest acute angle between

the terminal side of an angle in standard position and the
𝑥-axis.

19
Reference Angles

Location of Angle 𝛉 Reference Angle

Quadrant I 𝜃

Quadrant II 180° − 𝜃 or 𝜋 − 𝜃
Quadrant III 𝜃 − 180° or 𝜃 − 𝜋
Quadrant IV 360° − 𝜃 or 2𝜋 − 𝜃

20
 Quadrantal Angles

Quadrantal angles are angles

in standard position, whose
terminal side is located in the
axes. Some of the quadrantal
angles include 0°, 90°, 180°, 270°,
and 360°.

21
 Special Angles

Special angles are angles

on the unit circle with
measurements that are
divisible by 30° and 45°.

22
 Let’s Practice!

Determine the reference angle for 𝜽 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎° and find

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽.

23
 Let’s Practice!

Determine the reference angle for 𝜽 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎° and find

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽.

𝟑
𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 = 𝟔𝟎° ; 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝒐 =−
𝟐
24
Try It!

Determine the reference angle for

𝜃 = 𝟑𝟑𝟎𝑜 and find cos 𝜃.

25
 Let’s Practice!

𝟏𝟏𝝅
Determine the reference angle for 𝜃 = , and find
𝟔
sin 𝜃, cos 𝜃, and tan 𝜃.

26
 Let’s Practice!

𝟏𝟏𝝅
Determine the reference angle for 𝜃 = , and find
𝟔
sin 𝜃, cos 𝜃, and tan 𝜃.

𝝅
𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 =
𝟔
𝟏𝟏𝝅 𝟏 𝟏𝟏𝝅 𝟑 𝟏𝟏𝝅 𝟑
𝐬𝐢𝐧 = − ; 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = ; 𝐭𝐚𝐧 =−
𝟔 𝟐 𝟔 𝟐 𝟔 𝟑
27
 Let’s Practice!

Find each of the six circular functions of 𝜃 = 𝟑𝟏𝟓𝑜 .

28
 Let’s Practice!

Find each of the six circular functions of 𝜃 = 𝟑𝟏𝟓𝑜 .

𝟐 𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑𝟏𝟓𝐨 =− 𝐨
; 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝟏𝟓 = ; 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝟏𝟓𝐨 = −𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟑𝟏𝟓𝐨 = − 𝟐; 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟑𝟏𝟓𝐨 = 𝟐; 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑𝟏𝟓𝐨 = −𝟏
29
Lesson 5

Solving Parts of a
Triangle Using Circular
Function Relationships

Precalculus
Capstone Project
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
 Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

● Calculate the angles and sides of a right triangle

using trigonometric ratios and the Pythagorean
theorem.

● Solve for the missing measurements in a triangle

using the sine law or the cosine law.

2
 Right Triangles

𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 =
𝐡𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐞

𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 =
𝐡𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐞

𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 =
𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭
3
 Right Triangles

𝐡𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐞
𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 =
𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞

𝐡𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐞
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 =
𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭

𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 =
𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞
4
 Right Triangles

The mnemonic SOH-CAH-TOA may be used to remember

the trigonometric ratios for sine, cosine, and tangent.
(𝐎)𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞
𝑺𝑶𝑯 → (𝑺) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 =
(𝐇)𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐞
(𝐀)𝐝𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭
𝑪𝑨𝑯 → 𝑪 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 =
(𝐇)𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐞
(𝐎)𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞
𝑻𝑶𝑨 → 𝑻 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 =
(𝐀)𝐝𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭
5
 Let’s Practice!

In the right triangle below, what is the measure of

the hypotenuse?

6
 Let’s Practice!

In the right triangle below, what is the measure of

the hypotenuse?

𝟏𝟎 𝟑
units
𝟑
7
 Let’s Practice!

Solve for the measures of sides 𝒂 and 𝒃, using the

ratios for cosecant, secant, or cotangent.

8
 Let’s Practice!

Solve for the measures of sides 𝒂 and 𝒃, using the

ratios for cosecant, secant, or cotangent.

𝒂 = 𝟔 units; 𝒃 = 𝟔 𝟑 units
9
 Let’s Practice!

A Narra tree casts a shadow that is 225 ft long. Find

the height of the tree if the angle of elevation of the
sun from the tip of the shadow is 𝟑𝟎°.

10
 Let’s Practice!

A Narra tree casts a shadow that is 225 ft long. Find

the height of the tree if the angle of elevation of the
sun from the tip of the shadow is 𝟑𝟎°.

𝟕𝟓 𝟑 feet

11
 Other Triangles

Law of Sines

The Law of Sines (also called sine law) states that the
angles of any triangle are proportional to the length of
the corresponding opposite side.

12
 Other Triangles

By the law of sines, we have the

following proportion.

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪

= =
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄

13
 Let’s Practice!

Given the triangle, solve for 𝒂.

14
 Let’s Practice!

Given the triangle, solve for 𝒂.

𝒂 = 𝟐𝟐 𝟑 units.

15
Remember

The sum of the interior angles of any

triangle is 180°.

16
 Let’s Practice!

Solve for the measures of angle 𝑩 and side 𝒃.

17
 Let’s Practice!

Solve for the measures of angle 𝑩 and side 𝒃.

𝒎∠𝑩 = 𝟑𝟎°; 𝒃 = 𝟏𝟖 𝟐 units

18
 Let’s Practice!

Carlo is walking by a park and sees a beautiful yellow

kite. The string of the kite is 66 meters with an angle
of 𝟕𝟓° from its holder Nikko. How far away are the
two kids from each other, if Carlo is looking at the
kite with a 𝟔𝟎° angle?

19
 Let’s Practice!

Carlo is walking by a park and sees a beautiful yellow

kite. The string of the kite is 66 meters with an angle
of 𝟕𝟓° from its holder Nikko. How far away are the
two kids from each other, if Carlo is looking at the
kite with a 𝟔𝟎° angle?

𝟐𝟐 𝟔 meters

20
 Other Triangles

Law of Cosines

The Law of Cosines (also called cosine law) states a

relationship among the sides and an angle of a triangle.

21
 Other Triangles

By the law of cosines, we have

the following equations.

𝒂𝟐 = 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐𝒃𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨
𝒃𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩
𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒃 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑪

22
 Let’s Practice!

Given the following triangle, solve for 𝒄.

23
 Let’s Practice!

Given the following triangle, solve for 𝒄.

𝒄 = 𝟐 𝟔𝟕 units

24
 Let’s Practice!

Given the following triangle, solve for 𝒂.

25
 Let’s Practice!

Given the following triangle, solve for 𝒂.

𝒂 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟔 units

26
 Let’s Practice!

A land surveyor would like to

measure the length of a lake
from his point of view. Solve for
the length of the lake using the
measurements acquired by the
land surveyor, as shown on the
right.

27
 Let’s Practice!

A land surveyor would like to

measure the length of a lake
from his point of view. Solve for
the length of the lake using the
measurements acquired by the
land surveyor, as shown on the
right.

2.06 miles
28
SEATWORK NO. 6

29
 Check Your Understanding

Sketch a triangle with 𝒎∠𝑨 = 𝟑𝟎°, 𝒎∠𝑩 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎° , and

side 𝒄 = 𝟓𝟎 units, which is opposite to angle 𝑪. Solve
for the measure of the other parts of the triangle as
well.

31
Try It!

A helicopter is
hovering over two
buildings, as
illustrated on the
right. Determine
the distance
between the two
buildings.

32
Try It!

Arya went on an
island-hopping on
three islands, as
illustrated on the
right. How far is
Island C from
Island A?

33
Challenge Yourself

Camille and Alice went home from Carl’s

house. Camille walked 8 meters north,
while Alice walked a few blocks east of
Carl’s house. If the included angle at
Camille’s house is 𝟔𝟎°, how far is Alice’s
house from Camille’s house?

34