REVIEWER ORAL COM PT 2 Example: (Clicked the raise hand

button) Can I please add something to

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
the discussion?
STRATEGIES
D. Topic Control
A. Nomination
This is a communicative strategy used
This is usually used at the beginning of
in keeping the conversation going on by
the interaction to set the purpose of the
asking questions that requires a
conversation. The speaker tries to open
response from the listener. Topic control
a topic with the people he is talking to.
also allows the other participants to
One must present a particular topic
take turns, contribute ideas, and
clearly and truthfully.
continue the conversation.
Example: Good morning, class. How are
Example: That was an excellent point,
you today?
Arlene! How about the rest of the class?
Is it raining in your area? You may put your responses on the jam
board link found on the chat box, or you
B. Restriction
may simply click the raise hand button
This is used in constraining the reaction and share your thoughts.
or response within a defined set of
E. Topic Shifting
categories. This is useful when
narrowing down a listener's response to This is defined as introducing a new
an expected set of answers. This topic followed by the continuation of
prevents the conversation from going that topic. Topic shifting is a strategy
off topic. that works best when there is a follow
through so that a new topic continues
Example: We will have 30 minutes of
to be discussed. One may also use
online discussion regarding the topic on
effective conversational transitions to
Pandemic and Mental Health. An
indicate a shift.
additional 10 minutes will be allotted for
your questions and related concerns. Example: By the way, in addition to
what I have already mentioned. It is
C. Turn-taking
dangerous to go out, especially that the
This strategy is used to establish and Delta COVID-19 variant is here! But
sustain a productive conversation. Turn even if we practice physical distancing,
taking is recognizing when and how to we should not stop socializing with our
speak when it is one's turn. This friends and family members via phone
requires each speaker to wait for the calls or social media applications.
others to complete their turn talking.
F. Repair
This strategy can be used to avoid
participants talking over one another This communicative strategy refers to
that may cause conflicts. Turn-taking overcoming communication breakdown
provides persons equal opportunity to to send more comprehensible
say their piece. Participants must watch messages.
out for the verbal and non-verbal cues
Repair Communicative Strategy
that signal the next speaker that the
includes:
previous speaker has finished talking.
One may employ visual signals like a
nod, a look, or a step back.
1. Requesting clarification - One may surface features of the language and
ask questions or use non-verbal how these are arranged. Language form
communication such as eyebrows, eyes, can be divided into at least three
head, hands, or shoulders to show that categories (Lahey, 1988. morphology,
the message could not be understood. syntax, and phonology)
2. Not acknowledging the new situation Effects of a Shift in Speech
- The situation already in progress will Context, Speech Style, Speech Act
continue. and Communicative Strategies on
the Duration of interaction
3. Topic shifting - This can help direct
the discussion to another topic or divert Merriam-Webster dictionary defines
the attention of the listener from the duration as the time during which
topic that has become problematic. something exists or lasts while
interaction means mutual or reciprocal
4. Repeating - This is a good way of
action or influence. Hence, duration of
correcting oneself.
interaction means the extent. length, or
5. Recasting - This refers to changing time from which the communication is
the form of the message that could not acted upon by two or more parties.
be understood.
The interaction may happen physically,
Example: We definitely should practice virtually, or in long-distance
social distancing, I mean, physical communication.

G. Termination The duration of interaction for each

engagement depends primarily on
This strategy ends the interaction by
where the context happens, what type
using verbal and nonverbal messages
of speech style and speech act is used,
that the participants send to one
and how communicators convey and
another. Nonverbal may include a
exchange the message.
handshake or walking out.
Effects of a Shift in Speech
Example: Thank you
Context, Speech Style, Speech Act
Okay, all done... and Communicative Strategies on
the Relationship of Speaker
See you later on our following online
meeting schedule. The speaker is one of the key elements
of the basic speech communication
COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE model. Speech communication, in its
Effects of a Shift in Speech simplest form. consists of a sender, a
Context, Speech Style. Speech Act message, and a recipient. The speaker
and Communicative Strategies on and the sender are synonymous. The
the Language Form speaker is the initiator of
communication. Effective speakers can
Bloom and Lahey (1978) divide most clearly deliver their message to
language into three separates but their recipients.
overlapping components: content, form,
and use. Effects of a Shift in Speech
Context, Speech Style, Speech Act
In general, form refers to the shape and and Communicative Strategies on
structure of something; it can also the Role and Responses of that
mean the organization, placement, and Speaker
relationship between things. As such,
language form refers to the so-called
The setting in which communication and Communicative Strategies on
fakes place affects how a speaker Delivery
constructs and interprets messages
How you say something is as crucial as
(Littlejohn & Fom, 2011). When there is
what you say. It is important to master
a shift in speech situations, if adds more
the skill of adjusting your language and
weight to the role and responsibility of
paralanguage according to the
the speaker because as the number of
situational contexts in which you are
participants and the level of formality in
giving a speech.
the interactions increase, the speaker
an expected to adjust his/her Below is an example of how a shift in
communicative strategies to speech situations can affect how
appropriately respond to the listener's speaker delivers his/her message;
needs and interests (Littlejohn & Foss,
2011). Speec Paralan
h guage
In most cases, a shift in speech Langu Body
Contex used
situations requires the speaker to take a age langua
t and
listener-centered approach and adapt Used ge
Style
his/her message to the interest, level of
understanding, attitudes, beliefs,
expectations, and norms of the Interper Informa Unstruct Unstruc
audience sonal l ured *No tured
(e.g. consciou
In short, the way you speak is affected Can *No
talking s to on
by who you're talking to, where you are, use conscio
with a tone,
and what you're trying to achieve. This contrac us
friend) pitch,
shapes your role and how you respond. tions, adjustm
Casual inflection
colloqui ent on
Effects of a Shift in Speech or to get
alism gesture
Context, Speech Style, Speech Act, intimat the
and s
and Communicative Strategies on e message
slang manneri
Message. across
sm to
The message that the speaker delivers get the
is not only limited to the words he/she messag
says but also by how he/she says them. e across
It is important to note, however, that
the meaning of any verbal or nonverbal Public Formal Structure Structur
message is largely dependent on the Speakin *Appro d ed
situation in which the interaction takes g priate
*Appropr *Approp
place. Thus, "the same words or Formal use of
iate use riate
behaviors may have totally different or words
of tone, use of
meanings when they occur in different Frozen
pitch, gesture
contexts" (Devito, 2014)
volume, s to get
Not only limited to the words the inflection the
speaker says but how he/she delivers to messag
them. The same words or behaviors communi e across
may have totally different meanings cate
when they occur in different contexts clearly

Effects of a Shift in Speech SPEECH WRITING

Context, Speech Style, Speech Act
  An art of conveying a message to  Purpose of writing
your audience.
 Stages in Writing- choosing the
 To inform, to explain or to topic; narrowing down the topic;
persuade. data gathering, pattern writing
and rehearsing
 Through this skill, communication
is served well. 3. Logical organization of ideas
4. Use of transitional devices
SIX POWERFUL TOOLS FOR SPEECH
WRITING - Dlugam 2013 AUDIENCE ANALYSIS CHECKLIST
 edit for focus Age Range:
 edit for clarity Male-female ratio:
 edit for concision Educational background:
 edit for continuity Educational institution:
 edit for variety Place of residence:
 edit for impact and beauty Marital status:
Components of Speech Writing Economic Status (Household income):
Process
Language spoken:
1. Audience Analysis
Religious affliations/beliefs:
2. Purpose
OUTLINE FORMAT SAMPLE
3. Topics
Purpose:
4. Specific Topic (narrowed down)
Specific purpose:
5. Data Gathering
Topic:
6. Writing Pattern
Pattern:
7. Outline
Introduction:
Major Components of Speech
Body:
Writing
Conclusion:
1. Introduction
a. Get audience’s attention NARROWING DOWN A TOPIC
b. State the topic
General purpose:
c. Relate to the audience
d. Preview main points Specific Purpose:
2. Body
3. Conclusion Topic:
a. Signal the close of the speech Narrowing down a topic through listing:
b. Reinforce the main points
c. End strongly. SOME GUIDELINES IN SPEECH
WRITING
Principles of Effective Speech
Writing 1. Keep your words short and
simple. Your speech is meant to
1. Know your audience be heard, not read.
2. Consider the following:
 2. Avoid jargon, acronyms, or
technical words because they can
confuse your audience.
3. Make your speech more personal.
Use the personal pronoun ‘I’; but
do not overuse it. When you need
to emphasize collectiveness with
your audience, use the personal
pronoun ‘We’
4. Use active verbs and contractions
because they add to the personal
and conversational tone of your
speech.
5. Be sensitive to your audience. Be
very careful; with your language
jokes and non-verbal cues.
6. Use metaphors and other figures
of speech to effectively convey
your point.
7. Manage your time well, make sure
your speech falls under the time
limit.

STEPS IN WRITING A SPEECH

 Conducting an audience analysis.
 Determining the purpose of
speech
 Selecting a topic
 Narrowing down a topic
 Gathering data
 Selecting a speech pattern
 Preparing an outline
 Creating the body of the speech
 Preparing the introduction
 Preparing the conclusion
 Editing and/or revising
 Rehearsing