practical Chemistry

SYLLABUS
Candidates will be asked to observe the effec
t of reagents and/or of heat on substances
supplied to them. The exercises
will be simple and may include the recognition
and identification of certain gases listed below
.
Gases! Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide,
Chlorine, Hydrogen chloride, Sulphur dioxi
de, Hydrogen sulphide, Ammonia,
Water vapour, Nitrogen dioxide.
Candidates are expected to have completed
the following minimum practical work.
Simple experiments on
1. Action of heat on the following compound
s:
(a) copper carbonate, zinc carbonate
(b) washing soda, copper sulphate crystals
(c) zinc nitrate, copper nitrate, lead nitrate
(d) ammonium chloride, iodine, ammonium
dichromate
Make observations, identify the products and
make deductions where possible.
2. Action of dilute sulphuric acid on the follow
ing substances. (warm if necessary)
(a) a metal
(b) a carbonate
(c) a sulphide
(d) a sulphite
Make observations, identify the gas evolved
and make deductions.
3. Apply the flame test to identify the meta
l in the unknown substance.
(a) a sodium salt
(b) a potassium salt
(c) a calcium compound
4. Simple experiments based on hard wate
r and soft water - identification of hardness
temporary hard water, using washing soda - simple softening - by heating the
and advantage of using detergents over soap
in hard water.
5. Find out the sources of pollution of wate
r bodies in the locality. Suggest preventive steps
to control it.

9.1 INTRODUCTION
A norm al salt is made up of two radicals, a
cation and an anion.
.. harg e bearing ion is called a cation while a
A positive c . negative charge bearing ion is called anio n
. . the laboratory are iden .. . . . .
The cations in tified by the chem ical reaction with alkalis •
. . or by specific reag ents
'd rifled by the corresponding gases evolved
while the anions are i en out when the salt is treat ed with an acid ,
f . .
. a test for cations, it . .
is necessary to prepare a solut10n •
of the given salt. This hom ogen eous
Before per ormmg . lled original solution abbreviated as O.S.
mixture of salt and solvent is ca
 ICSE Chemistry r.
JOT 9th Ct
ilss

2 IDENTIFICATION TESTS FOR GASES I l - -

Confirmation
lo. Nome of Gos
. .
Obseivatlon I
• m ion as ' (a) Red litmus turns blue.
--
Ammonia (NH3) Canon present 1s ammoruu .
ammonia gas evolves when ~oruum \
salts are heated with NaOH soluuon. (b) Gas gives white fumes w·1th
NH Cl + Nad + H20 + NH3t hydrogen chloride gas. Illoist
4 NH3 + HCl~ NH4c1 (wh· I
ite furne )
I cc) Gas turns Nessler's reagent brown s
1 Blue litmus turns red. •
Anion present is carbonate as it liberates (a)
2. Carbon dioxide
(CO 2) I
CO2 on heating with dil. H2S04
(b) Gas extinguishes burning sp1int.
.
j (1) CaC03 CaO + CO2t
! (2) ZnC03 Hea~ ZnO + CO2t
(3) CaC03 + CaS04 + H20
(c) Gas turns lime water milky b I
dil. no effect on potassium d. ut shows
solution. ichrornate
+C02t
CO2 + Ca(OHh---+ caco I
lime water milky3 + H20 I

3. Chlorine (Cl2) Salt is an oxidising agent and liberates (a) Blue litmus turns red and • I
ICl2 with cone. HCl
2Mn0-, + 2MnC12 + 4H20 + (b) Gas
bleached.
turns starch iodide
is finally

black. paper blue

- 2Cl2t
I greenish yellow 2KI + Cl2 2KCl + I
12 + Starch Blue col;ur

4. Hydrogen (H2) Reactive metals give H2 on reaction with (a) Neutral.

acid
Mg + MgS04 + H2t (b) Gas bums with pop sound.
(pale blue flame with burning splinter) 2H2 + 02 2H20
(bums with pop sound)
2Na + 2NaCI + H2t
5. Hydrogen chloride !Metal chlorides with cone. H2S04 gives (a) Blue litmus turns red.
(HCl) HCl
I
, (1) NaCl+ cone. (b) Gas gives
. dense
l . white fumes WI'th
NaHS04 + HCl t (pungent choking odour) ammonia so ut1on.
(2) KCI + Cone. HCl + NH3 NH4Cl (white fumes)
1 KHS04 + HCl i

l (c) G_as gives c~rdy white ppt with silver

nitrate solution.
l HCl + AgN03 AgCl + HN0 3
6. Hydrogen , S~lphide salts on heating with dil. H2S04 (a) Blue litmus rums red.
sulphide (H2S) give H2S
Na2S + Na2S04 + H2Si (b) Gas turns moist lead acetate paper
(rotten egg smell) black.
ZnS + ZnS04 + H2S j

(c) Turns lead nitrate paper black.

Pb(N03}z + H2S PbS + 2HN03
(d) Turns lead acetate paper black.
((CH3COO)zPb + H2S
2CH3COOH + PbS
(black)
 . Cbe01istry
yracuca1
Nitrogen dioxide 1 Nitrate salts on heating with Cone. H2SO4 1 (a) I Blue litmus turns red.
7• I (NO2) give NO2

I(1) 2Cu(NO3h Heat 2CuO + 02 !(b) Gas turns starch iodide paper blue
+ 4NO2t (brown colour with
1
black.
irritating odour) 2KI + 2NO2 2KNO2 + 12
(2) 2Zn(NO3h Hea~ 2ZnO + o2 + 4NO2t I 12 + Starch~ Blue
(3) NaNO3+H2SO4---+ NaHSO4 + HNO3
4HNO3---+ 2H2O + 4NO2 + 02

' (c) 1Ring-Test : A brown ring forms when I

a drop or two of cone. H2SO4 added I
1 to aqueous solution of salt containing
, freshly prepared ferrous sulphate
solution.
I
6FeSO4 + 2HNO3 + 3H2SO4---+
3Fe2(SO4)J + 4H2O + 2NO
I FeSO4 + NO~ FeSO4NO
brown ring

8. IOxygen 02 I Heavy metal oxide salt or metal nitrates I (a) Neutral to litmus.

I I on heating give 02,

(1) 2HgO
(2) 2PbO2
2Hg + 0 2t
2PbO + 02t
1

, (b) Gas relights a smouldering splint.

(3) 2Pb(NO3}i 2PbO + 4NO2 + 02t

II (4) 2Zn(NO3}i 2ZnO + 4NO2 + 0 2t
(c) Alkaline pyrogallol adsorbs 0 2.

9. \ Sulphur dioxide Sulphite salt on heating with di!. H2SO4 (a) Blue litmus turns red and is finally
(SO2) give SO2. bleached.
Na2SO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2t (b) Gas bleaches the pink colour of I
potassium permanganate solution.
2KMnO4 + 2H2O + 5SO2 r
(pink) I
---+K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2SO4
(colourless)

(c) Gas turns acidified potassium 1

dichromate solution green.

K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 + 3SO2---+
(orange)
Cr2(SO4)J + K2SO4 +
\ (green)

10. Water vapour Hydrated salts on heating gives H2O (a) Neutral to litmus.
vapours.
CuSO4.SH2O CuSO4 + SH2O(v)i (b) Gas turns blue coloured anhydrous
(blue) (white) cobalt chloride paper pink.
Na2CO3 .10H2O Na2CO3 + lOH2O(v)i C0Cl2 + H2O---+ C0Clz.H2O
(colourless) (pinl<)

{c) Gas turns anhydrous copper sulphate

blue.
CuSO4 + SH2O---+ CuSO4 .SH2O
(white) (blue)
- 9.3
s.
No.
HOW TO INFER ANIONS ?
Add/Alkali Addtd to
Substance
I Observations I
ICSE Chemistry for 9 h

Gas Suspe<ted
t Class

Possible Deduction
1. Dil sulphuric acid 1. Brisk effervescence. Carbon dioxide Carbonate ( C ~
2. A gas with smell of burning sulphur Sulphur dioxide Sulphite (Sol-)
evolves.
3. A gas with rotten eggs smell evolves. Hydrogen sulphide Sulphide cs2,
2. Cone. H2SO4 and 1. Colourless gas with pungent odour. Hydrogen chloride Chloride (CJ,
heated
2. Brown gas. Nitrogen dioxide Nitrate (No
31
3. Cone. HCI and Greenish yellow gas with choking odour. Chlorine Oxidising agent
heated

9.4 TESTS FOR CATIONS {OTHER THAN ALKALI TESTS)

(A) Ammonium (NH4) Ion
Tests:
1. Evolved gas turns moist red litmus paper blue.
2. Gas turns Nessler's reagent brown.
(8) Lead Ion (Pb2)
Tests:
1. Gives silver black precipitate with hydrogen sulphide gas.
2. Gives canary yellow precipitate with potassium iodide solution.
3. Gives mustard yellow precipitate with potassium chromate solution.
4. Gives white precipitate with hydrochloric acid. The white precipitate dissolves on heating and
reappears on cooling. The white precipitate is of lead chloride.
5. Gives white ppt. with dil. sulphuric acid. The white precipitate is of lead sulphate.
6. Gives white precipitate with sodium carbonate solution. The white precipitate is of lead carbonate.
(C) Copper Ion (Cu2)
Tests:
1. Gives black precipitate with hydrogen sulphide gas.
2. Gives chocolate brown precipitate with potassium ferrocyanide solution.
(D) Ferrous Ion (Fe2 1
Tests:
1. Gives Turnbull blue colour with potassium ferricyanide solution.
2. Fails to give blood red colour with potassium sulphocyanide solution (KCNS).
(E) Ferric Ion (Fe3+)
Tests:
1. Gives prussian blue colour with potassium ferrocyanide solution.
2. Gives blood red colour with potassium sulphocyanide solution (KCNS).
(F) Zinc Jon (Zn
2
1
Tests:
1. With hydrogen sulphide gas in alkaline medium, it gives a white precipitate of zinc sulphide.
2. With potassium ferrocyanide solution, it gives bluish white precipitate.
fr9
. l Chemistry
,uca
I ·um Ion (Ca
ca,,
2+
)
J
(G) 1ests •:
With so
d'um carbonate solution, Ca2+ 10n
• •
gives a wh'1te prec1p1
• • tate of calcmm
• carbonate.
1. l • • • h'
'th mmonium oxalate solut1on, 1t gives aw 1te prec1p1tate of calcmm
• • • oxalate.
2. W1 a

TESTS Of CATIONS BASED ON ALKALIS

9.5
f NH+
(A) T::e: heat!d with caustic soda solution, the ammonium ion gives a colourless
characteristic odoured gas
·ch turns moist red litmus paper blue.
wh1
2
(B) Test Of Pb +
(a) With caustic soda •
solution, it gives wh'1te prec1p1
• • tate of lead hydroxi'de. The • • tate d'1ssolves m
prec1p1 •
excess of caustic soda solution.
(b) With ammonium hydroxide, Pb2 + gives white precipitate of lead hydroxi
de which is insoluble in
excess of ammonium hydroxide.
3+
(C) Test for Fe . . . . . .
(a) With caustic soda solution, 1t gives a reddish brown prec1p1 . . . .
tate of fernc hydroxide which 1s insoluble
in excess of sodium hydroxide solution.
(b) With ammonium hydroxide it gives a reddish brown precipitate which is insolubl
e in excess of
ammonium hydroxide.
2
(D) Tests for Cu +
(a) With caustic soda solution, it gives a pale blue precipitate of copper hydroxide. This
precipitate is
insoluble in sodium hydroxide but on heating it turns black due to copper (II) oxide formatio
n.
(b) With ammonium hydroxide solution, it gives bluish white mass of copper
hydroxide which readily
dissolves in excess of ammonium hydroxide to give a deep blue solution due to copper
tetraamine
complex formation.
(E) Test for Zn2+
(a) With caustic soda solution, it gives a white precipitate of zinc hydroxide. This precipit
ate dissolves in
excess of caustic soda solution to give a colourless solution.
(b) With ammonium hydroxide, it gives a white precipitate of zinc hydroxi
de which dissolves in excess
of ammonium hydroxide due to a soluble complex formation.
(f) Tests for Ca2+
(a) With caustic soda solution it gives a white precipitate of calcium hydroxide. This precipit
ate remains
insoluble in excess of caustic soda solution.
(b) With ammonium hydroxide, Ca2 + ion gives no precipitate (or no reaction.)

9.8 Fl.AME TEST

lt is a dry test which is performed with the chloride form of the salt and a characteristic flame
for a particular cation. is observed
ln this test the salt is mixed with cone. hydrochloric acid to prepare a paste preferably in a watch
glass.
The paste is brought to the oxidising or non-luminous flame of a bunsen burner with the help
of a clean
platinum wire loop.
Purpose of Cone. Hydrochloric Acid
Most of the chlorides are volatile at the temperature of the bunsen flame and the cation present
in the salt
gives it the characteristic colour.
 :!68 ICSE Chemistry r.
JOr 9th C
1ilss
Purpose of Platinum Wire Loop
1. It does not react with cone. hydrochloric acid. f th . .
2. It does not give its own colour to the flame and as such the flame O e cation is clearly and corr

Description of Flame Test

1. Make a loop at the tip of a platinum wire.
th
2. Dip the loop in cone. HCl and put it into the non-luminous part of e flame to see if it gives a Colo
3. Repeat the process till it gives no colour to the flame. Ur.
4. Prepare a paste of given salt in a watch glass using cone. hydrochloric acid.
5. Load the loop of platinum wire with the above prepared paSte.
6. Introduce the paste loaded tip into the non-luminous (oxidising) flame of the bunsen burner and
observe the colour change.
Observation Conclusion
Brick Red flame Calcium salt (Ca27
Lilac (Pinkish ~olet) Potassium salts (Kl
Persistent golden yellow Sodium salts (Na1
Peacock green Copper salts (Cu27

9.7 EFFECT OF HEAT ON CERTAIN CHEMICALS

S. Colour of Gas Evolved/
No. Name of Chemical Formula Name of Residue residue Name of Gas Evolved
r - - - - - - - -------,.-------""T"------ :-:-:-r------
1. Ammonium N~Cl No residue is left behind Colourless gases which Ammonia & hydrogen
chloride chemically chloride
combine to give white
fumes
1Green residue 1 Water vapour and
2. Ammonium Chromium (III) oxide
dichromare nitrogen
3. Copper (II) Copper (ll) oxide Black residue Carbon dioxide
CuC03
carbonate
4. Copper nitrate Cu(N03 )z.3H20 Copper (IO oxide Black residue Oxygen and nitrogen
trihydrate dioxide
I
5. Copper sulphate CuS04 (on gentle White residue Water vapour and
penta hydrate heating)
I
1 (IO oxide on strong I Black residue
Cu
heating I
sulphur trioxide

6. Iodine No residue is left behind Violet gas Iodine vapours

7. Lead (IV) oxide Lead (10 oxide Lime yellow residue oxygen

8. Lead nitrate Lead (ll) oxide Lime yellow residue 1Oxygen and nitrogen ,
dioxide
9. Mercuric oxide HgO Metal mercury Silver white residue Oxygen
10. 'Sodium Na2 C03. IOH20 Sodium carbonate White residue Water vapour
carbonate I
decahydrate
I 1. Zinc carbonate ZnC03 i
Zinc oxide IYellow residue when j Carbon dioxide
hot, white when cool
 cal Cbeinistry
l
yracti :!Ii~
. h wn actio n of heat on som e subs tanc es are
reacuons s o given belo w :
'fhe heat • NH + HCl
1. NH4Cl cool 3

(NH4)iCr2O7 N2 + Cr2O3 + 2H2O

2.
CuCO3 CuO + CO2
3.
4. 2cu( NO3 )i 2CuO + 4NO 2 + 02
brown fumes
5. CuSO4 • SH2O CuSO4 + SH2O
blue white
heat)
6. l2cs) l2(vapours)

7. 2PbO 2 2PbO + 02

8. 2Pb(NO ) 2 heat > 2PbO + 4NO2 + 02

3
Zn (NO 3h and Cu(NO h show s the similar
3 reac tion on heat ing.
9. 2HgO heat 2Hg + 02
/j.
10. Na2CO3 • l0H2 O Na2CO3 • H 2O + 9H O
2
/j.
11. ZnCO 3 ZnO + CO2
/j.
12. ZnO ZnO
(white) (pale yellow)

9.8 SOME COLOURED SALTS WITH CHEMICA

L FORMULAE
Colour r
Name of Compound
Black Manganese (N) oxide
--~' Chemical Formula
Mn02 -
Copper (II) oxide CuO
Blue (light) Copper sulphate pentahydrate
CuS 04·S H20
Copper hydroxide Cu(OHh
Blue (deep) Copper nitrate trihydrate Cu(N03h · 3H20
Bright Green or Copper (II) carbonate
CuC03
Green Copper (II) chloride dihydrate
CuC12 · 2H20
Dark Brown Copper (II) chloride
CuC12
Ferric chloride FeC13
Lead (N) oxide
Pb02
Dirty Yellow Anhydrous ferrous sulphate FeS04
Green Ferrous sulphate heptahydrate FeS04 • 7H20
Lime Yellow Lead (II) oxide PbO
Orange Ammonium dichromate (NH4)zCr207
Potassium dichromate K2Cr20 7
Scarlet Mercury (II) oxide HgO
I
 ICSE Chemistry r. 9th
,or
Pb3O4 Cta,,
Reddish Brown Trilead tetraoxide
NH4CJ
White Ammonium chloride
PbCO3
Lead carbonate
Pb(NO3}i
Lead nitrate powder
KC!
Potassium chloride
Sodium carbonate decahydrate Na2CO3 • I0H2O
NaCl
Sodium chloride
ZnCO3
Zinc carbonate
Zn(NO3Ji
Zinc nitrate
Zinc oxide (cold) ZnO

Anhydrous copper sulphate CuSO4

9.9 BEHAVIOUR OF SOME SALTS WITH WATER AND OTHER SOLVENTS

1. All sodium, potassium and ammonium salts are soluble in water.
ly
2. All nitrates, bicarbonates and acetates are soluble in water (sodium bicarbonate is sparing so1Uble
in water).
3. Lead chloride is soluble in hot water but insoluble in cold water.
4. Silver chloride is soluble in ammonium hydroxide.
5. Lead hydroxide dissolves in excess of caustic soda solution.
6. Zinc hydroxide and copper hydroxide dissolve in excess of ammonium hydroxide.
Water Soluble Salts Water Insoluble Salts
Ammonium chloride Copper carbonate
Ammonium carbonate Copper oxide
Ammonium dichromate Lead carbonate, Lead (II) oxide
Barium chloride Manganese (IV) oxide
Caustic soda (NaOH) Mercury (II) oxide
Copper (II) sulphate Zinc oxide
Ferric chloride Calcium fluoride
Lead acetate Silver chloride
Lead nitrate Silver bromide
Potassium chloride Silver iodide
Sodium carbonate Barium sulphate
Zinc nitrate Lead sulphate
Silver fluoride Barium chromate

9.10 DRY TESTS

Following tests are performed in dry state :
I. Flame test
2. Borax bead test
3. Charcoal cavity test
4. Microcosmic salt bead test
5. Cobalt nitrate charcoal test
 '.!i I
.cal Cbe01istry
J:'fllcU

1. flalflO ~est wire fused in a glass rod is heated in the flame till it imparts colourless flame. The tip of
The plaunu;pped in cone. HCl and then into the substance. The tip of the wire is strongly heated in the
we wire _is nowfl ~e and the colour of the flame is observed by naked eye.

-
urnmous a
non·l
S. No. Colour of Flame Inference
1. Golden yellow Sodium
2. Violet Potassium
3. Brick red Calcium
4. Crimson red Strontium
s. Apple green Barium
6. Green with a blue centre Copper

ll1lt NOTE : Flame test should not be performed in the presence of As, Sb, Bi, Sn and Pb as these radicals form alloy with platinum
and hence, the wire is spoiled.

2. Borax Bead Test

on heating borax on a loop of platinum wire the colourless glassy bead formed consists sodium metaborate
and boric anhydride.
Heat Heat
2NaBO2 + B2O3
glassy bead

On heating coloured salt on the glassy bead a coloured metaborate is formed in the oxidizing flame.
CuSO4 CuO + SO 3
CuO + B2 O3 Cu(BO2 )i
copper metaborate (Blue)
Similarly, Coo + B2O3 Co(BO2h
cobalt metaborate (Blue)
The metaborates possess different characteristic colours in oxidizing flame and reducing flame.
Colour of Bead in
Metal Oxidizing Flame Reducing Flame
Hot Cold Hot Cold
Copper Green Blue Colourless Brown red
Iron Brown yellow Pale yellow Bottle green Bottle green
Chromium Green Green Green Green
Cobalt Blue Blue Blue Blue
Manganese Violet Amethyst red I Grey Grey
Nickel Violet Brown Grey Grey
--
3. Charcoal Cavity Test
This test is carried out on a charcoal block having a small cavity in it. Little substance is mixed with
anhydrous Na co3 or fusion mixture and the mixture is placed in the cavity. The mass in moistened with a
2
 ICSE Chemistry r.
JOr 9th
• al
d rop of water and h~ated in a reducing flame with the blow pipe. Meta11ic h • C:t
s t on eatmg with Na2C03 . ilss
metal carbonate which decomposes into metal, e.g., &ives
CuC1 2 + Na 2co3 CuC03 + 2NaCl
CuC03 CuO + CO2
CuO + C Cu + CO
The colour in cavity bead are now noticed.
Inference
L.__ Observation
1. Formation of metallic bead :
(a) Lustrous white, malleable Ag
Pb
(b) Greyish white, marks paper
Sn
(c) White, does not mark paper Cu
(d) Red
2. Incrustation with metal :
(a) White incrustation ; brittle metal Sb
(b) Yellow incrustation; brittle metal Bi
Pb
(c) Yellow incrustation; malleable metal
3. Incrustation without metal:

I 1
(a) White and yellow when hot
(b) Yellow and orange when hot
ZnO, SnO
BiO
CdO
As o
I (c) Brown
2 3
(d) White (volatile, garlic odour) _ _ __,___ _ _ _ __

4. Mjcrocosmic Salt Bead Test

When microcosmic salt is heated on a loop of Pt wire a colourless transparent bead of sodium meta
phosphate is formed.
Na(NH4)HP04 NaP03 + NH3 + H20
Sodium meta phosphate combines with metallic oxides to form ortho phosphates which are usually
coloured.
Colour of the Bead in
Metal Oxidizing flame Reducing flame

Copper
Hot Cold Hot
-- -
Colourless
Cold
Red
Green Blue
Iron Yellow or Yellow Yellow Colourless
reddish brown
Chromium Green Green Green Green

Manganese Violet Violet Colourless Colourless

Cobalt Blue Blue Blue Blue

Nickel Brown Brown Grey

• NOTE : It is specially used for testing silica with which a cloudy bead containing floating properties of silica is obtained.
 7
. al Cbeoiistry
r,..,uc t Nitrate Charcoal Test . . .
5. cob al f the substance with twice its bulk of sodm . .
m carb ona te lS placed 10 the charcoal cavity.
A small ~ou ;~:d and the mass is hea ted A
in an oxidizing flame with the help of blow
droP of wate r is : of cobalt nitra te solution pipe. After cooling,
are add ed and the mass is agai n heat ed in
the oxidizing flame.
0 ne or two ~ropthe salt with sodi um carb onat e, the oxide is
ayh ean ng . . form ed whi ch on heat ing with cobalt nitrate form
. ed oxide of a char acte nsuc co1our.
a !111" ZnS 0 + Na 2C03
4 ZnC 03 + Na2S0 4
ZnC 03 - t ZnO + CO
2
2Co (N03 )i 2Co 0 + 4N0 2 + 0 2
ZnO + CoO CoZn02
(cobalt zincate)
(green)
The colour prod uced in cavity is noticed.
Observation Inference
(a) Blue mass
Aluminium
(b) Green residue
Zinc
(c) Pink residue
Magnesium
(d) Bluish green
Tin

9.11 DE TE RM INA TIO N OF PERCENTAGE

CO MP OS ITI ON OF A MIX TU RE OF
SA ND AN D WATER SOLUBLE SALT
(a) Take the given mixture and weigh it
Mass of empty beak er = a g
Mass of beak er + mixture = b g
Mass of mixture = (b - a) g
(b) Dissolve it in water. Stir well to diss
olve salt completely.
(c) Keep it for some time to settle the sand
. Now, filter the solution and collect the
mass and now wash it and then dry it and sand as inso lubl e
weigh.
Let mass of dried sand = c g
Thus, (b - a)g mixture has cg sand
:. 100 g mixture has c x 100 g sand
(b- a)

:. % of sand in mixture b c x 100

( - a)

9.12 SOFT AND HARD WATER

1. Water, which gives foams easily with
soap is called soft wat er and if not then hard wate
2. The hardness of water is due to the pres r.
ence of bicarbonates, chlorides and sulp hate
3. The hardness is temporary due to bicarbon s of Ca and Mg.
ates and permanent due to chlorides and
sulp hate s of ca
and Mg.

h
 ICSE Chemistry for 9 th
[A] Temporary Hardness Class
Due to soluble bicarbonates of Ca and Mg.
(u) Clark's method : It can be removed by boiling or adding calculated quantity of slaked lime.

Ca(HCO3)i CaCO3 + H2O + CO2

Soluble Insoluble
Ca(HCO3)i + Ca(OH}i _ . 2CaCO3 + 2H2O

[B] Permanent Hardness

(i) Due to soluble sulphates, chlorides, nitrates of Ca and Mg.
(ii) It cannot be removed by boiling, however, it can be removed by :
. (a) ~ermutit Process : Pennutit is sodium alumino silicate (Na2Al2SiO3. xH2O) ~r sodium zeolite (Na Z)·
Z ts Al2StO3. xH 2O. It is insoluble in water and has the property to exchange basic radical which hel . '
softening water. P in
Na2Z + CaSO4 _ . CaZ + Na 2SO4
Insoluble
Sodium zeolite is regenerated by passing cone. NaCl (brine) solution on CaZ.
CaZ + 2NaCl _ . Na2Z + CaCl2
(b) Washing Soda (Na2CO3) :
MgC12 + Na 2CO 3 MgCO3 + 2NaCl
CaSO4 + Na 2CO3 CaCO3 + Na2SO4
Insoluble
In place of sodium carbonate, caustic soda or sodium phosphate can also be used.
MgC12 + 2NaOH Mg(OH}i + 2NaCl
Insoluble
3MgSO4 + 2Na 3PO 4 Mg 3(PO4 }i + 3Na 2SO4
Insoluble
( c) Calgon : The complex salt of meta phosphoric acid, sodium hexa meta phosphate (NaPO3) , is known
6
as calgon, i.e., Na2 [Na4(PO3) 6] .Calcium and magnesium salts present in hard water react with calgon to give
soluble complex salts.
2CaSO4 + Na2 [Na4 (PO 3)6 ] Na 2 [Ca2 (PO3)6 ] + 2Na2SO4
2MgSO4 + Na 2[Na 4(PO 3)6 ] Na 2[Mg 2 (PO3 )6 ] + 2Na 2SO4
This method is especially used in softening water for boiler use.
4. The extent of hardness is known as degree of hardness defined usually as the number of parts of weight
of CaCO3 present per million parts by weight of water.
Mass of CaCO3 6
Hardness = - - - - ~ x 10
(in ppm) Mass of water
5. Hardness is expressed in ppm. i.e., 1 ppm = 1 part of CaCO3 in 106 part of hard water.
6. The reason for choosing CaCO 3 as the standard to express hardness, inspit of the fact that CaCO3 is not
soluble in water but its molecular weight is 100 which makes calculation easy.

9.13 SOAPS AND DETERGENTS

[A] Soap
Usually sodium and potassium salts of organic fatty acids are called soaps.
 . l ChedlistrY .,--
- 4 .l
rracuca NaOH + Fatty acid Sodium salt of fatty acid
(soap)

NaOH + Stearic acid Sodium stearate

. in hard water, soap reacts with soluble impurities to give
insoluble fatty acid salt of Ca
on dissolving c ming prope rties of soap are developed only
Therefore, ioa when solub le impurities in hard water are
and Mg. d Thus hard water consu mes more soap.
I remove • ,
complete Y 2RC0 0Na + CaCl 2 (RCOO)zCa + 2NaCl
Insoluble

Detergent
[81 .
are usually sodiu m salts of alkyl sulphomc . .
acids. The sulphomc group (-S0 H) present in
Detergents . .th h
nts forms soluble salt of calcium and magn esium w1
3
ard water and thus foams are formed readily.
deterge 2R-S 03 Na + CaC1 2 (RS03 )zCa + 2NaCl
Soluble

9.14 WATER POL LUT ION

Water and air are vital const ituen t for life suppo rt. A good suppl
y of non-polluted water is very essential
for living. Freshwater resources are threa tened by over-exploit
ation, poor management and by ecological
degradation. The discharge of untre ated waste, dump ing of indus
trial effluents and run-offfrom agricultural fields,
industrial growth, urbanization and the increasing use of synth
etic organic substances are mainly responsible
for water pollution. Heavy flux of sewag e, domestic wastes,
industrial effluents, agricultural wastes, urban
liquid waste, half-burnt dead bodies and pesticides etc., in rivers
pollutes water from simple to highly toxic
materials. All the major rivers of our count ry and many lakes
have become dark in colour due to pollution.
The river and lake water also smell foul and polluted. Polluted
water causes water-borne diseases and leads to
other health-related problems.
Polluted water is conta minat ed with such substances in such a
way that they alter the natural quality of
water and affects the health of living organisms. Clean water is
essential for healthy living. Adequate supply
of fresh and clean drinking water is a basic need of all human beings
, yet millions are deprived of it.
Polluted water can be identified by the following :
(i) Coloured due to the presence of unwanted material.
(ii) Unpleasant smell from water.
(iii) Bad taste of drinking water.
(iv) Oil and greasy material floating on the surface of water.
(v) Excessive growth of algae and weeds in water.
Sources of Wate r Pollution
The main sources of water pollution are :
(i) Household detergents used for washing purposes.
(ii) Sewage and domestic wastes disposal
• ··)
( 111 Ind ustna
• waste h · t • chemicals All these get accumulated in marin
1 s avmg oxic • e food chains.
(iv) Oil spills poison sea life.
. .
(v) Thermal pollutton raises the temperature of water and depletes the oxygen prese nt in it killing
fishes and other aquatic organisms. ,
 ICSE Chemistry for 9th C
lass
How to Study Water Quality?
. .
Determination of water quality may be done in two ways :
m water.
1. Specific parameters are studied throughout the year on a living species
2. Specific parameters selected for determination of water quality.
(a) pH value (b) Bacteria presen t
(c) Hardness of water (d) Dissolved oxygen
(e) Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) (f) Turbidity
(a) pH Value : The acidic and basic nature of a solutions measured in terms of hydrogen ion scale or PH.
pH of a solution or concentration or'1
H+ ions present in solution decides whether the solution is acid•zc or
alkaline or neutral.
s colour at different pH value as
pH value is obtained with the help of a universal indicator that change
shown below.
pH = 7; water is neutral.
pH< 7; water is acidic.
A solution of pH > 7; water is basic.
below 7, the more acidic is Water.
The higher the pH above 7, the more basic is water and the lower the pH

ACIDIC NATURE INCREASES NEUTRAL ACIDIC NATURE DECREASES

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
0 2 3 4 5 6
I I I I
I I I I I I
w 0 I-
0 z :::, (.!) w
w z w ..J
0 w ..J
i5
a: il: ..J a: al 0
..J
w (.!) 5
>-
Fig. 9.1 Colour changes in universal indicator at different pH values.
of water is much higher or lower
Non-polluted water has pH value 7 or closer to 7. Thus, if the pH value
than 7, that water is polluted and potentially harmful.
living in it, e.g., water coming
Pollution changes the pH of water, which in turn harms animals and plants
a pH value as low as 2, which means
out of an abandoned coal mine or from an acid forming industry can have
it is very acidic and thus affect any creature surviving in or on it.
For General Information
Substance pH Value
Hydrochloric acid 1.0
Sulphuric acid 1.2
Citric acid 2.3
Lime juice 2.4
Acetic acid 2.9
Carbonic acid 3.0
1
Pure water 7.0
Human blood 7.3
Sodium bicarbonate solution 8.4
Milk of magnesia 10.5
Sodium carbonate solution 11.6
Sodium hydroxide 13.0
I

whereas bacterial growth means

(b) Bacter ia Presen t : Water free from bacteria is non-polluted water
,
 ucal Chem istry
yrac . wate r quality studies are mad e by measuring
Biologica1 bacteria growth in a water body.
A sample of wate r is take n in a petri dish and cont •
inuously observed unde r a microscope 3 or times
4 at
regular intervals. .
(c) Hard ness of Wat er : Water producing httle . . .
or no lathe r with soap is considered hard water.
. unsuitable for wash ing clothes or drinking and Hard
water is is regarded as polluted water.
(d) Dissolved Oxygen : Dissolved oxygen being
responsible for survival of aquatic life in water beca
fi h and othe r aquatic life brea th in it. use
s Mountain streams and large rivers moving wate
r tend s to contain a lot of dissolved oxygen but stagn
water has little oxygen dissolved in it. ant
.
Water having little quan tity of oxygen dissolved
than normal quantity of dissolved oxygen is said
polluted. to be
Quantity of dissolved oxygen is measured with the
help of an instrument called Oxygen Flow Meter.
(c) Biological Oxygen Dem and (BOD) : The oxyg
en utilized by micro-organisms during oxidation
organic substances is measured in terms of BOD. of
Micro-organisms present in a polluted wate r samp
oxygen to oxidize waste, and thus BOD increases le also use
in polluted water. A decrease in the BOD value beca
polluted wate r is not suitable for living species. use of
(0 Turbidity : Amount of particulate matt
er suspended in wate r is a measure of turbidity.
Turbidity in polluted wate r is measured by the light
scattering; the higher the intensity of scattered light
the higher the turbidity. Turbidity in wate r includes ,
:
Clay particles.
Waste matt er containing insoluble substances.
Microscopic organisms.
An increase in turbidity of wate r decreases, its
ability to support aquatic life.
Controlling of Wat er Pollution
1. Sewage treatment before their disposal.
2. Chemicals released from factories should be treat
ed to remove their toxic contents.
3. Heavier floating solids should be removed by grav
ity sett le~ t and screening.
4. Organic matt er should be removed by oxidation
or precipitation.
5. Pathogens should be destroyed by ultraviolet radia
tion.
- - - - - - EXERCISE FOR PRACTICE -------..
ICSE Chemistry for gth
Class

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. A nitrate which decomposes with crackling sound and leaves a lime yellow residue?
2. An element which leaves no residue on heating?
3. A carbonate which gives yellow residue on heating but the residue turns white on cooling?
4. A chloride salt which is insoluble in cold water but dissolves in hot water?
5. A sulphate salt pale green in colour and contains seven molecules of water of crystallisation.
6. A yellow coloured oxide which is insoluble in di!. sulphuric acid?
7. A carbonate stable to heat.
8. A gas with rotten eggs smell.
9. A gas which turns Nessler's reagent brown?
10. A chloride salt used for identification of water vapour.
11. Name a gas which turns :
(a) Starch iodide paper blue black.
(b) Acidified potassium dichromate solution green.
(c) Anhydrous copper sulphate powder blue.
(d) Moist red litmus paper blue.
(e) Alkaline pyrogallol solution brown.
(f) Lime water milky, but no effect on acidified K2Cr207 paper.
(g) Lime water milky and acidified K 2Cr20 7 paper turns green.
(h) Name a gas which burns with pop sound.
(i) Name a gas which gives white fumes with ammonia.
12. A salt which gives two gases on heating?
13. Two carbonates which do not decompose on heating?
14. What is blue vitriol?
15. What is green vitriol?
16. What is white vitriol?
17. What is the colour of anhydrous copper sulphate?
18. What is the colour of hydrated copper sulphate?
19. A white compound which becomes yellow on heating?
20. A red crystalline solid used to import green colour in fire works.
21. What is ppm?
22. A violet salt which changes to violet vapours?
23. A brown liquid which changes to brown vapours?
24. A brown coloured gas.
25. A greenish yellow gas.
26. What colour is imparted to flame by
2
(a) Ca + (b) K+ (c) Na+
27. Name a salt soluble in hot water but insoluble in cold water.
28. Name a salt which leaves no residue on heating.
29. Name a gas (other than CO2) which turns lime water milky.
30. What is the colour of lead iodide?
,
• al Chemis try I ) 27!1
practJC
Short Answe r Type Quest ons
AJtsWers (Very

1. Lead nitrate
[Pb(NO 3h]
2. Iodine )
Zinc carbon ate [ZnCO 3
3
4• Lead chloride [PbCl2)
5.• Ferrous sulpha te heptah
ydrate [FeSO4. 7H2O)
6 Lead oxide [PbO)
7• Sodium carbon ate [N¾CO3)
8.• Hydrogen sulphld e [H2S]
9 Ammo nia [NH3]
10.• Anhydrous cobalt chloride [CoCl2]
11 . (a) Chlorine, Cl2
(b) Sulphu r dioxide, SO2
(c) Water vapour s, H2O
(d) Ammo nia, NH3
(e) Oxygen, 02
(f) Carbon dioxide, CO2
(g) Sulphu r dioxide, SO2
(h) Hydrog en, H2
(i) Hydrogen chloride, HCl
12. FeSO4
13. N¾CO3 and K2CO3
14. CuSO4. 5H2O
15. FeSO4. 7H2O
16. ZnSO4. 5H2O
17. White
18. Blue
19. Zinc oxide
20. Ammonium dicbrom ate [(NH4h Cr2O7)
21. Parts per million
22. Iodine
23. Bromine
24. Nitrogen dioxide NO2 or Bromin e (Br 2)
25. Chlorine Cl2
26. (a) Brick red (b) Pinkish violet (c) Golden yellow (d) Apple greeu
27. Lead chloride (PbCl2)
28. Ammonium chloride (NH 4CI)
29. Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
30. Canary yellow
- Short Answer Type Questions
1. \\'hy do wr n~P c·o11r. hydrochloric acid in flame trst '!
ICSE Chemistry for 9th Cl

Ans. Because the ~hloride salts ionise at a temperature within the reach of the bunsen burner flam
ass

:r
2. 'A'. is _n.11 u11kno\\'11 c·o111pou11cl solnble in water. It givrs lilac colour t? tl~e buusen _burnl'r lla~ic. Solution
'11 with ~ilwr 11it.rate solution giw>- rnrdy whitt' precipitatr •ff :vh1ch 1s soluble 111 ammo111uu1 liydroxidC'.
Nanw the 1111know11 compound ·A· and the white pn•cipitatl' 'B.
Ans. Compound 'A' is potassium chloride while the white precipitate 'B' is silver chloride.
3. Civr two tl'~ts l>tlier than sodium hydroxidr sol11tio11 test to identify:
(i) (ii) Fr3+
Ans. (i) Pt/+: (a) With potassium iodide solution it gives canary yellow precipitate.
(b) With hydrogen sulphide gas it gives silver black precipitate.
(ii) Fe 3 + : (a) With caustic soda solution it gives reddish brown precipitate.
(b) With hydrogen sulphide gas it gives silver black precipitate.
4. H('rorcl t hrrc obscrn,tions whe11 a piC<'e of iron is dropped into a jar of copper sulphate solution.
Ans. (i) The blue colour slowly fades and finally becomes pale green.
(ii) A reddish brown mass of copper precipitates out.
(iii) Temperature of the solution rises up.
5. Givr t ,rn chrmiral trsts to idc11tif~• that the given liquid is an acid ?
Aus. (i) It gives a gas with a piece of magnesium which burns with pop sound.
(ii) It gives brisk effervescence with a pinch of sodium hydrogencarbonate.
6. Fl'rrous sulphatt• solution is hratrd with a few drops of cone. nitric acid and then excess caustic soda
solution is added to it.
(iJ \\"hat wa.~ the original colour of solutiou?
(ii) What chuugp in the colour of solution is recorded ;iftpr heating it "·ith cone. nitric acid?
(iii) What is lhr colour of precipitate formed '!
Ans. (i) Green (Fe2+) (ii) Yellow (Fe3+) (iii) Brown Fe(OH)a
7. Whirh aniou is identified by •Ring Test· an<l why do we take a freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution
in this test ?
Ans. Nitrate ions. A freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution is used because on storing the ferrous
sulphate oxidises to ferric sulphate.
8. What happens when :
(i) Amn10nium hydroxide is added to copper i..ulphate solution fir:;t in drops am! then in excess ?
(ii) Caustic soda solution is added to copper nitra1e solution and th(' product is gently hc•atcd?
(iii) Commun salt solution is added to silver nitrate solutio11 and the product is shaken with ammonium
hydroxid('.
(i,·) Lead nitrate solution is treated "·ith calcium cliloridC' solution, the product is hrated for some time
mid I hen cooled to room wmpcrature '!
Aus. (i) A precipitate of copper hydroxide is formed which gets dissolve in excess of NH4OH.
{ii) A precipitate of copper hydroxide is formed.
(iii) A white precipitate of silver chloride is formed which is soluble in NH4OH.
(iv) A white precipitate of lead chloride which becomes soluble on heating.
9. Stnt<' what you see when:
(i) A piece of moist blue litmus papC'r i!:> placed in a gas jar of chlorine '?
(ii) Zinc oxide is heated '!
(iii) Sil\'er 11itratt' solution ii; added lo dilutr hydrochloric arid?
(iY) A pirce of 111oist red litmus paper i~ placed i11 a gas jar of arnuiouia?
 . al cbelllistrY
lowing sp r111 t• is• introduced m to a gas J<1
p111cuc _ . . .
( ,·) A g ., ni . . r contam mg oxygen ?
tri c ac id 1:,
(,·i) Concent!.at cc1h) ad de d to copper .
. ' ?
'droxide is ad de d lo •
")
(vn •,\n11no. u1Bl urn iron ,1111) chlorid •e
solut10· 11 ?
Ans. ~:h ue lit m us changes
Zinc oxide be ~o ~e
(iii) A w hi te prec1p
to re d
•
s yellow on_ heating.
1tate of AgCl 1s fo
C ) Red litmus changes rmed.
(; ) Glowing splint_ to bl ue .
is rekindles.
( ') Solution acqm
res blue colour.
c:~i) Red-brown co
lou_r of Fe (~ H h is
'v\"rite d own tl1 c balanced eq ua tio n show _formed.
10- " (N H )2Cr mg action of he at
on ea ch of the follo
4 2o7 (b) FeS0-1 i wing .
NH-1N02 (c) N aH C 0 3 •
(f) Fe2(SO ,h (d) :-.iH,l':O
(i) C u( N 03 h (g) AgN03 3
t. (h) Hg(NO:ih
Ans. (a) (NH4)2C
r207 N2 + 4H 20 + C
(b) 2F eS 04 r2 03
Fe203 + S0 2 +
(c) 2N aH C 03 S0 3
Na-iC03 + H 20
(d) NH4N03 + C O2
N 20 + 2H 20
(e) NH4N02
N 2 + 2H 0
(f) Fe iS 04 )3 2
(g) 2A gN 03 Fe 20 3 + 3S 03
(h) H g( N 03 )2 2A g + 2N 02 + 02
H g + 2N 0 +
(i) 2C u( N 03 )2 2 02
11. St at e w ha t yo 2C u + 4N 02 +.
u see when : 202.
(i) A piece of m oi st
bl ue lit m us pa pe r
(ii) Zinc oxide is he is placed in a gas
at ed ? ja r of chlorine?
(iii) Silver ni tr at e
solution is ad de d
(iv) A piece of m oi to dilute hydrochl
st red lit m us pa pe oric acid ?
(v) A glowing sp lin r is placed in a ga
t is in tro du ce d into s ja r of am m on ia ?
(vi) Lead ni tr at e so a gas ja r containing
lu tio n an d so di um ox yg en ?
( vii) A suspension chloride solution ar
of le ad chloride is e m ix ed ?
Aus. (i) T he colo he at ed ?
ur of lit m us is disc
(ii) It acquires yello harged.
w colour.
(iii) A w hi te pr ec
ip ita te of AgCl is
(iv) Li tm us colour formed.
changes from red
(v) Glowing sp lin to blue.
t bu rn s more bright
(vi) W hi te tu rb id ly.
ity of le ad chlorid
(vii) A cl ea r so lu tio e is formed.
12. Th e qu es tio ns n is obtained.
(i) to (Y) refer to
(a) C op pe r ni tr at e th e fo\lowi11g salt so
lutions li:,ted a to f.
(b) Ir on (ii) su lp ha
te
(c) Ir on (iii) chlorid
e
(cl) Le ad ni tr at e
(c) 1l ag nc si um su lp
ha te
(£) Zi nc <.:hlori<le
(i) \\"hich two so .
lutions w1·11 ~1. \·c a ·I11·r . prrrt1J 1tatr " _1n'I I tt'~."t tl' " wi th di lu H ln cl ro rli lo rir
followed hy ba riu m \\ l ac id
chlori<lr :,o\ntion ?
 ICSE Chemistry for 9th Class

(ii) \i\lhich two solutions will give a wl1ite precipitate when treated with dilute nitric acid followed by
silver nitrate solution?
(iii) \i\lhich solutiou will give a white precipitate when either dilute hydrochloric acid or dilute
sulphuric acid is added to it ?
(iv) \i\lhich solution becomes a deep inky colour when excess of ammouium hydroxide is added to it ?
(v) Which solution giv~s a white precipitate with excess ammonium hydroxide is added to it?
Ans. (i) (b) and (e)
(ii) (c) and (f)
(iii) (d) __
(iv) (a)
(v) (b)
13. Salts A, B. C, D and E undergo reactions (i) to (v) respectively. Identify the anion present in these salts
on the basis of these reactions.
(i) ~ 1hen silver nitrate solution is added to a solution of A, a white precipitate,_insoluble in dilute rutric
acid, is formed.
(ii) Addition of dilute hydrochloric acid to B produces a gas which turns lead acetate paper black.
(iii) When a freshly prepared solution of ferrous sulphate is added to a solution of C and concentrated
sulphuric acid is gently poured from the side of the test-tube, a brown ring is formed.
(iv) When dilute sulphuric acid is added to D, a gas is produced which turns acidified potassium
dichromate solution from orange to green.
(v) Addition of dilute hydrochloric acid to E produces an effervescence. The gas produced turned lime
water 1nilky but does not affect acidified potassium dichromate solution.
Ans. (i) c1-
(ii) s~-=-- - --
(iii) N03
(iv) so~-
(v) co~-.
14. Identify the following substances :
(i) An alkaline gas A which produces dense white fumes with hydrogen chloride.
(ii) A dilute acid B which does not normally give hydrogen when reacted with metals but does gives a
gas when it reacts with copper.
(iii) Gas Chas an offensive smell like rotten eggs.
(iv) Gas D is colourless gas which can be used as bleaching agent.
Ans. (i) NH3
(ii) HN03
(iii) H2S
(iv) Cl2.