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Integration of Technology in Education and its Impact on Learning and

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DOI: 10.9734/AJESS/2023/v47i21021

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 Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies

Volume 47, Issue 2, Page 54-63, 2023; Article no.AJESS.101584

ISSN: 2581-6268

Integration of Technology in Education

and its Impact on Learning and
Teaching
Dickson Mdhlalose a* and Gloria Mlambo b
a
Department of Information and Communication Technology, National Electronic Media Institute of
South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa.
b
Department of Education, Basic Education Republic of South Africa, Mpumalanga, South Africa.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Both authors read and approved the
final manuscript.

Article Information
DOI: 10.9734/AJESS/2023/v47i21021

Open Peer Review History:

This journal follows the Advanced Open Peer Review policy. Identity of the Reviewers, Editor(s) and additional Reviewers,
peer review comments, different versions of the manuscript, comments of the editors, etc are available here:
https://www.sdiarticle5.com/review-history/101584

Received: 24/05/2023
Review Article Accepted: 06/07/2023
Published: 20/07/2023

ABSTRACT

This study seeks to understand the effects of technology on education: teaching and learning. All
the data used in this study comes from secondary sources. Information was gathered from several
sources, including peer-reviewed journal papers, published and unpublished dissertations, online
and print textbooks, and encyclopaedias. Findings: Evidence on the effects of technology is
contradictory, according to a review of the relevant literature. Thanks to information technology
developments, classroom collaboration between teachers and students is more efficient than ever.
It broadens their academic and intellectual horizons, making students more versatile in the
classroom. Due to the internet's accessibility, remote learning may now be supported by
technological means. Students can use search engines to conduct research. Hardware failures,
software incompatibilities between home and school, or non-existent internet connections, and
outdated program versions are just some of the dependability problems that students and teachers
face in the classroom. Because of developments in technology like graphical calculators, high-tech
gadgets, and small cameras, dishonest students may now easily gain an edge over their
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Corresponding author: Email: [email protected];

Asian J. Educ. Soc. Stud., vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 54-63, 2023
 Mdhlalose and Mlambo; Asian J. Educ. Soc. Stud., vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 54-63, 2023; Article no.AJESS.101584

classmates. Distractions in modern life may be traced back in large part to technological
advancements. Students' health might be negatively impacted by excessive technology usage.

Keywords: Education; learning; technology; teaching.

1. INTRODUCTION The graph of technological advancement has

increased and will continue to rise. Teachers are
The history of technology in education dates to making use of technology to help students in
the 1920s when radio broadcasting was first teaching, guidance, and mentoring. As for the
used to teach political science and history. In the students, their use of technology helps them in
1950s, the computer-based teaching system, research, learning and evaluation of their
programmed logic for automatic teaching performance [6] Since the last few decades, we
operations (PLATO), was developed at the are experiencing the digital transformation known
University of Illinois. The 1960s saw the advent as the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is
of audio and video cassettes which were used to defined by the merging of technologies and the
deliver lectures and educational content. The consequent dissolution of boundaries that
1970s and 1980s saw the introduction of separate the physical characteristics, electronic,
personal computers, which revolutionised and physiological realms. Moreover, it is
education. In the 1990s, the internet became associated with the presentation and use of
available to the masses and educational technology [7]. While technology is constantly
institutes started using it as a platform to deliver changing how we live, Gullan [8] argues that the
online courses and programmes. Today, education and training spheres are reaping their
technology has become an integral part of benefits. This study explores to know how
education. Virtual learning environments, online students may become excessively dependent on
courses and educational software have made technology for their learning which may limit their
learning accessible to anyone with an internet ability to learn and problem-solve on their own
connection. Innovations like artificial intelligence without the aid of technology.
(AI) and augmented reality are changing the way
students learn, making education more This study seeks to understand the effects of
personalised, engaging, and effective. technology on education: teaching and learning.
Education and contemporary technologies have
No longer are technologies exclusive to large
revolutionized the way we acquire knowledge
corporations and government structures (Baba,
and access information. Modern technologies
2014:75). Higher education has been
have made education more accessible and
significantly impacted by technology and its
practical than ever before. Teachers still follow
instruments, and this trend is expected to persist.
the conventional methods of instruction in use
This letter should not be disregarded given the
today, sometimes illuminating lessons with clips
exponential growth of information and
from YouTube or presentations using PowerPoint
communication technologies (ICT) [1,2]. Since
to highlight key ideas. It is obvious that students
technology advances, it may be implemented in
need to abandon these study habits and adopt
a variety of forms in a variety of fields, including
new learning strategies that will pique their
education. Ghavifekr et al. [3] argue that the use
interest in the subject matter, allow them to use
of ICT in the classroom is crucial for providing
their smart gadgets, and foster a sense of
students with opportunities to acquire and
community among classmates [9]. As a result,
implement the necessary 21st-century skills.
institutions and individuals invest heavily in
Despite widespread optimism about technology's
educational technology, including hardware,
potential to revolutionize the classroom, its usage
applications, connectivity to the Internet, and
remains mostly superficial [4]. Utilization of
other educational necessities [10].
technology in education has increased over time,
particularly (The Coronavirus Disease – 19
(COVID-19) pandemic has altogether changed 2. DATA COLLECTION METHOD
the traditional dynamics of teaching and learning
to online mode). This further necessitated the Data for this study were gleaned from secondary
use of computers and other electronic gadgets sources including peer-reviewed journal papers,
as the primary mode of technology which has published and unpublished dissertations, online
turned our lives completely different [5]. and print textbooks, and encyclopaedias.
According to Saunders et al. [11], Secondary

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data are advantageous as they do not need any several psychological, pedagogical, and
more work to gather or analyse, rather they give organisational problems, thereby strengthening
a nonintrusive measurement, and reanalysing information security rights, and protecting data in
them might lead to unanticipated discoveries and information networks [17]. These technological
lessons learned (P:351) tools' availability helps learners access the
relevant and latest theories and practices in
3. TOOLS NEEDED FOR TEACHING AND education.
LEARNING
4. USES OF ICT IN TEACHING AND
Understanding how computer science, as well as LEARNING
technology, may be used to improve education is
crucial in today's world when they play such a Learning has been and continues to be an
pervasive part in our everyday lives. Both ongoing process. In pursuit of their objectives,
students and teachers have benefited from the learners seek knowledge that exists through
widespread accessibility, low cost, and high conventional approaches [18]. This leads
productivity of technology gadgets and resources learners to anticipate and be open to exploring
[12]. Cloud computing is a model of delivering new sources of information, such as ICT or
computing resources, such as servers, storage, educational tools. Such results in learners
databases, software, and networking, over the expecting and willing to seek a new knowledge
internet. These resources are provided as a source ICT or learning tools [19]. Kent & Facer
service and are accessible to users on demand. [20] indicated that a school is a virtual setting in
Cloud computing allows businesses, which learners share a range of learning tools.
organizations, and individuals to access
computing resources quickly and easily, without Learning tools are the dominant tool for
the need for expensive hardware or educational change and reform [19]. It makes
infrastructure. The cloud computing model is wider entry to education, and learning can occur
based on the principle of resource sharing and anytime and anyplace. Through learning tools
pooling, allowing users to scale up or down their teaching, the environment becomes learner-
computing resources as needed, and pay only centred [21] as learners are actively directing
for what they use [13-15]. how learning occurs. Learning tools provide both
learners and teachers with educational
Pinchuk [17] suggested that electronic social affordances and possibilities [19]. Literature has
networking in teaching and learning has a found that following usages of ICT in teaching
synergistic consequence. However, pedagogical and learning has many advantages. The
strategies are beneficial in implementing a following are the uses of ICT in Teaching and
curriculum. Furthermore, electronic social Learning.
networking in education is connected to solving

Fig. 1. Model and characteristics of cloud computing [16]

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 Assist learners to access digital information three essential characteristics are needed to
efficiently and effectively; the use of ICT as a develop good quality teaching and learning
learning tool, learners devise learning with ICT: namely autonomy, capability, and
materials, find solutions, and solve problems creativity. According to Fu [19], autonomy
given to them or come across in real-life means that learners control their learning
situations, acquire usable knowledge and through ICT to become more capable of
understandable operation [22]. working by themselves and with others.
 Support learner-centred and self-directed Furthermore, he mentioned that teachers
learning; learners regularly engage in could authorise learners to complete specific
consequential usage Sanchez and Aleman, tasks with their peers or groups. Through
2011 [21], and build knowledge through collaborative learning with ICT, learners have
accessing, selecting, organising, and more opportunities to build new knowledge
interpreting data and information. onto their existing knowledge and become
 Produce creative learning surrounding; more confident to take risks and learn from
learners develop a new understanding of their mistakes. Serhan [27] concluded that
their learning areas [23]. More creative ICT fosters autonomy by allowing teachers to
solutions to different types of learning create their material, thus providing more
enquiries are provided using ICT. For control over learning content than possible in
example, in a Technology class, a traditional classroom.
Technological Kits are commonly used to  Once learners are positive towards learning
build prototypes modelling existing products. practices, they flourish in the capability to
Learners can access all types of apparatus apply and transfer knowledge while using
used in construction, mechanics, electrical new technology efficiently and effectively.
and processing at an early age, develop an For example, in a Technology design and
interest and later pursue a career in one of make-skill class, learners may be asked to
these career paths. Therefore, such learning design and make an electrical device that
involves purpose-designed applications that villages may use at home that notifies them if
provide innovative ways to meet a variety of they invade their homes during the night.
learning needs [19]. They are required not only to design but also
 Promote collaborative learning in a distance- to make a device that solves the problem.
learning environment, learners can Then, they make this model of the device
communicate, share and work collaboratively and present how it works or solves the
anywhere, at any time [24]. Through problem. Before completing the task, they
teleconferencing, learners can invite learners must know or investigate existing products
from around the world to gather based on the material's suitability, cost, and
simultaneously for a topic discussion [19], availability. Finding these existing products,
can analyse problems and explore ideas and evaluating them, and coming up with a better
develop concepts. Furthermore, learners not solution to the problem is another
only acquire knowledge together but also prerequisite for these learners.
share diverse learning experiences with one
another to express themselves and reflect on Therefore, learning tools are vital factors in
their learning [19]. effective teaching and learning, especially in a
 Offer opportunities to promote “critical Technology classroom. Technology
thinking skills”; a study conducted by teaching and learning become stressful for
McMahon [25] showed statistically significant teachers and learners as resources are scarce.
correlations between studying with ICT and Only improvisation or theory is done in
the acquisition of critical thinking skills. classrooms. Most learners feel no need
Learners exposed longer to the ICT to try or engage themselves as they must go and
environment emerge as learners with higher look for materials around them to work
critical thinking skills. Thus, schools strongly with as it is time-consuming and frustrating.
integrate Technology across all the learning Besides, in a technology classroom is mandatory
areas and among all levels [19] so that to have at least some form of tools,
learners can apply technology to the especially the basic technological Kits Tools, for
attainment of a higher level of cognition learners' motivation to ease their stress
within specific learning contexts. when creatively designing and making a
 Improve teaching and learning quality; in particular product in their design and making
studies conducted by Lowther et al. [26], class.

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5. LIMITATION OF ICT USE IN THE educators and learners should see this as an
CLASSROOM opportunity to overcome obstacles that are
preventing many individuals and institutions from
Not enough people have been trained to reaching their full potential [33]. Most students in
implement this new method of teaching and this survey agreed that using digital
learning, and those who are already in the field presentations in their technology courses would
need more instruction to make the most of the be beneficial and that doing so would help them
opportunities presented by modern classroom to think more critically and provide more
technology. Unfortunately, few educational reasoned responses in exams. The findings of
institutions can afford to invest in technology this study suggest, among other things, that
throughout the classroom. It takes a long time students in the experimental educational setting
because: - The integration of technology into the who participated in the intervention had better
classroom is a lengthy process. The quality of learning outcomes than their counterparts in the
classroom desktop computers and digital placebo group who had been taught using more
cameras is low. Computer problems: irregular conventional approaches. These successes and
power supply has been a major barrier to the outcomes are mirrored in students' engagement
successful implementation of computers in the with the material throughout the educational
classroom as a response to computer failure. process, and they were also evident in the post-
Osasebor and Oribhabor [28] note that the lack test, whereby the class performed much well
of power in rural regions is a barrier to the use of than the control group's performance [9].
computers in the classroom. Due to the
adaptability of the human mind and the With digital tools, today's students may travel the
limitations of technology, computers will never be world without ever leaving their desks.
able to replace human problem solvers. Incorporating a guest speaker into a session is a
Unfortunately, sometimes the tools we use to great way to provide variety and excitement.
teach with are just plain wrong [29]. Thanks to advancements in video conferencing
technology, we may easily have a guest lecturer
One of the problems with technology is that it from across the country or across the world join
isn't always easy to use. Because not everyone our class for an in-person discussion. It is simple
can afford to acquire the most cutting-edge to set up a video chat with students at another
technology, schools and other educational school. All children, including shy youngsters
institutions should invest in it so that pupils, as who would not normally raise their hands in
well as teachers, may use it to study [5]. More class, are involved in online surveys and other
and more educators are beginning to see the digital tools. Using online engagement tools,
value of incorporating electronic resources and instructors can routinely check in with their
tools into the classroom [30]. However, Gressard students and ask for feedback on course
and Loyd [31] suggested that educators' materials and assignments. Understanding
perspectives on the use of technology in the where students are having difficulty may also be
classroom are crucial. They noted that not all gleaned through student perspectives. By
educators have a favourable outlook on encouraging student participation and providing
technology, which might spell trouble for immediate feedback, response systems for the
computer-based initiatives. Teacher mindsets classroom foster good digital citizenship.
and opinions might prevent the full integration of Education technology may also facilitate the use
technology into the instructional design [32], of quizzes as an active learning technique. With
even though technology offers numerous novel the use of social media, whiteboards with
possibilities for addressing problems including interactive elements, and other tools, students
methods of learning, student-centred teaching, may get right into working on a project together
and the reinforcement of higher-order thought in class, where they can easily connect with one
processes. another and build off each other's concepts.
Students are free to work together regardless of
6. EMPIRICAL REVIEW OF THE their location or socioeconomic status. Students
EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGY ON may now easily take part in impromptu
EDUCATION conversations and get prompt responses to any
questions or concerns they may have about a
The use of technology in the classroom has both topic. This helps students to complete their
beneficial and potential implications. Both assignments at different times due to factors

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including autonomous learning and individual at home, which in turn leads to poor performance
differences [34]. in academics, extracurriculars, and even sports.
There has been a dramatic deterioration in
An in-depth familiarity with both the medium and writing abilities because of the widespread use of
the theory behind online education is an asset to computers in the classroom. In addition, today's
the field. The contribution of human intellect to students are so used to employing keyboard
the creation of strategies and knowledge is shortcuts for everything from video games to
crucial. Concepts and technologies are social media chats that they often employ the
susceptible to interactional and experiential same strategies while writing. Students relying
procedures. The primary and most prevalent goal on autocorrect do not learn proper grammatical
of educational technologists is to increase use, cursive writing, or word spelling. Students
productivity, which includes both intellectual have grown apathetic because of the widespread
growth and the efficiency of the educational usage of laptop computers in the classroom. As
process. Every detail counts when it comes to well as pupils' delicate motor skills have suffered
putting technology into action; it is about more as a result [5].
than just equipment [35]. Teachers and students
can work together more effectively in the Hardware failures, incompatibilities between
classroom. It broadens their horizons home and school software, sluggish or non-
intellectually and academically, preparing them existent internet connections, and antiquated
for a range of roles in the field of education. program versions are just some of the reliability
Using a wide range of technology and software, issues that students and teachers face at school.
the classroom experience is enriched. The Technological lag, such as poor wireless fidelity
potential of incorporating cutting-edge innovation (Wi-Fi), causes lessons to run late because
into educational materials and procedures is materials take too long to load, students'
enormous. Individualized teaching, the use of assignments don't get submitted on time, and
multidimensional and digital media assistance their laptops shut down during examinations,
material, and effective and efficient management among other problems. Investing in cutting-edge
of various educational institutions are only a few technology is expensive; hiring a trainer and
of the numerous demands and necessities of the purchasing the necessary gear will add up
modern day that are met by this technology [36]. quickly [37,38]. Ajayi [39] said that IT-assisted
education offers four primary benefits, which he
To educate and learn about new technologies, explained in detail below. (a). IT's ability to
schools and other educational institutions need facilitate the exchange of knowledge and
to have access to them. However, not everyone resources has a positive effect on the quality of
can afford to acquire the most cutting-edge education provided to educators. (b). It
devices outright. Teachers and students who are accelerates the rate at which new educators may
interested in using a scarce resource may have be produced. (c) It can accommodate many
to wait for many hours before getting their turn. students and allow them to receive instruction
They may have to spend time getting to and from regardless of their physical location, making
school to use the equipment, which might be education more widely available. Education
inconvenient. If the technology is novel to the becomes less capital-intensive as IT-assisted
market, there will likely be fewer people who are solutions minimize or eliminate the need for large
familiar with how to utilize it, making it more financial expenditures to replicate large
difficult to locate a competent teacher. Cheating classrooms, labs, and libraries.
methods are also becoming more sophisticated
as technology develops. College students invent The writing abilities of today's youth have been
novel strategies and tools to excel in impacted very significantly due to the widespread
examinations. Graphical devices such as use of internet conversing and alternatives.
calculators, technologically advanced watches, Students these days spend so much time typing
small cameras, and similar items have evolved messages that they have completely abandoned
into reliable exam-cheating aids due to the art of writing. They are unable to write in
technological progress. They may be more cursive, utilize good language, or spell correctly.
motivated to learn thanks to technology, but Modern innovations like graphical calculators,
instructors often report that it is difficult to get high-tech gadgets, and small cameras have
them to stop texting or playing games during given dishonest students a leg up on the
class. Addiction to these things prevents competition. Students may more easily and
students from concentrating on their schoolwork discreetly copy and paste formulae and take

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notes using graphing calculators. Many students advantageous for both the student's
now enjoy using Short Message Services development and the instructor's sense of
(SMS) or text messaging as a kind of recreation. accomplishment. Students retain greater
It is not uncommon to see a student fiddling with information when they have opportunities to
their iPhone or other mobile device in the car, at engage with visual content [41] for the reason to
night, or even in class. Having constant access the increased usage of technology in the
to the internet has been linked to a decline in classroom.
students' attention and performance in the
classroom [33] as well as in various One negative effect of pupils' increased reliance
extracurricular endeavours. on technology is that they are becoming more
introverted and less interested in interacting with
According to Durak and Saritepec's [40] findings, others. They get dependent on technology very
students' average scores on the study's intra- quickly, which leads to even greater
classroom interaction and behaviour dependence. Another big cause of distraction in
management sub-scale were greater than those modern life is technology. They do not bother to
on the other sub-scales item counts. The lowest really study anything, instead opting to access
average ratings were found in the category of the many false claims that populate the web.
classroom order and instruction. Teachers' Their ability to learn is hindered by the availability
usage of technology had a minor impact on of irrelevant and improper information. Students'
classroom management. Except for daily internet social skills are being hampered by the fast
usage, there was no statistically significant development of technology in the classroom.
relationship between teachers' degree of They are losing their ability to think
utilization of technology in the classroom and independently and are instead becoming more
their ability to maintain order in the classroom. reliant. They are becoming less resourceful
The notion that using a collaborative board in the because of their increased reliance on
classroom improved classroom management technology. Students' health suffers from
popped out when reviewing the findings collected overexposure to technology. The effects of
from qualitative data. The employment of the technology on health extend beyond the
dynamic whiteboard as a presenting tool in the physiological to the psychological. Obesity,
classroom may have contributed to this reduced blood flow, a bent spine, poor posture,
impression. Teachers, on the other hand, said headaches, and impaired vision are just some of
that tablet usage in the classroom resulted in the possible physical consequences. Being
challenges with time management, poor student distracted, anxiety, and depressive disorders are
conduct, and occasional disruptions during class. all possible mental or psychological impacts.
Most students squander their spare time on the
Arguably the most obvious positive effect of Internet, despite its potential usefulness. A
technology within the classroom is the student's learning is hindered when they spend
democratization of knowledge. The availability of too much time on non-essential research [41,42]
both historical and current data is facilitated. The and squander their time on useless material.
accessibility of information on the internet has
facilitated the use of technology to facilitate 7. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS
distance education. Due to the internet's
accessibility and simplicity, technology has With the advent of video conferencing
facilitated distance education. One of the major technology, it is the same for a professor to join
factors that boost originality is the convenience us in class from across the county or even from
with which information can be accessed thanks anywhere across the globe. A video conversation
to technological advancements; when people with pupils from another school may be set up
have an idea or notice something interesting, quickly and easily. Students who may be too
they can simply Google it and find a wealth of bashful to raise their hands in class are
related information, which in turn expands their nonetheless encouraged to participate in online
horizons and inspires more originality. Students polls and other digital tools. Teachers may more
are more likely to pay attention and remain easily monitor their classes and collect student
focused when they engage with technology in the feedback using online engagement tools.
classroom. Using technology in the classroom Students may get directly into working on a
increases students' ability to remember what project together in class with the use of social
they have learned for longer. When a student media, whiteboards with interactive components,
grasps a concept with complete dedication, it is and other technologies, making it easy to

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connect with one another and build off one 8. RECOMMENDATIONS

another's ideas. It doesn't matter where they live
or how much money they have, students are free In this multi-modal digital era, technology is
to collaborate with one another. Thanks to IT considered a prerequisite tool for an academic
developments, classroom collaboration between institution to function and flourish. These tools
teachers and students is more efficient than ever. are hardware tools that include Monitor,
It broadens their academic and intellectual Motherboard, Keyboard, Tablets, and Mouse.
horizons, making students more versatile in the Software tools include learning management
classroom. A variety of hardware and software software, Operating Systems, Application
are used to improve the educational Software, Data, and the internet. With this
environment. Technology's beneficial impact on significance in view, technology is and continues
the classroom is the increased accessibility of to be an integral part of private organizations for
educational materials. Both past and present conducive learning.
information may be easily accessed. Due to the
internet's accessibility, remote learning may now COMPETING INTERESTS
be supported by technological means. When
students utilize technology in the classroom, they Authors have declared that no competing
are more likely to pay attention and keep it up. interests exist.
Students retain more of what they learn when
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