SREE LAKSHMI DONE | ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, GNITS -- You are capable of amazing things.

SREE LAKSHMI DONE | ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, GNITS --Every step you take brings you closer to success.
SREE LAKSHMI DONE | ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, GNITS --Believe in yourself; the world will follow.
SREE LAKSHMI DONE | ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, GNITS -- You are capable of amazing things.
 Infrastructure and hardware-as-a-service:
Infrastructure- and Hardware-as-a-Service (IaaS/HaaS) solutions are the most popular
and developed market segment of cloud computing.
They Provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage applications
without dealing with the underlying infrastructure.
The main technology used to deliver and implement these solutions is hardware
virtualization:
Virtualization: Uses hardware virtualization to deliver infrastructure, allowing for
partitioning, isolation, sandboxing, and tuning of workloads.
Cost Efficiency: Reduces capital and maintenance costs for customers; optimizes IT
infrastructure for providers.
Customization: Users can fully customize their virtual machines, installing the
necessary operating systems, packages, and applications.

1. Physical Infrastructure

 Datacenter: A facility housing multiple servers and storage.

 Cluster: A group of interconnected computers working together.
 Desktop / Heterogeneous Resources: PCs and various hardware resources,
potentially used in a more flexible, distributed manner.

SREE LAKSHMI DONE | ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, GNITS -- Don’t wait for opportunity, create it.
 2. Infrastructure Management Software

This layer handles the core functionalities of managing and operating the virtualized
infrastructure.

 Pricing / Billing: Tracks the costs associated with running each virtual machine
(VM) instance and manages user billing.
 Monitoring: Continuously tracks the performance and health of the VMs and
infrastructure.
 Reservation: Manages and stores information about current and future VM
instances.
 VM Image Repository: Provides a library of pre-configured VM images that users
can deploy.
 VM Pool Management: Keeps track of all live VM instances running within the
infrastructure.
 QoS SLA Management: Ensures that VMs meet the agreed-upon Quality of
Service (QoS) and Service Level Agreements (SLAs).
 Scheduling: Allocates resources and schedules the execution of VM instances.

3. User Interface

Provides access to the infrastructure management functionalities through various

interfaces.

 Web-Based Management Interface: Allows users to manage their

infrastructure using web services, portals, and REST APIs.
 Web Services, Portals, REST API: Interfaces for applications or users to interact
with the infrastructure services programmatically or via a web console.

4. Provisioning

Handles the integration and provisioning of additional resources from third-party IaaS
providers. This allows the infrastructure to scale by leveraging external resources when
necessary.

SREE LAKSHMI DONE | ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, GNITS -- Every challenge is an opportunity to grow.
 Platform as a service:
Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) solutions provide a development and deployment platform
for running applications in the cloud. They constitute the middleware on top of which
applications are built.

1. Web-Based Interface
Web Services, Portals, REST API: These are the interfaces through which users interact
with the PaaS environment. They provide access to the platform's services and
functionalities via a web browser or programmatically through APIs.
2. PaaS Core Middleware
This is the heart of the PaaS offering, providing essential services and management
capabilities.
Elasticity & Scaling: Manages the automatic scaling of resources based on demand.
If an application needs more resources, it can automatically scale up, and scale down
when demand decreases.

SREE LAKSHMI DONE | ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, GNITS -- Dream big, work hard, stay focused.
 Resources Management: Oversees the allocation and management of physical and
virtual resources within the platform.
Runtime: Provides the execution environment for applications. This includes
support for different programming languages, frameworks, and tools needed to run
applications.
Application Management: Handles the deployment, management, and monitoring
of applications. This includes tasks like versioning, updates, and ensuring the
application is running smoothly.
QoS / SLA Management & Billing: Ensures that the platform meets the agreed-upon
Quality of Service (QoS) and Service Level Agreements (SLAs). It also tracks usage
and manages billing.
User Management: Manages user accounts, permissions, and access control to
ensure that only authorized users can access certain features and resources.
3. Programming API / Libraries
Programming API / Libraries: Provides developers with the necessary tools and libraries
to build and integrate their applications with the PaaS platform. These are pre-built code
components that make it easier to develop applications.
4. Physical Infrastructure and IaaS Providers
This layer comprises the underlying hardware and infrastructure that support the PaaS
platform.
Physical Infrastructure: This includes the data centers, servers, and network devices
that physically host the PaaS environment.
IaaS Providers: Infrastructure-as-a-Service providers offer additional computing
resources. The PaaS platform can leverage these resources to expand its capabilities and
ensure high availability and scalability.

SREE LAKSHMI DONE | ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, GNITS -- Hard work beats talent when talent doesn’t work hard.
Software as a service:
Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is a software delivery model that provides access to
applications through the Internet as a Web-based service.
Users don't need to install software on their devices; instead, they use it through a web
browser.

1. Benefits:
- No need for users to manage hardware or software.
- Lower upfront costs, as users pay a subscription fee rather than purchasing software
licenses.
- Easily accessible and can be customized to meet specific needs.

2. Key Features:
- Multitenancy: A single instance of the software serves multiple users, each with their
own data and configuration.
- Centralized Management: The service provider manages hardware, software updates,
and maintenance.
- Scalability: Users can adjust their usage based on need, often with pay-as-you-go
pricing models.

SREE LAKSHMI DONE | ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, GNITS -- Great things never come from comfort zones.
3. Popular SaaS Applications:
- CRM (Customer Relationship Management): Examples include Salesforce, which
helps businesses manage customer interactions.
- ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning): Examples include NetSuite, offering integrated
management of core business processes.
- Office Automation: Google Docs and Zoho Office provide tools for document creation
and collaboration.
- Social Networking: Facebook and LinkedIn are platforms that support networking
and communication, often integrating third-party applications.

4. Evolution and SaaS 2.0:

SaaS continues to evolve, with a focus on integrating various services and components to
meet specific business needs. This includes leveraging existing solutions and ensuring
service-level agreements (SLAs) for reliability and performance.

SREE LAKSHMI DONE | ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, GNITS -- Learn from yesterday, live for today, hope for tomorrow.
 Clouds are the primary result of cloud computing, representing a type of parallel and
distributed system that combines physical and virtual computers into a unified
computing resource. The infrastructure of clouds forms the foundation upon which
services are built and delivered to customers. Clouds can be classified based on the
administrative domain, which identifies the boundaries within which cloud
computing services are implemented. This classification helps understand the nature
of the cloud and the services it offers. The main types of clouds include:

1. Public Clouds:
o These clouds are open to the general public.
o They represent the traditional view of cloud computing, where services
are available to anyone, anywhere, and anytime via the Internet.
o Public clouds typically consist of one or more data centers that are
interconnected, on top of which the cloud services are implemented.
o Customers can easily sign up with a cloud provider, enter their
credentials and billing information, and access the offered services.
2. Private Clouds:
o These clouds are implemented within the private premises of an
institution and are generally accessible only to members of that
institution or a subset of them.
o Private clouds are virtual distributed systems that rely on a private
infrastructure, offering dynamic provisioning of computing resources to
internal users.
o They provide the advantage of keeping core business operations in-
house, ensuring better security for sensitive data since it does not leave
the private infrastructure.
3. Hybrid Clouds:
o These clouds combine both public and private cloud solutions,
integrating additional services or resources from one or more public
clouds with a private cloud.
o Hybrid clouds allow enterprises to exploit existing IT infrastructures,
maintain sensitive information within their premises, and dynamically
grow and shrink by provisioning external resources as needed.
o This model addresses scalability issues by leveraging external resources
to handle peak loads while keeping security concerns limited to the
public portion of the cloud.
4. Community Clouds:
o These are distributed systems created by integrating the services of
different clouds to address the specific needs of a particular industry,
community, or business sector.

SREE LAKSHMI DONE | ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, GNITS -- Progress is the result of persistence and patience.
 o Community clouds are typically characterized by multi-administrative
domains, involving different deployment models (public, private, and
hybrid).

o They are specifically designed to cater to the requirements of a specific

community, ensuring that the cloud infrastructure is shared by several
organizations with common concerns or interests.

SREE LAKSHMI DONE | ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, GNITS -- Keep pushing forward, success is near.
 Type of
Public Cloud Private Cloud Hybrid Cloud Community Cloud
Cloud
Cloud infrastructure dedicated to a Cloud infrastructure shared by
Cloud services provided by third-
single organization, either on- several organizations with
party vendors over the internet,
premises or hosted by a third-party. common goals or requirements.
accessible to anyone who wants to
use or purchase them. A combination of public and
These clouds are implemented within They are specifically designed to
These clouds are open to the private clouds, allowing data
Definition the private premises of an institution cater to the requirements of a
general public. and applications to be shared
and are generally accessible only to specific community, ensuring
They represent the traditional view between them.
members of that institution or a subset that the cloud infrastructure is
of cloud computing, where services of them. shared by several organizations
are available to anyone, anywhere,
with common concerns or
and anytime via the Internet.
interests.
Cloud AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google IBM Private Cloud, Microsoft Azure AWS Outposts, Microsoft Azure AWS Gov Cloud, Microsoft GOv
providers Cloud, IBM Cloud, Oracle Cloud Stack, VMware Cloud with on-premises data center Cloud, Google GOv Cloud
Government agencies sharing
Healthcare, education, gov, IT
Examples Gmail, social media, adobe, uber Netflix, Adobe, General Electric resources, Healthcare providers,
enterprises, telecomm
Research institutions,
 Owned and managed by the
Owned and managed by a single Owned by both the organization
Owned and managed by third-party community or a third-party,
Ownership organization or third-party exclusively (private part) and third-party
providers shared among multiple
for the organization providers (public part)
organizations

Users General public Selected users Selected users Multiple organizations

Offers control over critical Designed to meet the security

Security is managed by the
Higher security and control since it's assets while using public cloud needs of the community, often
Security provider; shared among multiple
dedicated to one organization benefits for non-sensitive with shared compliance
users
operations standards
Cost-effective for mixed Shared costs among community
Pay-as-you-go; scalable with low Higher upfront cost; maintained by
Cost workloads; balances cost members, often more affordable
upfront costs the organization
between private and public than a private cloud
Scalable based on needs;
Highly scalable; virtually unlimited Limited by the organization’s Scalable based on the
Scalability flexible to use public cloud for
resources infrastructure community's combined resources
additional resources
Industries with common
Businesses needing both secure regulatory or security
Startups, businesses with Large enterprises with strict security
Use Cases and scalable cloud requirements, such as
fluctuating demands or regulatory needs
environments government, healthcare, or
research

Customization Limited control High control Varied (depends on setup) Varied (depends on setup)

Advantages/ Easy to use, cost-effective, highly High security, full control, Flexibility, cost-effective, control Tailored to community needs,
Characteristics scalable, Scalability, Accessibility customizable over critical data cost-sharing, compliance-focused

Less control over security, potential Expensive, limited scalability, Complex management, Complex management, potential
Disadvantages
privacy issues resource-intensive potential for data transfer issues conflicts, limited flexibility

SREE LAKSHMI DONE | ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, GNITS -- The best way to predict the future is to create it.
 Private clouds hardware and software stack.

SREE LAKSHMI DONE | ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, GNITS -- Opportunities don’t happen, you create them.
1. Physical Infrastructure

This is the foundation of cloud computing. It includes the physical hardware like servers, storage devices, and
networking equipment located in data centers. These are the actual machines that power the cloud.

 Datacenters: Large facilities that house a large number of servers.

 Clusters: A group of connected computers that work together as a single system.
 Desktop Grids: Using the idle resources of desktop computers across an organization to perform large-scale
processing.
Example: Google’s data centers or a university's computing cluster.

3. Virtual Machine Technology

Virtual machines (VMs) allow multiple operating systems to run on a single physical machine. This technology creates
"virtual" computers that share the same physical hardware but act independently.

 Example: Using VMWare or KVM to run multiple operating systems on a single server.

4. Infrastructure Management Software

This software helps in managing and organizing the virtual machines and physical infrastructure. It ensures that
resources are used efficiently and can automate many tasks.

 Examples:
o Eucalyptus, OpenNebula, VMWare vCloud: Tools that manage cloud infrastructure, helping to create, manage,
and deploy virtual machines and resources.
o InterGrid, OpenPEX: These might be specific tools used for managing specific types of resources or scenarios.

5. Platform-as-a-Service Solutions (PaaS)

PaaS is a higher-level cloud service that provides developers with platforms to build, test, and deploy applications
without managing the underlying infrastructure. It sits on top of IaaS, making it easier for developers to create
software.
  Examples:
o DataSynapse, Aneka: Platforms that provide tools and environments for building applications.
o Zimory Pools, Elastra CloudServer: Platforms that help in managing and deploying applications in the cloud.

Finally,

 Bottom Layer: Physical machines and data centers form the foundation.
 Next Layer: Virtual machines allow multiple environments on the same physical hardware.
 Middle Layer: Management software helps organize and optimize these virtual and physical resources.
 Top Layer: PaaS provides ready-made platforms for developers, abstracting all the underlying complexity.

Economics of the Cloud:

Introduction: Economics of Cloud Computing is based on the PAY AS YOU GO method. Users/Customers must have to pay
only for their way of the usage of the cloud services. It is definitely beneficial for the users. So the Cloud is economically very
convenient for all. Another side is to eliminate some indirect costs which is generated by assets such as license of the software
and their support. In the cloud, users can use software applications on a subscription basis without any cost because the
property of the software providing service remains to the cloud provider.
Cost Savings with Cloud Computing
Capital Costs vs. Operational Costs:
Capital Costs: Explain that these are one-time expenses for buying IT assets like servers and software. These costs can be
high, and the value of these assets decreases over time (depreciation).
Operational Costs: Contrast this with the cloud model, where instead of buying, companies rent or subscribe to IT
resources. This turns big, one-time costs into smaller, ongoing costs.
Example: A company can save money by renting server space from a cloud provider instead of buying and maintaining its
own servers.
Benefits of Cloud Computing in Reducing Costs
 No Depreciation
 Removes the maintenance cost.
 Removes the administrative cost.

Cloud Pricing Strategies

Tiered Pricing: Different levels of service at different prices. For example, a company might choose a basic or premium
package depending on its needs.
Per-Unit Pricing: Companies pay based on how much they use, like paying for the exact amount of data storage or
processing power.
Subscription-Based Pricing: Regular payments to use software or services, much like a Netflix subscription.

SREE LAKSHMI DONE | ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, GNITS -- The harder you work, the luckier you get.