Approved and recommended by the Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, during its meeting held on

25th May 2022, for further consideration by the University of Delhi

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) IN MATHEMATICS

Skill enhancement (SEC) Courses in Mathematics
(For B.Sc./B.A.(Hons.), Multidisciplinary with 3 core and 2 core courses)

General Elective (GE) Courses in Mathematics

(For B.Sc./B.A. (Hons.), other than Mathematics Honours)

Discipline, DSC, DSE and GE papers in Mathematics

(For Bachelor in Multidisciplinary with 3 core and 2 core courses)

UNDERGRADUATE CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK (UGCF) – 2022

BASED ON
NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY 2020

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF DELHI
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Framework Details and Syllabi of Semesters I and II

Table of Contents
Serial No. Item Page Number

1 Preamble i to iv

2 Proposed Framework - B.Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics 1

3 Core Courses - B.Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics 2

3.1 DSC-1: Algebra 2

3.2 DSC-2: Elementary Real Analysis 4

3.3 DSC-3: Probability and Statistics 6

3.4 DSC-4: Linear Algebra 8

3.5 DSC-5: Calculus 10

3.6 DSC-6: Ordinary Differential Equations 12

4 Skill Enhancement Courses (SEC) 14

4.1 SEC-1: Computer Algebra Systems 15

4.2 SEC-2: Data Analysis and Visualization using R 17

5 General Elective (GE) Courses 19

5.1 GE-1(i): Fundamentals of Calculus 20

5.2 GE-1(ii): Theory of Equations and Symmetries 22

5.3 GE-2(i): Analytic Geometry 24

5.4 GE-2(ii): Introduction to Linear Algebra 26

6 Discipline, DSC, DSE and GE courses for Bachelor in 28

Multidisciplinary courses with 3 core Disciplines
6.1 Discipline A-1: Topics in Calculus 29
6.2 Discipline A-2: Elementary Linear Algebra 31
6.3 GE-1(i): Fundamentals of Calculus 33

6.4 GE-1(ii): Theory of Equations and Symmetries 35

6.5 GE-1(iii): Analytic Geometry 37

6.6 GE-2(i): Analytic Geometry 39

6.7 GE-2(iii): Introduction to Graph Theory 41

6.8 GE-2(iv): Theory of Equations and Symmetries 43

7 Discipline, DSC, DSE and GE courses for Bachelor in 45
Multidisciplinary courses with 2 core Disciplines
7.1 DSC-1: Elements of Discrete Mathematics 46
7.2 Discipline A-1: Topics in Calculus 48
7.3 DSC-2: Analytic Geometry 50

7.4 Discipline A-2: Elementary Linear Algebra 52

Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Preamble
Historical perspective, philosophical basis, and contemporary realities of higher education are
fundamentals of the National Education Policy 2020 adopted by Government of India.
University of Delhi has taken huge initiative to encompass these crucial pillars while rolling
out Undergraduate Curriculum Framework from 2022. Department of Mathematics is very
happy to contribute significantly in this journey and designed a creative and fitting framework.

Employers across the globe have natural demand for Mathematics (Honours) degree graduate
holders as they are trained for logical thinking and have appreciable skills for formulating
good problems from particular situation and eventually solving them and for their ability for
analytical processing and generating viable mathematical models. Typically, a graduate in
Mathematics is ready for stepping into the world of research and teaching. Besides this, they
are well set for taking up jobs and/or pursue higher studies pertaining to Accountancy and
Finance, Banking, Insurance, Actuarial Science, Earth Sciences, Bio-Mathematical Sciences,
Coding theory, Information Theory, Cryptography and Network Security, Interdisciplinary
areas of Computer Science, Operational Research and Statistics including Machine Learning
and Data Science, Environmental Sciences, Defence Studies and many more.

Department of Mathematics at the University of Delhi is serving the cause of higher

education in India and abroad since 1947. Many of its alumnus have done exceptionally well
in the academic field and have served or are serving in several key positions across the globe.
Our department is also known for providing excellent and efficient officers at various key
Government and Private organizations.

There has been a paradigm shift in the focus of higher education leading to learner-centric
approach. Mathematics is usually described as the abstract science of number, quantity and
space along with their operations. The scope of mathematics is very broad and it has a wide
range of applications in Natural Sciences, Engineering, Medicine, Economics and Social
Sciences. To build a strong theoretical foundation with the goal of nurturing the needs and
aspirations of students in mathematics as well as the evolving nature of mathematics as a
subject, the department of mathematics has designed the new curriculum for the four-year
undergraduate programme popular as UGCF-2022 under New Education Policy 2020,
reflecting the following student centric features:

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Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Employability: Of key importance is the theme of integrating mathematical and professional

skills. Pursuing a degree in mathematics will introduce the students to several interesting and
useful ideas in preparations for a number of allied and interdisciplinary careers. The well-
structured programme will empower our students better with skills and knowledge leading to
enhanced career opportunities across the range of sectors including the ones described above.

Flexible Exit: In order to support students for early exits due to their personal choices or
situations, the curriculum aims to develop employability skills early while retaining the
outcomes of the four-year degree anticipating that majority of the students will go for the full
four-year degree. Since Analysis and Algebra are the soul of mathematics, it is planned to
begin them early so that the students can develop good sense of abstractness in the first year.
At the same time students are familiarized with the skills in Linear Algebra, Differential
Equations including Analysis of real-life Mathematical Models, Probability and Statistics.

Flexible Choices: The programme covers the full range of courses, from classical Calculus
to modern Cryptography, Information Theory, Network Security, Advanced Mechanics and
Machine Learning. The course lays a structured foundation of Calculus, Real & Complex
Analysis, Abstract Algebra, Differential Equations (including Mathematical Modeling),
Geometry of Curves and Surfaces, Linear Analysis and Topology. Courses to be offered
during the four-year program and Interdisciplinary programs includes Probability and
Statistics, Linear Programming, Numerical Methods, Mathematical Finance, Coding Theory,
Mechanics, Biomathematics, Dynamical Systems, Integral Transforms, Mathematical Data
Science, Optimization Techniques, Discrete Mathematics, Industrial Mathematics and
Machine Learning. Also hand on sessions in Computer Lab using various Computer Algebra
Systems (CAS) soft wares such as SageMath, Mathematica, MATLAB, Maxima and R with
Simulation using Spreadsheet and LaTeX to have a deep conceptual understanding of the
above tools are carried out to widen the horizon of students’ self-experience.

Multidisciplinary: Plethora of choices (Generic Electives: GE) are available to students

from other disciplines. Those who want to earn a minor in Mathematics will be required to
earn minimum 28 credits from several GE courses of mathematics. However, a student
pursuing four-year undergraduate programme in more than one discipline as core courses, for
example B.A. Social Sciences/Humanities, B.Sc. Life Sciences, B.Sc. Physical Sciences,

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Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

B.Sc. Mathematical Sciences, B. Com. and such other programmes shall be awarded
appropriate Honours degree with Major in a Discipline on completion of VIII Semester, if
he/she secures in that Discipline 80 credits out of a total of 176 credits. He/she shall study 6
DSCs and at least 3 DSEs in mathematics in the first six semesters and 2 DSCs, 6 DSEs and
write dissertation in mathematics in the VII and VIII semesters.

Research and other Avenues: Students are provided flexibility to opt for writing a
dissertation (on major, minor, or combination of two) or opt for Academic Projects or
Entrepreneurship depending upon their choice and their future plan, post completion of their
formal education. In order to build strong foundation for research, the curriculum provides
opportunity to the students beyond the traditional classroom to explore the area of their
specialization in the final semesters VII and VIII. An amalgam of papers having flavour in
abstract and applicable mathematics with application-oriented papers in DSC, DSE and SEC
pool provides enough tools to take up research projects in the final year thus carving the path
towards research. The framework also provides a mandatory programme on research
methodologies as one of the DSE courses at the VI and VII semester for students who opt for
writing dissertation on major / minor at VII and VIII semesters.

Department of Mathematics is conscious of addressing Discipline Specific Graduate

Attributes (DSGA) such as:

Disciplinary Knowledge: Capability of demonstrating comprehensive knowledge of basic

concepts and ideas in mathematics and its subfields, and its applications to other disciplines.

Communication Skills: Ability to communicate various concepts of mathematics, in an

effective and coherent manner both in writing and orally, ability to present the complex
mathematical ideas in clear, precise and confident way, ability to explain the development
and importance of mathematics and ability to express thoughts and views in mathematically
or logically correct statements.

Critical Thinking and Analytical Reasoning: Ability to apply critical thinking in

understanding the concepts in mathematics and allied areas; identify relevant assumptions,
hypothesis, implications or conclusions; formulate mathematically correct arguments; ability
to analyze and generalize specific arguments or empirical data to get broader concepts.

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Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Problem Solving: Capacity to use the gained knowledge to solve different kinds of non-
familiar problems and apply the learning to real world situations; Capability to solve
problems in computer graphics using concepts of linear algebra; Capability to apply the
knowledge gained in differential equations to solve specific problems or models in operation
research, physics, chemistry, electronics, medicine, economics, finance etc.

Research-related Skills: Capability to ask and inquire about relevant/appropriate questions,

ability to define problems, formulate hypotheses, test hypotheses, formulate mathematical
arguments and proofs, draw conclusions; ability to write clearly the results obtained.
Information/digital Literacy: Capacity to use ICT tools in solving problems or gaining
knowledge; capacity to use appropriate software and programming skills to solve problems in
mathematics.

Self-directed Learning: Ability to work independently, ability to search relevant resources

and e-content for self-learning and enhancing knowledge in mathematics.

Moral and Ethical Awareness/Reasoning: Ability to identify unethical behaviour such as

fabrication or misrepresentation of data, committing plagiarism, infringement of intellectual
property rights.

Lifelong Learning: Ability to acquire knowledge and skills through self-learning that helps
in personal development and skill development suitable for changing demands of work place.

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 Proposal for DSC and DSE papers of B.Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics under UGCF2022

Sem. DSC DSE

DSC-1: Algebra (3L + 1T)
DSC-2: Elementary Real Analysis (3L + 1T)
I
DSC-3: Probability and Statistics (3L + 1P)
DSC-4: Linear Algebra (3L + 1T)
II DSC-5: Calculus (3L + 1T)
DSC-6: Ordinary Differential Equations (3L + 1P)
DSC-7: Group Theory (3L + 1T) DSE-1 (Any one from the following)
DSC-8: Riemann Integration (3L + 1T) (i) Graph Theory (3L + 1T)
III DSC-9: Discrete Mathematics (3L + 1P) (ii) Mathematical Python (3L + 1P)
(iii) Number Theory (3L + 1T)
DSC-10: Sequences and Series of Functions (3L + 1T) DSE-2 (Any one from the following)
DSC-11: Multivariate Calculus (3L + 1T) (i) Mathematical Data Science (3L + 1P)
IV DSC-12: Numerical Analysis (3L + 1P) (ii) Mathematical Modeling (3L + 1P)
(iii) Mechanics (3L + 1T)
DSC-13: Metric Spaces (3L + 1T) DSE-3 (Any one from the following)
DSC-14: Ring Theory (3L + 1T) (i) Biomathematics (3L + 1T)
V DSC-15: Partial Differential Equations (3L + 1P) (ii) Linear Programming and Applications (3L + 1T)
(iii) Mathematical Statistics (3L + 1T)
DSC-16: Advanced Group Theory (3L + 1T) DSE-4 (Any one from the following)
DSC-17: Advanced Linear Algebra (3L + 1T) (i) Mathematical Finance (3L + 1P)
VI DSC-18: Complex Analysis (3L + 1P) (ii) Integral Transforms (3L + 1T)
(iii) Research Methodology (3L + 1P)
Choose at least one and at most three out of the
following (DSE-5, DSE-6, DSE-7):
(i) Advanced Differential Equations (3L + 1P)
(ii) Dynamical Systems (3L + 1P)
VII DSC-19: Linear Analysis (3L + 1T) (iii) Fundamentals of Topology (3L + 1T)
(iv) Information Theory and Coding (3L + 1T)
(v) Optimization (3L + 1T)
(vi) Research Methodology (3L + 1P)
Choose at least one and at most three out of the
following (DSE-8, DSE-9, DSE-10):
(i) Advanced Mechanics (3L + 1T)
(ii) Cryptography and Network Security (3L + 1T)
VIII DSC-20: Field Theory and Galois Extension (iii) Fourier Series and Boundary Value Problems (3L + 1T)
(3L + 1T) (iv) Geometry of Curves and Surfaces (3L + 1T)
(v) Integral Equations and Calculus of Variations (3L+1T)
(vi) Machine Learning (3L + 1P)

3L = 3 Hours Lecture; 1T = 1 Hour Tutorial; 1P = 2 Hours Practical.

Note: Size of the group for practical papers is recommended 15-20 students in computer lab and 8-12 students for tutorials.
At least two courses (from each DSE-1 to 4) and four courses (from each DSE-5 to 7; 8 to 10) shall be offered by the College.

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Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

B.Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics (Sem I)

DSC-1: Algebra

Total Marks: 100 (Theory: 75, Internal Assessment: 25) Examination: 3 Hrs.
Workload: 3 Lectures, 1 Tutorial (per week) Credits: 4 Duration: 14 Weeks

Course Objectives: The primary objective of this course is to introduce the basic tools of theory of
equations, number theory, and group theory. Symmetry group of a plane figure, basic concepts of
cyclic groups and classification of subgroups of cyclic groups shall also be introduced.

Course earning Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:
i) Determine number of positive/negative real roots of a real polynomial in one variable.
ii) Solve cubic and quartic polynomial equations with special condition on roots and in general.
iii) Employ De-Moivre’s theorem in a number of applications to solve numerical problems.
iv) Use modular arithmetic and basic properties of congruences.
v) Recognize the algebraic structure, namely groups, and classify subgroups of cyclic groups.

Unit 1: Theory of Equations and Complex Numbers

General properties of polynomials and equations, Fundamental theorem of algebra, Relations
between the roots and the coefficients, Upper bounds for the real roots; Theorems on imaginary,
integral and rational roots; Newton’s method for integral roots, Descartes’ rule of signs; De-
Moivre’s theorem for integer and rational indices and their applications, The nth roots of unity,
Cardan’s solution of the cubic, Descartes’ solution of the quartic equation.
Unit 2: Basic Number Theory
Division algorithm in ℤ, Divisibility and the Euclidean algorithm, Fundamental theorem of
arithmetic, Modular arithmetic and basic properties of congruences.

Unit 3: Basics of Group Theory

Groups, Basic properties, Symmetries of a square, Dihedral group, Order of a group, Order of an
element, Subgroups, Center of a group, Centralizer of an element, Cyclic groups and properties,
Generators of a cyclic group, Classification of subgroups of cyclic groups.

References:
1. Andreescu, Titu & Andrica, D. (2014). Complex numbers from A to...Z. (2nd ed.). Birkhäuser.
2. Dickson, Leonard Eugene (2009). First Course in the Theory of Equations. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. The Project Gutenberg eBook: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/29785
3. Gallian, Joseph. A. (2017). Contemporary Abstract Algebra (9th ed.). Cengage Learning
India Private Limited, Delhi. Indian Reprint 2021.
4. Goodaire, Edgar G., & Parmenter, Michael M. (2006). Discrete Mathematics with Graph
Theory (3rd ed.). Pearson Education Pvt. Ltd. Indian Reprint 2018.

Additional Readings:
i. Burnside, W.S., & Panton, A.W. (1979), The Theory of Equations, Vol. 1. Eleventh Edition,
(Fourth Indian Reprint. S. Chand & Co. New Delhi), Dover Publications, Inc.
ii. Burton, David M. (2011). Elementary Number Theory (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education
Pvt. Ltd. Indian Reprint.
iii. Rotman, Joseph J. (1995). An Introduction to The Theory of Groups (4th ed.). Springer-
Verlag, New York.

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Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Teaching Plan (DSC-1: Algebra):

Weeks 1 to 4: Polynomials, The remainder and factor theorem, Synthetic division, Factored form
of a polynomial, Multiple roots, Fundamental theorem of algebra, Relations between the roots and
the coefficients of polynomial equations, Upper bounds for the real roots, Results on imaginary,
integral and rational roots, Newton’s method for integral roots, Descartes’ rule of signs.
[2] Chapter II, and Chapter VI (Section 67).

Weeks 5 and 6: Polar representation of complex numbers, De-Moivre’s theorem for integer and
rational indices and their applications, The nth roots of unity, Cardan’s solution of the cubic,
Descartes’ solution of the quartic equation.
[1] Chapter 2 [Sections 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.3, 2.2.1, 2.2.2 (up to Figure 2.8, page 48), and 2.2.3)]
[2] Chapter IV (Sections 42, 43, and 51).

Weeks 7 and 8: Statement of well ordering principle. The division algorithm in ℤ, Divisibility and
the Euclidean algorithm.
[4] Chapter 4 [Sections 4.1 (4.1.1 to 4.1.6), and 4.2 (4.2.1 to 4.2.11)].

Weeks 9 and 10: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic, Modular arithmetic and basic properties of
congruences.
[4] Chapter 4 [Sections 4.3 (4.3.7 to 4.3.9), and 4.4].

Weeks 11 and 12: Groups, Basic properties, Symmetries of a square, Dihedral group, Order of a
group, Order of an element, Subgroups, Center of a group, Centralizer of an element.
[3] Chapters 1, 2 and 3.

Weeks 13 and 14: Cyclic groups and properties, Generators of a cyclic group, Classification of
subgroups of cyclic groups.
[3] Chapter 4.

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Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

B.Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics (Sem I)

DSC-2: Elementary Real Analysis

Total Marks: 100 (Theory: 75, Internal Assessment: 25) Examination: 3 Hrs.
Workload: 3 Lectures, 1 Tutorial (per week) Credits: 4 Duration: 14 Weeks

Course Objectives: The course will develop a deep and rigorous understanding of real line
with algebraic, order and completeness properties to prove the results about convergence and
divergence of sequences and series of real numbers. These concepts have wide range of
applications in real life.
Course Learning Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:
i) Understand the fundamental properties of the real numbers, including completeness and
Archimedean, and density property of rational numbers in .
ii) Learn to define sequences in terms of functions from to a subset of and find the limit.
iii) Recognize bounded, convergent, divergent, Cauchy and monotonic sequences and to
calculate the limit superior and limit inferior of a bounded sequence.
iv) Apply limit comparison, ratio, root, and alternating series tests for convergence and
absolute convergence of infinite series of real numbers.

Unit 1: Real Number System

Algebraic and order properties of , Absolute value of a real number, Bounded above and bounded
below sets, Supremum and infimum of a non-empty subset of , The completeness property of ,
Archimedean property, Density of rational numbers in .

Unit 2: Sequences
Sequences and their limits, Convergent sequence, Limit theorems, Monotone sequences,
Monotone convergence theorem, Subsequences, Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem for sequences,
Limit superior and limit inferior for bounded sequence, Cauchy sequence, Cauchy’s convergence criterion.

Unit 3: Infinite Series

Convergence and divergence of infinite series of real numbers, Necessary condition for
convergence, Cauchy criterion for convergence, Tests for convergence of positive term series,
Integral test, Basic comparison test, Limit comparison test, D’Alembert’s ratio test, Cauchy’s nth
root test, Alternating series, Leibniz test, Absolute and conditional convergence.

References:
1. Bartle, Robert G., & Sherbert, Donald R. (2011). Introduction to Real Analysis (4th ed.).
John Wiley & Sons. Wiley India Edition 2015.
2. Bilodeau, Gerald G., Thie, Paul R., & Keough, G. E. (2010). An Introduction to Analysis
(2nd ed.). Jones and Bartlett India Pvt. Ltd. Student Edition. Reprinted 2015.
3. Denlinger, Charles G. (2011). Elements of Real Analysis. Jones and Bartlett India Pvt. Ltd.
Student Edition. Reprinted 2015.

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Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Additional Readings:
i. Aliprantis C. D., & Burkinshaw, O. (1998). Principles of Real Analysis (3rd ed.). Academic Press.
ii. Ross, Kenneth A. (2013). Elementary Analysis: The Theory of Calculus (2nd ed.). Undergraduate
Texts in Mathematics, Springer. Indian reprint.
iii. Thomson, B. S., Bruckner, A. M., & Bruckner, J. B. (2001). Elementary Real Analysis. Prentice Hall.

Teaching Plan (DSC-2: Elementary Real Analysis):

Weeks 1 to 3: Algebraic and order properties of , Absolute value of a real number, Bounded
above and bounded below sets, Supremum and infimum of a nonempty subset of , The
completeness property of .
[1] Chapter 2 (Sections 2.1 to 2.3).

Week 4: Archimedean property, Density of rational numbers in .

[1] Chapter 2 [Section 2.4 (except 2.4.2 and 2.4.7)].

Weeks 5 and 6: Sequences and their limits, Convergent sequence, Limit theorems.
[1] Chapter 3 [Sections 3.1 (except 3.1.8 and 3.1.9), and 3.2].

Week 7: Monotone sequences, Monotone convergence theorem and applications.

[1] Chapter 3 (Section 3.3).

Week 8: Subsequences, Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem, Notion of limit superior and limit inferior
for bounded sequence with illustrations.
[1] Chapter 3 [Section 3.4 (with Theorems 3.4.7 and 3.4.11 without proofs)].

Week 9: Cauchy sequences of real numbers and Cauchy’s convergence criterion.

[1] Chapter 3 [Section 3.5 (3.5.1 to 3.5.6, except 3.5.6(a))].

Week 10: Convergence and divergence of infinite series, Sequence of partial sums of infinite
series, Necessary condition for convergence, Cauchy criterion for convergence of series.
[3] Chapter 8 [Section 8.1 (with Theorem 8.1.10 without proof)].

Weeks 11 and 12: Tests for convergence of positive term series: Statement of the integral test and
convergence of p-series, Basic comparison test, Limit comparison test with, Ratio and root tests.
[3] Chapter 8 [Section 8.2 (with Theorems 8.2.3, 8.2.13, 8.2.16, and 8.2.18 without proofs)].

Weeks 13 and 14: Alternating series, Leibniz test, Absolute and conditional convergence.
[2] Chapter 6 [Section 6.2 (with Theorem 6.2.9 without proof)].

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Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

B.Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics (Sem I)

DSC-3: Probability and Statistics

Total Marks: 125 (Theory: 75, Internal Assessment: 25, and Practical: 25) Examination: 3 Hrs.
Workload: 3 Lectures, 1 Practical (2 Hours) (per week) Credits: 4 Duration: 14 Weeks

Course Objectives: To make the students familiar with the basic statistical concepts and tools which
are needed to study situations involving uncertainty or randomness. The course intends to render the
students to several examples and exercises that blend their everyday experiences with their scientific
interests to form the basis of data science.

Course Learning Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:
i) Understand some basic concepts and terminology—population, sample, descriptive and
inferential statistics including stem-and-leaf plots, dotplots, histograms and boxplots.
ii) Learn about probability density functions and various univariate distributions such as
binomial, hypergeometric, negative binomial, Poisson, normal, exponential and lognormal.
iii) Understand the remarkable fact that the empirical frequencies of so many natural populations,
exhibit bell-shaped (i.e., normal) curves, using the Central Limit Theorem.
iv) Measure the scale of association between two variables, and to establish a formulation helping
to predict one variable in terms of the other, i.e., correlation and linear regression.

Unit 1: Descriptive Statistics, Probability, and Discrete Probability Distributions

Descriptive statistics: Populations, Samples, Stem-and-leaf displays, Dotplots, Histograms, Qualitative
data, Measures of location, Measures of variability, Boxplots; Sample spaces and events, Probability
axioms and properties, Conditional probability, Bayes’ theorem and independent events; Discrete
random variables and probability distributions, Expected values; Probability distributions: Binomial,
geometric, hypergeometric, negative binomial, Poisson, and Poisson distribution as a limit.

Unit 2: Continuous Probability Distributions

Continuous random variables, Probability density functions, Uniform distribution, Cumulative
distribution functions and expected values, The normal, exponential and lognormal distributions.

Unit 3: Central Limit Theorem and Regression Analysis

Sampling distribution and standard error of the sample mean, Central Limit Theorem and applications;
Scatterplot of bivariate data, Regression line using principle of least squares, Estimation using the
regression lines; Sample correlation coefficient and properties.

Reference:
1. Devore, Jay L. (2016). Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences (9th ed.).
Cengage Learning India Private Limited. Delhi. Indian Reprint 2020.

Additional Reading:
i. Mood, A. M., Graybill, F. A., & Boes, D. C. (1974). Introduction to the Theory of
Statistics (3rd ed.). Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Co. Ltd. Reprinted 2017.

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Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

List of Practicals:
Software labs using Microsoft Excel or any other spreadsheet.
1. Presentation and analysis of data (univariate and bivariate) by frequency tables,
descriptive statistics, stem-and-leaf plots, dotplots, histograms, boxplots,
comparative boxplots, and probability plots ([1] Section 4.6).
2. Fitting of binomial, Poisson and normal distributions.
3. Illustrating the Central Limit Theorem through Excel.
4. Fitting of regression line using the principle of least squares.
5. Computation of sample correlation coefficient.

Teaching Plan (DSC-3: Probability and Statistics):

Weeks 1 and 2: Descriptive statistics: Populations, Samples, Stem-and-leaf displays, Dotplots,
Histograms, Qualitative data, Measures of location, Measures of variability, Boxplots.
[1] Chapter 1.
Weeks 3 and 4: Sample spaces and events, Probability axioms and properties, Conditional
probability, Bayes’ theorem and independent events.
[1] Chapter 2.

Weeks 5 and 6: Discrete random variables and probability distributions, Expected values;
Probability distributions with their mean and variance: Binomial, geometric, hypergeometric,
negative binomial, Poisson, and Poisson distribution as a limit.
[1] Chapter 3.

Weeks 7 and 8: Continuous random variables, Probability density functions, Uniform distribution,
Cumulative distribution functions and expected values.
[1] Chapter 4 (Sections 4.1 and 4.2).

Weeks 9 and 10: Normal and standard normal distributions with their percentiles, Approximating
the binomial distribution; Exponential distribution, Lognormal distribution.
[1] Chapter 4 [Sections 4.3, 4.4 (up to Example 4.22 page 172), and 4.5 (Definition page 179 to
Example 4.27)].

Weeks 11 and 12: Sampling distribution and standard error of the sample mean, Central Limit
Theorem and applications.
[1] Chapter 5 (Section 5.4).

Weeks 13 and 14: Scatterplot of bivariate data, Regression line using principle of least squares
(statement with normal equations), Predicted values and the residuals, Error sum of squares,
Coefficient of determination, The sample correlation coefficient and properties.
[1] Chapter 12 [Sections 12.1 (up to Example 12.2), 12.2, and 12.5 (up to page number 529)].

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Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

B.Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics (Sem II)

DSC-4: Linear Algebra

Total Marks: 100 (Theory: 75, Internal Assessment: 25) Examination: 3 Hrs.
Workload: 3 Lectures, 1 Tutorial (per week) Credits: 4 Duration: 14 Weeks

Course Objectives: The objective of the course is to introduce the concept of vectors in ℝ𝑛 . The
concepts of linear independence and dependence, rank and linear transformations has been
explained through matrices. Various applications of vectors in computer graphics and movements in
a plane has also been introduced.

Course Learning Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:
i) Visualize the space ℝ𝑛 in terms of vectors and the interrelation of vectors with matrices.
ii) Familiarize with basic concepts in vector spaces, linear independence and span of vectors
over a field.
iii) Learn about the concept of basis and dimension of a vector space.
iv) Basic concepts of linear transformations, dimension theorem, matrix representation of a
linear transformation with application to computer graphics.

Unit 1: Matrices and System of Linear Equations

Fundamental operations with vectors in Euclidean space ℝ𝑛 , Linear combinations of vectors, Dot
product and their properties, Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, Triangle inequality, Solving linear
systems using Gaussian elimination, Gauss-Jordan row reduction, Reduced row echelon form,
Equivalent systems, Rank and row space, Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Eigenspace, Diagonalization,
Characteristic polynomial of a matrix, Cayley-Hamilton theorem.

Unit 2: Introduction to Vector Spaces

Vector spaces, Subspaces, Algebra of subspaces, Linear combination of vectors, Linear span,
Linear independence, Bases and dimension, Dimension of subspaces.

Unit 3: Linear Transformations

Linear transformations, Null space, Range, Rank and nullity of a linear transformation, Matrix
representation of a linear transformation, Algebra of linear transformations, Invertibility and
isomorphisms; Application: Computer Graphics-Fundamental movements in a plane, homogenous
coordinates, composition of movements.

References:
1. Andrilli, S., & Hecker, D. (2016). Elementary Linear Algebra (5th ed.). Elsevier India.
2. Friedberg, Stephen H., Insel, Arnold J., & Spence, Lawrence E. (2003). Linear Algebra (4th
ed.). Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

Additional Readings:
i. Lay, David C., Lay, Steven R., & McDonald, Judi J. (2016). Linear Algebra and its
Applications (5th ed.). Pearson Education.
ii. Kolman, Bernard, & Hill, David R. (2001). Introductory Linear Algebra with Applications
(7th ed.). Pearson Education, Delhi. First Indian Reprint 2003.
iii. Hoffman, Kenneth, & Kunze, Ray Alden (1978). Linear Algebra (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall of
India Pvt. Limited. Delhi. Pearson Education India Reprint, 2015.

8
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Teaching Plan (DSC-4: Linear Algebra):

Weeks 1 and 2: Fundamental operation with vectors in Euclidean space ℝ𝑛 , Linear combinations
of vectors, Dot product and their properties, Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, Triangle inequality.
[1] Chapter 1 [Sections 1.1 and Section 1.2 (up to Theorem 1.8)].

Weeks 3 and 4: Solving system of linear equations using Gaussian elimination, Gauss-Jordan row
reduction, Reduced row echelon form.
[1] Chapter 2 (Sections 2.1, and 2.2).

Weeks 5 and 6: Equivalent systems, Rank and row space of a matrix, Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors,
Eigenspace, Diagonalization, Characteristic polynomial of a matrix, Cayley-Hamilton theorem.
[1] Chapter 2 [Section 2.3 (Lemma 2.8 and Theorem 2.9 without proofs)].
[1] Chapter 3 [Section 3.4 (up to Example 8, Page 197)], and
Chapter 5 [Cayley Hamilton Theorem with example on Page 401].

Weeks 7 and 8: Fields, Vector spaces, Subspaces, Algebra of subspaces, Linear combination of
vectors, Linear span.
[2] Chapter 1 (Sections 1.2 to 1.4).

Week 9 and 10: Linear independence, Bases and dimension, Dimension of subspaces.
[2] Chapter 1 (Sections 1.5, and 1.6 up to Example 20, page 51).

Weeks 11 and 12: Linear transformations, Null space, Range, Rank and nullity of a linear
transformation, Matrix representation of a linear transformation.
[2] Chapter 2 (Sections 2.1 and 2.2).

Weeks 13 and 14: Algebra of linear transformations, Invertibility and isomorphisms; Application:
Computer graphics – Fundamental movements in a plane, homogenous coordinates, and
composition of movements.
[2] Chapter 2 [Sections 2.3 (up to Example 2, page 89), and 2.4 (up to Theorem 2.21, page 104)].
[1] Chapter 8 (Section 8.7).

9
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

B.Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics (Sem II)

DSC-5: Calculus

Course Objectives: The primary objective of this course is to introduce the basic tools of calculus,
also known as “science of variation”, which provides a way of viewing and analyzing the real-world.
Course Learning Outcomes: This course will enable the students to understand:
i) The notion of limits, continuity and uniform continuity of functions.
ii) Geometrical properties of continuous functions on closed and bounded intervals.
iii) Applications of derivative, relative extrema and mean value theorems.
iv) Higher order derivatives, Taylor’s theorem, indeterminate forms and tracing of curves.
Unit 1: Limits and Continuity
Limits of functions (  −  and sequential approach), Algebra of limits, Squeeze theorem, One-
sided limits, Infinite limits and limits at infinity; Continuous functions and its properties on closed
and bounded intervals; Uniform continuity.
Unit 2: Differentiability and Mean Value Theorems
Differentiability of a real-valued function, Algebra of differentiable functions, Chain rule, Relative
extrema, Interior extremum theorem, Rolle’s theorem, Mean-value theorem and its applications,
Intermediate value theorem for derivatives.
Unit 3: Successive Differentiation, Taylor’s Theorem and Tracing of Plane Curves
Higher order derivatives and calculation of the nth derivative, Leibnitz’s theorem; Taylor’s
theorem, Taylor’s series expansions of e x ,sin x, and cos x; Indeterminate forms, L’Hôpital’s rule;
Concavity and inflexion points; Singular points, Asymptotes, Tracing graphs of rational functions
and polar equations.

References:
1. Anton, Howard, Bivens, Irl, & Davis, Stephen (2013). Calculus (10th ed.). John Wiley &
Sons Singapore Pvt. Ltd. Reprint (2016) by Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.
2. Bartle, Robert G., & Sherbert, Donald R. (2011). Introduction to Real Analysis (4th ed.).
John Wiley & Sons. Wiley India Edition 2015.
3. Prasad, Gorakh (2016). Differential Calculus (19th ed.). Pothishala Pvt. Ltd. Allahabad.
4. Ross, Kenneth A. (2013). Elementary Analysis: The Theory of Calculus (2nd ed.).
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer. Indian reprint.

Additional Readings:
i. Apostol, T. M. (2007). Calculus: One-Variable Calculus with an Introduction to Linear
Algebra (2nd ed.). Vol. 1. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.
ii. Ghorpade, Sudhir R. & Limaye, B. V. (2006). A Course in Calculus and Real Analysis.
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer (SIE). Indian reprint.

10
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Teaching Plan (DSC-5: Calculus):

Weeks 1 and 2: Limits of functions (  −  and sequential approach), Algebra of limits, One-sided
limits, Infinite limits and limits at infinity.
[2] Chapter 4.

Weeks 3 and 4: Continuous functions (  −  approach and sequential continuity) and its various
properties on closed and bounded interval [a, b] viz., boundedness and maximum-minimum value
theorem, Intermediate value theorem and the preservation of intervals theorem.
[4] Chapter 3 (Sections 17, and 18).

Weeks 5: Uniform continuity of real-valued functions.

[4] Chapter 3 [Section 19 (up to Example 6, except 19.3)].

Weeks 6 and 7: Differentiability of a function, Algebra of differentiable functions and chain rule.
[4] Chapter 5 (Section 28).

Weeks 8 and 9: Relative extrema, Interior extremum theorem, Rolle’s theorem, Mean-value
theorem and its applications, Intermediate value property of derivatives.
[4] Chapter 5 (Section 29).

Weeks 10 and 11: Higher order derivatives, Calculation of the nth derivative, Leibnitz’s theorem;
Taylor’s theorem, Taylor’s series expansions of e x , sin x, and cos x.
[3] Chapter 5.
[4] Chapter 5 [Section 31(31.2 to 31.4 up to Example 1)].

Week 12: Indeterminate forms, L’Hôpital’s rule.

[1] Chapter 6 (Section 6.5).

Weeks 13 and 14: Concavity and inflexion points; Singular points (cusp, node and conjugate
point), Tangents at the origin and nature of singular points; Concepts of asymptotes parallel to
axes and oblique, Graphing rational functions and polar equations.
[1] Chapter 3 [Section 3.1 (3.1.3 to 3.1.5)].
[3] Chapter 11 (Sections 11.1 to 11.3).
[1] Chapter 3 (Section 3.3), and Chapter 10 (Section 10.2).

11
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

B.Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics (Sem II)

DSC-6: Ordinary Differential Equations

Total Marks: 125 (Theory: 75, Internal Assessment: 25, and Practical: 25) Examination: 3 Hrs.
Workload: 3 Lectures, 1 Practical (2 Hours) (per week) Credits: 4 Duration: 14 Weeks

Course Objectives: The main objective of this course is to introduce the students to the exciting
world of differential equations, their applications and mathematical modeling.

Course Learning Outcomes: The course will enable the students to:
i) Learn basics of differential equations and compartmental models.
ii) Formulate differential equations for various mathematical models.
iii) Solve first order non-linear differential equations, linear differential equations of higher
order and system of linear differential equations using various techniques.
iv) Apply these techniques to solve and analyze various mathematical models.

Unit-1: First-Order Differential Equations

Concept of implicit, general and singular solutions for the first order ordinary differential
equation; Bernoulli’s equation, Exact equations, Integrating factors, Initial value problems,
Reducible second order differential equations; Applications of first order differential equations
to Newton's law of cooling, exponential growth and decay problems.

Unit-2: Second and Higher-Order Differential Equations

General solution of homogenous equation of second order, Principle of superposition for a
homogenous equation, Wronskian and its properties, Linear homogeneous and non-
homogeneous equations of higher order with constant coefficients, Method of variation of
parameters, Method of undetermined coefficients, Two-point boundary value problems, Cauchy-
Euler’s equation, System of linear differential equations, Application of second order differential
equation: Simple pendulum problem.

Unit-3: Formulation and Analysis of Mathematical Models

Introduction to compartmental models, Lake pollution model; Density-dependent growth model,
Interacting population models, Epidemic model of influenza and its analysis, Predator-prey
model and its analysis, Equilibrium points, Interpretation of phase plane.

References:
1. Barnes, Belinda & Fulford, Glenn R. (2015). Mathematical Modeling with Case Studies,
Using Maple and MATLAB (3rd ed.). CRC Press. Taylor & Francis Group.
2. Edwards, C. Henry, Penney, David E., & Calvis, David T. (2015). Differential Equations
and Boundary Value Problems: Computing and Modeling (5th ed.). Pearson Education.
3. Ross, Shepley L. (2014). Differential Equations (3rd ed.). Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.

Additional Reading:
i. Simmons, George F. (2017). Differential Equations with Applications and Historical
Notes (3rd ed.). CRC Press. Taylor & Francis Group.

12
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

List of Practicals:
Practical / Lab work to be performed in a Computer Lab: Modeling of the following problems
using SageMath/Mathematica/MATLAB/Maple/Maxima/Scilab etc.
1. Solutions of first, second and third order differential equations.
2. Plotting of family of solutions of differential equations of first, second and third order.
3. Solution of differential equations using method of variation of parameters.
4. Growth and decay model (exponential case only).
5. Lake pollution model (with constant/seasonal flow and pollution concentration).
6. Density-dependent growth model.
7. Predatory-prey model (basic Volterra model, with density dependence, effect of DDT,
two prey one predator).
8. Epidemic model of influenza (basic epidemic model, contagious for life, disease with carriers).

Teaching Plan (DSC-6: Ordinary Differential Equations):

Weeks 1 to 3: Concept of implicit, general and singular solutions for the first order ordinary
differential equation; Bernoulli’s equation, Exact equations, Integrating factors, Initial value
problems, Reducible second order differential equations.
[2] Chapter 1 (Sections 1.1, 1.4 (up to Example 2), and 1.6)
[3] Chapter 2

Week 4: Applications of first order differential equations to Newton's law of cooling, exponential
growth and decay problems.
[2] Chapter 1 (Section 1.4, Pages 35 to 38).

Weeks 5 to 7: General solution of homogenous equation of second order, Principle of

superposition for a homogenous equation, Wronskian and its properties, Linear homogeneous and
non-homogeneous equations of higher order with constant coefficients.
[2] Chapter 3 (Sections 3.1 to 3.3).

Weeks 8 to 10: Method of variation of parameters, Method of undetermined coefficients, Two-

point boundary value problems, Cauchy-Euler’s equation, System of linear differential equations,
Application of Second order differential equation: Simple pendulum problem.
[2] Chapter 3 [Sections 3.4 (Pages 174 to 177) and 3.5].
[3] Chapter 1 (Section 1.3), Chapter 4 (Section 4.5), and Chapter 7 [Section 7.1 (Example 7.4)].

Weeks 11 and 12: Introduction to compartmental models, Lake pollution model, Density-
dependent growth model.
[1] Chapter 2 (Sections 2.1, 2.5, and 2.6), and Chapter 3 (Section 3.2)

Weeks 13 and 14: Interacting population models, Epidemic model of influenza and its analysis,
Predator-prey model and its analysis, Equilibrium points, Interpretation of phase plane.
[1] Chapter 5 (Sections 5.1, 5.2, and 5.4), and Chapter 6 (Sections 6.1, 6.2, and 6.4).

13
 Proposal of SEC papers for Mathematics Hons., Other Hons. Courses,
Multidisciplinary 3 core and 2 core Discipline Courses under UGCF2022

Semester SEC (1L + 1P = 2 credits)

I SEC-1: Computer Algebra Systems

II SEC-2: Data Analysis and Visualization using R

III SEC-3: Exploratory Data Analysis using R

IV SEC-4: Mathematical Typesetting System: LaTeX

SEC-5: Simulation using Spreadsheet

V

SEC-6: Network Flows

VI

1L = 1 Hour Lecture; 1P = 2 Hours Practical.

Note: Size of the group for practical papers is recommended 15-20 students in computer lab.

14
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Skill Enhancement Paper

SEC-1: Computer Algebra Systems

Total Marks: 75 (Theory: 38, Internal Assessment: 12, and Practical: 25) Examination: 2 Hrs.
Workload: 1 Lecture, 1 Practical (2 Hours) (per week) Credits: 2 Duration: 14 Weeks

Course Objectives: This course aims at providing basic knowledge to Computer Algebra Systems
(CAS) and their programming language in order to apply them for plotting functions, finding roots
to polynomials, matrix operations, solving system of linear equations, checking continuity of
functions, computing limits and derivatives, and solving ordinary differential equations.

Course Learning Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:
i) Use CAS as a calculator and for plotting functions.
ii) Understand the role of CAS finding roots of polynomials and solving general equations.
iii) Use CAS to understand matrix operations and to find eigenvalues of matrices.
iv) Employ CAS for computing limits, derivatives, definite and indefinite integrals.

Unit 1: Introduction to CAS and Applications

Computer Algebra System (CAS), Use of a CAS as a calculator, Floating point arithmetic,
Arbitrary precision, Getting help, Defining functions, Plotting functions 2D and 3D,
Customizing plots, Animating plots; Producing table of values, Working with piecewise defined
functions, Combining graphics.

Unit 2: Applications in Algebra

Factoring, Expanding and finding roots of polynomials, Working with rational and trigonometric
functions, Solving general equations, Matrix operations (transpose, determinant, and inverse),
Computing eigenvalues and eigenvectors of square matrices, Solving system of linear equations.

Unit 3: Applications in Calculus

Computing limits, Checking continuity of functions; Computing derivatives, definite and
indefinite integrals; Solving ordinary differential equations.

References:
1. Bindner, Donald & Erickson, Martin (2011). A Student’s Guide to the Study, Practice, and
Tools of Modern Mathematics. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
2. Torrence, Bruce F. & Torrence, Eve A. (2009). The Student’s Introduction to Mathematica®:
A Handbook for Precalculus, Calculus, and Linear Algebra (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3. Bard, Gregory V. (2015). Sage for Undergraduates, American Mathematical Society.
4. Zimmermann, Paul (2018). Computational Mathematics with SageMath (1st ed.).
Society for Industrial & Applied Mathematics (SIAM), U.S. https://www.sagemath.org/sagebook/

Note: Practicals are to be done in computer lab using SageMath/Maxima/Mathematica/

Maple/MATLAB/Scilab or any other open-source software.

15
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Teaching Plan (SEC-1: Computer Algebra Systems):

Practicals and theory should cover the following topics:
Weeks 1 and 2: Use of a CAS as a calculator, Floating point arithmetic, Arbitrary precision,
Getting help, Defining functions.

Weeks 3 to 6: Plotting functions 2D and 3D, Customizing plots, Animating plots; Producing
Table of values, Working with piecewise defined functions, Combining graphics.

Weeks 7 to 9: Factoring, Expanding and finding roots of polynomials, Working with rational
and trigonometric functions, Solving general equations.

Weeks 10 and 11: Matrix operations (transpose, determinant, and inverse), Computing
eigenvalues and eigenvectors of square matrices, Solving systems of linear equations.

Week 12: Computing limits, Checking continuity of functions, Computing derivatives.

Weeks 13 and 14: Computing definite and indefinite integrals, Solving ordinary differential equations.

16
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Skill Enhancement Paper

SEC-2: Data Analysis and Visualization using R

Total Marks: 75 (Theory: 38, Internal Assessment: 12, and Practical: 25) Examination: 2 Hrs.
Workload: 1 Lecture, 1 Practical (2 Hours) (per week) Credits: 2 Duration: 14 Weeks

Course Objectives: The course aims at familiarizing students with the practical use of statistical
software R. The emphasis will be on understanding the basic concepts, data types, data analysis
and graphical representation.

Course Learning Outcomes: The course will enable the students to understand the use of
statistical software R including:
i) Installation, basic calculations, logical operations, matrices, arrays, lists, writing
R-function, and packages.
ii) Data input from keyboard, files, built- in data files.
iii) Data frames, subscripts, indices, selecting rows, omitting rows.
iv) Data representation by plotting two or more variables using scatter plots, box-plots, bar-
plots, histograms, pie-charts, and pairs function.

Unit 1: Getting Started and Essentials of R

Installation and running, Getting help, Packages, Variables storage management, Calculations,
Logical operations, Generating sequences, Coercing, Missing values, Vectors and subscripts,
Sorting, Ranking and ordering, Matrices and arrays, Saving R-files.

Unit 2: Data Input and Data Frames

Data input from keyboards, Files, Scan, Built-in data files, File paths, Data frames, Subscripts
and indices, Selecting rows, Sorting, Omitting rows.

Unit 3: Graphics
Two variables plot, Scatter plots, Box-plots, Bar-plots, Histograms, Time-series, Pie-chart and
plot with multiple variables: Pairs function.

Reference:
1. Crawley, Michael J. (2013). The R Book (2nd ed.). Wiley. Indian reprint.

Additional Readings:
i. Gardener, M. (2012): Beginning R: The Statistical Programming Language, Wiley.
ii. Peng, Roger D. (2019): R programming for Data Science. Lean Publishing.

17
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Practicals to be done in the computer lab using statistical software R for the analysis of the
following Data sets using relevant commands:
a) Built-in datasets: iris, mtcars, airmiles, air quality, Titanic.
b) Web-based datasets: https://data.gov.in/ (All India Pin-Code Directory, Panchayati
Finance Data), https://www.worldometers.info (Corona Data).

Teaching Plan: (SEC-2: Data Analysis and Visualization using R)

Week 1: [1]: 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6, 1.10, and 2.1

Week 2: [1]: 2.2 to 2.4
Week 3: [1]: 2.5, 2.6, and 2.7.7
Week 4: [1]: 2.8.1 to 2.8.4, and 2.8.6
Week 5: [1]: 2.15.1 to 2.15.5
Week 6: [1]: 2.16.1 to 2.16.3
Week 7: [1]: 3.1 to 3.3
Week 8: [1]: 3.10, and 3.11
Week 9: [1]: 4.1 to 4.4
Week 10: [1]: 4.5, and 5.1
Week 11: [1]: 5.2, and 5.6.1
Week 12: [1]: 5.7.1, and 5.7.2
Week 13: [1]: 5.7.7, 5.7.8, and 5.8.1
Week 14: Analysis of all commands using datasets.

18
 Proposal for
GE papers of Mathematics for
B.Sc./ B.A.(Hons) (other than Mathematics) courses under UGCF2022
Semester GE (Generic Elective)
I GE-1(i): Fundamentals of Calculus (3L + 1T)
or
GE-1(ii): Theory of Equations and Symmetries (3L + 1T)

II GE-2(i): Analytic Geometry (3L + 1T)

or
GE-2(ii): Introduction to Linear Algebra (3L + 1T)

III GE-3(i): Differential Equations (3L + 1T)

or
GE-3(ii): Lattices and Number Theory (3L + 1T)

IV GE-4(i): Elements of Analysis (3L + 1T)

or
GE-4(ii): Linear Programming (3L + 1T)

V GE-5(i): Numerical Methods (3L + 1P)

or
GE-5(ii): Mathematical Python (3L + 1P)

VI GE-6(i): Introduction to Mathematical Modeling (3L + 1P)

or
GE-6(ii): Discrete Dynamical Systems (3L + 1P)

VII Choose maximum two

GE-7 & 8 (i) : Coding Theory (3L + 1T)
GE-7 & 8 (ii) : Financial Mathematics (3L + 1P)
GE-7 & 8 (iii): Information Theory (3L + 1T)
GE-7 & 8 (iv): Introduction to Graph Theory (3L + 1T)
VIII Choose maximum two
GE-9 & 10 (i) : Biostatistics (3L + 1T)
GE-9 & 10 (ii) : Cryptography (3L + 1T)
GE-9 & 10 (iii): Introduction to Machine Learning (3L + 1P)
GE-9 & 10 (iv): Optimization Techniques (3L + 1T)

3L = 3 Hours Lecture; 1T = 1 Hour Tutorial; 1P = 2 Hours Practical.

Note: Size of the group for practical papers is recommended 15-20 students in computer lab and 8-12 students for tutorials.

19
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

B.Sc. (Hons)/B.A. (Hons) (other than Mathematics) (Sem I)

GE-1(i): Fundamentals of Calculus

Total Marks: 100 (Theory: 75, Internal Assessment: 25) Examination: 3 Hrs.
Workload: 3 Lectures, 1 Tutorial (per week) Credits: 4 Duration: 14 Weeks

Course Objectives: Calculus is referred as 'Mathematics of change' and is concerned with

describing the precise way in which changes in one variable relate to the changes in another.
Through this course, students can understand the quantitative change in the behaviour of the
variables and apply them on the problems related to the environment.
Course Learning Outcomes: The students who take this course will be able to:
i) Understand continuity and differentiability in terms of limits.
ii) Describe asymptotic behavior in terms of limits involving infinity.
iii) Understand the importance of mean value theorems and its applications.
iv) Learn about Maclaurin’s series expansion of elementary functions.
v) Use derivatives to explore the behavior of a given function, locating and classifying its
extrema, and graphing the polynomial and rational functions.

Unit 1: Continuity and Differentiability of Functions

Limits and continuity, Types of discontinuities; Differentiability of functions; Successive
differentiation: Calculation of the nth derivatives, Leibnitz theorem; Partial differentiation, Euler’s
theorem on homogeneous functions.

Unit 2: Mean Value Theorems and its Applications

Rolle’s theorem, Mean value theorems and applications to monotonic functions and inequalities;
Expansion of functions: Taylor’s theorem, Taylor’s series, Maclaurin’s series expansion of
𝑒 𝑥 , sin 𝑥 , cos 𝑥 , log( 1 + 𝑥) and (1 + 𝑥)𝑚 ; Indeterminate forms.

Unit 3: Tracing of Curves

Concavity and inflexion points, Asymptotes (parallel to axes and oblique), Relative extrema,
Tracing graphs of polynomial functions, rational functions, and polar equations.

References:
1. Anton, Howard, Bivens, Irl, & Davis, Stephen (2013). Calculus (10th ed.). Wiley India
Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. International Student Version. Indian Reprint 2016.
2. Prasad, Gorakh (2016). Differential Calculus (19th ed.). Pothishala Pvt. Ltd. Allahabad.

Additional Reading:
i. Thomas Jr., George B., Weir, Maurice D., & Hass, Joel (2014). Thomas’ Calculus (13th
ed.). Pearson Education, Delhi. Indian Reprint 2017.

20
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Teaching Plan (GE-1(i): Fundamentals of Calculus):

Weeks 1 and 2: Limits and continuity, Types of discontinuities.

[1] Chapter 1 (Theorems without proofs).
[2] Chapter 2 (Section 2.7).

Week 3: Differentiability of functions.

[1] Chapter 2 (Section 2.2).
[2] Chapter 3 (Section 3.2).

Week 4: Successive differentiation, Leibnitz theorem.

[2] Chapter 5.

Week 5: Partial differentiation, Euler’s theorem on homogeneous functions.

[2] Chapter 12 [Section 12.2 (12.21 without proof, exclude 12.22 and 12.23), and Section 12.3].

Weeks 6 and 7: Rolle’s theorem, Mean value theorems and applications to monotonic functions
and inequalities.
[2] Chapter 7 (Sections 7.4 to 7.6).

Weeks 8 and 9: Taylor’s theorem with Lagrange’s and Cauchy’s forms of remainders, Definition
and examples of convergent sequences and series, Taylor’s series, Maclaurin’s series expansion
of 𝑒 𝑥 , sin 𝑥 , cos 𝑥 , log( 1 + 𝑥), and (1 + 𝑥)𝑚 .
[2] Chapter 6 (Brief introduction of convergence from the Sections 6.1 and 6.2).
[2] Chapter 7 (Sections 7.7 and 7.8).

Week 10: Indeterminate forms.

[1] Chapter 6 (Section 6.5).
[2] Chapter 16 (Examples and Exercises).

Weeks 11 and 12: Concavity and inflexion points, Asymptotes (parallel to axes and oblique).
[1] Chapter 3 [Section 3.1 (3.1.3 to 3.1.5)].
[2] Chapter 9 (Sections 9.1 to 9.4).

Weeks 13 and 14: Relative extrema, Tracing graphs of polynomial and rational functions.
[1] Chapter 3 (Sections 3.2 and 3.3), and Chapter 10 (Section 10.2).

21
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

B.Sc. (Hons)/B.A. (Hons) (other than Mathematics) (Sem I)

GE-1(ii): Theory of Equations and Symmetries

Total Marks: 100 (Theory: 75, Internal Assessment: 25) Examination: 3 Hrs.
Workload: 3 Lectures, 1 Tutorial (per week) Credits: 4 Duration: 14 Weeks

Course Objectives: The goal of this paper is to acquaint students with certain ideas about
integral roots, rational roots, an upper bound on number of positive or negative roots of a
polynomial, and finding roots of cubic and quartic equations in special cases using elementary
symmetric functions and in general using Cardon’s and Descartes’ methods, respectively.

Course Learning Outcomes: After completion of this paper, the students will be able to:
i) Understand the nature of the roots of polynomial equations and their symmetries.
ii) Solve cubic and quartic polynomial equations with special condition on roots and in general.
iii) Find symmetric functions in terms of the elementary symmetric polynomials.

Unit 1: Polynomial Equations and Properties

General properties of polynomials and equations; Fundamental theorem of algebra and its
consequences; Theorems on imaginary, integral and rational roots; Descartes’ rule of signs for
positive and negative roots; Relations between the roots and coefficients of equations,
Applications to solution of equations when an additional relation among the roots is given;
De Moivre’s theorem for rational indices, the nth roots of unity and symmetries of the solutions.

Unit 2: Cubic and Biquadratic (Quartic) Equations

Transformation of equations (multiplication, reciprocal, increase/diminish in the roots by a given
quantity), Removal of terms; Cardon’s method of solving cubic and Descartes’ method of
solving biquadratic equations.

Unit 3: Symmetric Functions

Elementary symmetric functions and symmetric functions of the roots of an equation; Newton’s
theorem on sums of the like powers of the roots; Computation of symmetric functions such as
1  2 + 
           2   
 −3
(  +  −  )   +  , of polynomial equations;
2 2 2 2 2
, , , , , ,

Transformation of equations by symmetric functions and in general.

References:
1. Burnside, W.S., & Panton, A.W. (1979). The Theory of Equations (11th ed.). Vol. 1.
Dover Publications, Inc. (4th Indian reprint. S. Chand & Co. New Delhi).
2. Dickson, Leonard Eugene (2009). First Course in the Theory of Equations. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. The Project Gutenberg eBook: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/29785

Additional Reading:
i. Prasad, Chandrika (2017). Text Book of Algebra and Theory of Equations. Pothishala Pvt Ltd.

22
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Teaching Plan (GE-1(ii): Theory of Equations and Symmetries):

Weeks 1 and 2: General properties of polynomials and equations; Statement of the Fundamental
theorem of algebra and its consequences.
[1] Chapter I (Sections 8, 9 and 10); Chapter II (Sections 12 to 17).
[2] Chapter II (Sections 13 to 19)

Weeks 3 and 4: Theorems on imaginary, integral and rational roots; Descartes’ rule of signs for
positive and negative roots.
[1] Chapter II (Sections 18 to 22).
[2] Chapter II (Sections 21, 24, 25 and 27), and Chapter VI [Section 67]
(Proofs of theorems in the Chapters II and VI are omitted).

Weeks 5 and 6: Relations between the roots and coefficients of equations, Applications to
solution of equations when an additional relation among the roots is given.
[1] Chapter III (Sections 23 and 24).
[2] Chapter II (Sections 20).

Weeks 7 and 8: De Moivre’s theorem for rational indices, the nth roots of unity and symmetries
of the solutions; Transformation of equations (multiplication, reciprocal, increase/diminish in the
roots by a given quantity), Removal of terms.
[1] Chapter III (Section 26); Chapter IV (Sections 29 to 34).
[2] Chapter I (Sections 7 to 10).

Weeks 9 and 10: Cardon’s method of solving cubic and Descartes’ method of solving
biquadratic equations.
[1] Chapter VI (Sections 56 and 64).
[2] Chapter IV (Sections 42, 43, 51 and 52).

Weeks 11 and 12: Elementary symmetric functions and symmetric functions of the roots of an
equation; Newton’s theorem on sums of the like powers of the roots.
[2] Chapter IX (Sections 103 to 106, methods only).
[1] Chapter VIII (Section 77, method only).

Weeks 13 and 14: Computation of symmetric functions such as:

1  2 + 
 ,   2 ,  2  ,  ,  −3 ,  (  +  −  ) ,  of polynomial equations;
2 2 2
,
 
2
 +
Transformation of equations by symmetric functions and in general.
[1] Chapter III (Sections 27 and 28); Chapter IV (Sections 39, 41 and 44).
[2] Chapter IX (Section 109, methods only).

23
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

B.Sc. (Hons)/B.A. (Hons) (other than Mathematics) (Sem II)

GE-2(i): Analytic Geometry

Total Marks: 100 (Theory: 75, Internal Assessment: 25) Examination: 3 Hrs.
Workload: 3 Lectures, 1 Tutorial (per week) Credits: 4 Duration: 14 Weeks

Course Objectives: The course aims at identifying and sketching curves, studying three
dimensional objects, their geometric properties and applications. Use of vector approach to
three-dimensional geometry makes the study simple and elegant.

Course Learning Outcomes: The course will enable the students to:
i) Learn concepts in two-dimensional geometry.
ii) Identify and sketch conics namely, ellipse, parabola and hyperbola.
iii) Learn about three-dimensional objects such as straight lines and planes using vectors,
spheres, cones and cylinders.

Unit-1: Conic Sections

Techniques for sketching parabola, ellipse and hyperbola; Reflection properties of parabola,
ellipse, hyperbola, and their applications to signals; Classification of quadratic equation
representing lines, parabola, ellipse and hyperbola; Rotation of axes; Second degree equations.

Unit-2: Vectors, Lines and Planes

Rectangular coordinates in 3-dimensional space, vectors viewed geometrically, vectors in
coordinate systems and vectors determined by length and angle; Dot product; Projections; Cross
product, scalar triple product, vector triple product and their geometrical properties; Parametric
equations of lines, direction cosines and direction ratios of a line, vector and symmetric
equations of lines, angle between two lines; Planes in 3-dimensional space, coplanarity of two
lines, angle between two planes, distance of a point from a plane, angle between a line and a
plane, distance between parallel planes; Shortest distance between two skew lines.

Unit-3: Sphere, Cone and Cylinder

Equation of a sphere, plane section of sphere, tangents and tangent plane to a sphere; Equation
of a cone, enveloping cone of a sphere, Reciprocal cones and right circular cone; Equation of a
cylinder, enveloping cylinder and right circular cylinder.

References:
1. Anton, Howard, Bivens, Irl, & Davis, Stephen (2013). Calculus (10th ed.). John Wiley
& Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd. Indian reprint (2016) by Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.
2. Narayan, Shanti & Mittal, P. K. (2007). Analytical Solid Geometry. S. Chand & Company
Pvt Ltd. India.

Additional Readings:
i. Bell, Robert J.T. (1972). An Elementary Treatise on Coordinate Geometry of Three
Dimensions. Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London.
ii. George B. Thomas, Jr., & Ross L. Finney (2012). Calculus and Analytic Geometry (9th
ed.). Pearson Indian Education Services Pvt Ltd. India.
24
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Teaching Plan (GE-2(i): Analytic Geometry):

Weeks 1 and 2: Techniques for sketching parabola, ellipse and hyperbola with problem solving;
Reflection properties of parabola, ellipse, hyperbola and their applications to signals.
[1] Chapter 10 (Section 10.4).

Weeks 3 and 4: Classification of quadratic equation representing lines, parabola, ellipse and
hyperbola; Rotation of axes; Second degree equations.
[1] Chapter 10 (Section 10.5).

Weeks 5 and 6: Rectangular coordinates in 3-dimensional space, vectors viewed geometrically,

vectors in coordinate systems and vectors determined by length and angle; Dot product;
Projections; Cross product, scalar triple product, vector triple product and their geometrical
properties.
[1] Chapter 11 [Sections 11.1 (up to Example 1), 11.2 to 11.4].

Weeks 7 and 8: Parametric equations of lines, direction cosines and direction ratios of a line,
vector and symmetric equations of lines, angle between two lines.
[1] Chapter 11 (Section 11.5)
[2] Chapter 1 (Sections 1.6, and 1.9).

Weeks 9 and 10: Planes in 3-dimensional space, coplanarity of two lines, angle between two
planes, distance of a point from a plane, angle between a line and a plane, distance between
parallel planes; Shortest distance between two skew lines.
[1] Chapter 11 (Section 11.6)
[2] Chapter 3 (Section 3.6).

Weeks 11 and 12: Equation of a sphere, Plane section of sphere, Tangents and tangent plane to
a sphere; Equation of a cone, enveloping cone of a sphere.
[2] Chapter 6 (Sections 6.1.1, 6.1,2, 6.1.3, 6.3.1, and 6.6)
[2] Chapter 7 (Sections 7.1, 7.1.1, and 7.1.2).

Weeks 13 and 14: Reciprocal cones and right circular cone; Equation of a cylinder, enveloping
cylinder and right circular cylinder.
[2] Chapter 7 (Sections 7.4.2, 7.4.3, 7.6 to 7.8).

25
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

B.Sc. (Hons)/B.A. (Hons) (other than Mathematics) (Sem II)

GE-2(ii): Introduction to Linear Algebra

Total Marks: 100 (Theory: 75, Internal Assessment: 25) Examination: 3 Hrs.
Workload: 3 Lectures, 1 Tutorial (per week) Credits: 4 Duration: 14 Weeks

Course Objectives: The objective of the course is to introduce the concept of vectors in ℝ𝑛 ,
understanding the nature of solution of system of linear equations, and to view the 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrices
as a linear function from ℝ𝑛 to ℝ𝑚 and vice versa. The concepts of linear independence and
dependence, rank and linear transformations has been explained through matrices.

Course Learning Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:
i) Visualize the space ℝ𝑛 in terms of vectors and the interrelation of vectors with matrices.
ii) Understand important uses of eigenvalues and eigenvectors in the diagonalization of matrices.
iii) Familiarize with concepts of bases, dimension and spanning sets in vector spaces.
iv) Learn about linear transformations and its corresponding matrix.

Unit 1: Vectors and Matrices

Fundamental operations and properties of vectors in ℝ𝑛 , Linear combinations of vectors, Dot
product and their properties, Cauchy-Schwarz and triangle inequality, Orthogonal and parallel
vectors; Solving system of linear equations using Gaussian elimination, and Gauss-Jordan row
reduction, Reduced row echelon form; Equivalent systems, Rank and row space of a matrix;
Eigenvalues, eigenvectors and characteristic polynomial of a square matrix; Diagonalization.

Unit 2: Vector Spaces

Definition, examples and some elementary properties of vector spaces; Subspaces, Span, Linear
independence and dependence; Basis and dimension of a vector space; Diagonalization and bases.

Unit 3: Linear Transformations

Definition, examples and elementary properties of linear transformations; The matrix of a linear
transformation; Kernel and range of a linear transformation, The dimension theorem, one-to-one
and onto linear transformations.

Reference:
1. Andrilli, S., & Hecker, D. (2016). Elementary Linear Algebra (5th ed.). Elsevier India.

Additional Reading:
i. Kolman, Bernard, & Hill, David R. (2001). Introductory Linear Algebra with Applications
(7th ed.). Pearson Education, Delhi. First Indian reprint 2003.

26
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Teaching Plan (GE-2(ii): Introduction to Linear Algebra):

Week 1: Fundamental operations and properties of vectors in ℝ𝑛 , Linear combinations of vectors.

[1] Chapter 1 (Section 1.1).

Week 2: Dot product and their properties, Cauchy-Schwarz and triangle inequality, Orthogonal and
parallel vectors.
[1] Chapter 1 [Section 1.2 (up to Example 5)].

Week 3: Solving system of linear equations using Gaussian elimination method.

[1] Chapter 2 (Section 2.1).

Week 4: Gauss-Jordan row reduction and reduced row echelon form.

[1] Chapter 2 [Section 2.2 (up to Example 4)].

Week 5: Equivalent systems, Rank and row space of a matrix.

[1] Chapter 2 [Section 2.3(Theorems without proofs)].

Week 6: Eigenvalues, eigenvectors and characteristic polynomial of a square matrix, Diagonalization.

[1] Chapter 3 [Sections 3.4 (up to Example 8, and Theorem 3.14 without proof)].

Week 7: Definition, examples and some elementary properties of vector spaces.

[1] Chapter 4 (Section 4.1).

Week 8: Subspaces, and span of a set.

[1] Chapter 4 [Sections 4.2, and 4.3 (Theorem 4.5 without proof)].

Week 9: Linear independence and linear dependence of vectors.

[1] Chapter 4 [Section 4.4 (Theorems without proofs)].

Week 10: Basis and dimension of a vector space; Diagonalization and bases.
[1] Chapter 4 [Section 4.5 (Lemma 4.10, and Theorems without proofs)].

Week 11: Definition, examples and elementary properties of linear transformations.

[1] Chapter 5 [Section 5.1 (Theorems 5.2, and 5.3 without proofs)].

Week 12: The matrix of a linear transformation.

[1] Chapter 5 [Section 5.2 (up to Example 4, and Theorem 5.5 without proof)].

Week 13: Kernel and range of a linear transformation, The dimension theorem.
[1] Chapter 5 [Section 5.3 (Theorems without proofs)].

Week 14: one-to-one and onto linear transformations.

[1] Chapter 5 [Section 5.4 (Theorem 5.14 without proof)].

27
 Proposal for
Discipline, DSC, DSE and GE papers of Mathematics
Bachelor in Multidisciplinary Courses of Study with 3 Core Courses under UGCF2022
Sem. Discipline (1-6) and DSE (4 credits) GE (4 credits)
DSC (7-8) (3L + 1T/1P = 4 credits) (3L + 1T/1P = 4 credits)
(3L + 1T/1P = 4 credits)

(Discipline A-1) Choose any one:

I Topics in GE-1(i): Fundamentals of Calculus (3L + 1T)
GE-1(ii): Theory of Equations and Symmetries (3L+ 1T)
Calculus (3L + 1T)
GE-1(iii): Analytic Geometry (3L + 1T)
(Discipline A-2) Choose any one
II Elementary Linear GE-2(i): Analytic Geometry (3L + 1T)
Algebra (3L + 1T) GE-2(iii): Introduction to Graph Theory (3L + 1T)
GE-2(iv): Theory of Equations and Symmetries
(3L + 1T)
III (Discipline A-3) DSE-1: Choose any one GE-3: Choose any one
Differential (i) Combinatorics (3L + 1T) (i) Differential Equations (3L + 1T)
Equations (3L + 1T) (ii) Elements of Number Theory (3L+1T) (ii) Introduction to Linear Algebra (3L+1T)
(iii) Theory of Equations and Symmetries (iii) Elements of Number Theory (3L + 1T)
IV (Discipline A-4) DSE-2: Choose any one GE-4: Choose any one
(i) Elements of Discrete Mathematics (i) Differential Equations (3L + 1T)
Abstract Algebra (ii) Introduction to Graph Theory (ii) Elements of Analysis (3L + 1T)
(3L + 1T) (iii) Linear Programming (3L + 1T) (iii) Linear Programming (3L + 1T)
V (Discipline A-5) DSE-3: Choose any one GE-5: Choose any one
(i) Biomathematics (3L + 1T) (i) Biomathematics (3L + 1T)
Elements of Real (ii) Mathematical Python (3L + 1P) (ii) Mathematical Python (3L + 1P)
Analysis (3L + 1T) (iii) Mechanics (3L + 1T) (iii) Numerical Methods (3L + 1P)
VI (Discipline A-6) DSE-4: Choose any one GE-6: Choose any one
(i) Discrete Dynamical Systems (3L+ 1P) (i) Combinatorics (3L + 1T)
Probability and (ii) Introduction to Mathematical (ii) Discrete Dynamical Systems (3L + 1P)
Statistics (3L + 1P) Modeling (3L + 1P) (iii) Introduction to Mathematical Modeling
(iii) Research Methodology (3L + 1P) (3L + 1P)
VII DSE-5, DSE-6, DSE-7: Choose at GE-7 and GE-8: Choose maximum two
DSC: least one and at most three (i) Coding Theory (3L + 1T)
Numerical (i) Advanced Linear Algebra (3L+1T) (ii) Financial Mathematics (3L + 1P)
Methods (ii) Coding Theory (3L + 1T) (iii) Information Theory (3L + 1T)
(3L + 1P) (iii) Financial Mathematics (3L + 1P)
(iv) Integral Transforms (3L + 1T)
(iv) Information Theory (3L + 1T)
(v) Integral Transforms (3L + 1T)
(vi) Research Methodology (3L + 1P)
VIII DSE-8, DSE-9, DSE-10: Choose at GE-9 and GE-10: Choose maximum two
DSC: least one and at most three (i) Cryptography (3L + 1T)
Topics in (i) Applied Algebra (3L + 1T) (ii) Industrial Mathematics (3L + 1P)
Multivariate (ii) Cryptography (3L + 1T) (iii) Introduction to Machine Learning
Calculus (3L + 1T) (iii) Industrial Mathematics (3L + 1P) (3L + 1P)
(iv) Introduction to Machine Learning (iv) Optimization Techniques (3L + 1T)
(3L + 1P)
(v) Mathematical Statistics (3L + 1T)
(vi) Optimization Techniques (3L+1T)
3L = 3 Hours Lecture; 1T = 1 Hour Tutorial; 1P = 2 Hours Practical.
Note: Size of the group for practical papers is recommended 15-20 students in computer lab and 8-12 students for tutorials.

28
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Bachelor in Multidisciplinary Courses of Study with 3 Core Courses (Sem I)

Discipline A-1: Topics in Calculus

Total Marks: 100 (Theory: 75, Internal Assessment: 25) Examination: 3 Hrs.
Workload: 3 Lectures, 1 Tutorial (per week) Credits: 4 Duration: 14 Weeks

Course Objectives: The primary objective of this course is to introduce the basic tools of calculus
which are helpful in understanding their applications in many real-world problems. Students will
be able to understand/create various mathematical models in everyday life.
Course Learning Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:
i) Understand continuity and differentiability in terms of limits and graphs of certain functions.
ii) Describe asymptotic behaviour in terms of limits involving infinity.
iii) Use of derivatives to explore the behaviour of a given function locating and classify its
extrema and graphing the function.
iv) Apply the concepts of asymptotes, and inflexion points in tracing of cartesian curves.
v) Compute the reduction formulae of standard transcendental functions with applications.

Unit 1: Limits, Continuity and Differentiability

Limit of a function,  −  definition of a limit, Infinite limits, Continuity and types of
discontinuities; Differentiability of a function, Successive differentiation: Calculation of the nth
derivatives, Leibnitz theorem; Partial differentiation, Euler’s theorem on homogeneous functions.

Unit 2: Mean Value Theorems and its Applications

Rolle’s theorem, Mean value theorems and applications to monotonic functions and inequalities;
Taylor’s theorem, Taylor’s series, Maclaurin’s series expansions of e x , sin x, cos x, log (1 + x ) and
(1 + x )
m
; Indeterminate forms.

Unit 3: Tracing of Curves and Reduction Formulae

Asymptotes (parallel to axes and oblique), Concavity and inflexion points, Singular points,
Tangents at the origin and nature of singular points, Curve tracing (cartesian and polar equations).
Reduction formulae for  sin n x dx,  cos n x dx, and  sin m x cos n x dx and their applications.

References:
1. Prasad, Gorakh (2016). Differential Calculus (19th ed.). Pothishala Pvt. Ltd. Allahabad.
2. Prasad, Gorakh (2015). Integral Calculus. Pothishala Pvt. Ltd. Allahabad.

Additional Readings:
i. Apostol, T. M. (2007). Calculus: One-Variable Calculus with An Introduction to Linear
Algebra (2nd ed.). Vol. 1. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.
ii. Ross, Kenneth. A. (2013). Elementary Analysis: The Theory of Calculus (2nd ed.).
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer. Indian reprint.

29
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Teaching Plan (Discipline A-1: Topics in Calculus):

Weeks 1 and 2: Limit of a function,  −  definition of a limit, Infinite limits, Continuity and
types of discontinuities.
[1] Chapter 2.

Weeks 3 and 4: Differentiability of a function, Successive differentiation: Calculation of the nth

derivatives, Leibnitz theorem.
[1] Chapter 3 (Sections 3.1, and 3.2), and Chapter 5.

Week 5: Partial differentiation, Euler’s theorem on homogeneous functions.

[1] Chapter 12 [Section 12.2 (12.21 without proof, exclude 12.22 and 12.23), and Section 12.3].

Weeks 6 and 7: Rolle’s theorem, Mean value theorems and applications to monotonic functions
and inequalities.
[1] Chapter 7 (Sections 7.4 to 7.6).

Weeks 8 and 9: Taylor’s theorem with Lagrange’s and Cauchy’s form of remainders, Definition
and examples of convergent sequences and series, Taylor’s, Maclaurin’s series expansions of
e x , sin x, cos x, log (1 + x ) and (1 + x ) .
m

[1] Chapter 6 (Brief introduction of convergence from the Sections 6.1 and 6.2).
[1] Chapter 7 (Sections 7.7, and 7.8).

Week 10: Indeterminate forms.

[1] Chapter 16.

Week 11: Asymptotes (parallel to axes and oblique).

[1] Chapter 9 (Sections 9.1 to 9.4).

Weeks 12 and 13: Concavity and inflexion points, Singular points (cusp, node and conjugate),
Tangents at the origin and nature of singular points, Curve tracing (cartesian and polar equations).
[1] Chapter 10 (Section 10.7).
[1] Chapter 11. Use only statement for nature of double points in the Section 11.4.

Week 14: Reduction formulae for  sin n x dx,  cos n x dx, and  sin m x cos n x dx and their applications.
[2] Chapter 4 (Sections 4.1, 4.11, 4.12, and 4.13).

30
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Bachelor in Multidisciplinary Courses of Study with 3 Core Courses (Sem II)

Discipline A-2: Elementary Linear Algebra

Total Marks: 100 (Theory: 75, Internal Assessment: 25) Examination: 3 Hrs.
Workload: 3 Lectures, 1 Tutorial (per week) Credits: 4 Duration: 14 Weeks

Course Objectives: The objective of the course is to introduce the concept of vectors in ℝ𝑛 ,
understanding the nature of solution of system of linear equations, and to view the 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrices
as a linear function from ℝ𝑛 to ℝ𝑚 and vice versa. The concepts of linear independence and
dependence, rank and linear transformations has been explained through matrices.

Course Learning Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:
i) Visualize the space ℝ𝑛 in terms of vectors and the interrelation of vectors with matrices.
ii) Familiarize with concepts of bases, dimension and minimal spanning sets in vector spaces.
iii) Learn about linear transformation and its corresponding matrix.

Unit 1: Euclidean Space ℝ𝑛 and Matrices

Fundamental operations with vectors in Euclidean space ℝ𝑛 , Linear combinations of vectors, Dot
product and their properties, Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, Triangle inequality, Solving system of
linear equations using Gaussian elimination, Application: Curve Fitting, Gauss-Jordan row
reduction, Reduced row echelon form, Application: Solving several systems simultaneously,
Equivalent systems, Rank and row space of a matrix, Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Eigenspace,
Diagonalization, Characteristic polynomial of a matrix.

Unit 2: Introduction to Vector Spaces

Definition, Examples and some elementary properties of vector spaces, Subspaces, Span, Linear
independence and linear dependence of vectors, Basis and dimension of a vector space, Maximal
linearly independent sets, Minimal spanning sets.

Unit 3: Linear Transformations

Linear transformations: Definition, Examples and elementary properties, The matrix of a linear
transformation, Kernel and range of a linear transformation, The dimension theorem, one-to-one
and onto linear transformations, Invertible linear transformations, Isomorphic vector spaces.

Reference:
1. Andrilli, S., & Hecker, D. (2016). Elementary Linear Algebra (5th ed.). Elsevier India.

Additional Readings:
i. Lay, David C., Lay, Steven R., & McDonald, Judi J. (2016). Linear Algebra and its
Applications (5th ed.). Pearson Education.
ii. Kolman, Bernard, & Hill, David R. (2001). Introductory Linear Algebra with Applications
(7th ed.). Pearson Education, Delhi. First Indian Reprint 2003.

31
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Teaching Plan (Discipline A-2: Elementary Linear Algebra):

Week 1: Fundamental operations with vectors in Euclidean space ℝ𝑛 , Linear combination of

vectors, Dot product and their properties, Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, Triangle inequality.
[1] Chapter 1 [Sections 1.1, and Section 1.2 (up to Theorem 1.8)].

Weeks 2 and 3: Solving system of linear equations using Gaussian elimination, Application: Curve
Fitting, Gauss-Jordan row reduction, Reduced row echelon form, Application: Solving several
systems simultaneously.
[1] Chapter 2 (Sections 2.1, and 2.2).

Week 4: Equivalent systems, Rank of a matrix, Row space of a matrix.

[1] Chapter 2 (Section 2.3).

Weeks 5 and 6: Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Eigenspace, Diagonalization, Characteristic polynomial of

a matrix.
[1] Chapter 3 [Section 3.4 (up to Page 197)].

Week 7: Definition, Examples and some elementary properties of vector spaces.

[1] Chapter 4 (Section 4.1).

Weeks 8 and 9: Subspaces, Span, Linear independence and linear dependence of vectors.
[1] Chapter 4 [Sections 4.2 to 4.4 (proofs of the Theorems in the Section 4.4 to be omitted)].

Week 10: Basis and dimension of a vector space, Maximal linearly independent sets, Minimal
spanning sets.
[1] Chapter 4 [Section 4.5 (proofs of the theorems to be omitted)].

Weeks 11 and 12: Linear transformations: Definition, Examples and elementary properties, The
matrix of a linear transformation.
[1] Chapter 5 [Section 5.1, and Section 5.2 (up to Example 4 on Page 341), proofs of the Theorems
5.4 and 5.5 to be omitted].

Week 13: Kernel and range of a linear transformation, The dimension theorem.
[1] Chapter 5 (Sections 5.3).

Week 14: one-to-one and onto linear transformations, Invertible linear transformations, Isomorphic
vector spaces.
[1] Chapter 5 [Sections 5.4 and Section 5.5 (up to page 376),
proofs of the Theorems 5.16 and 5.17 to be omitted].

32
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Bachelor in Multidisciplinary Courses of Study with 3 Core Courses (Sem I)

GE-1(i): Fundamentals of Calculus

Total Marks: 100 (Theory: 75, Internal Assessment: 25) Examination: 3 Hrs.
Workload: 3 Lectures, 1 Tutorial (per week) Credits: 4 Duration: 14 Weeks

Course Objectives: Calculus is referred as 'Mathematics of change' and is concerned with

describing the precise way in which changes in one variable relate to the changes in another.
Through this course, students can understand the quantitative change in the behaviour of the
variables and apply them on the problems related to the environment.
Course Learning Outcomes: The students who take this course will be able to:
i) Understand continuity and differentiability in terms of limits.
ii) Describe asymptotic behavior in terms of limits involving infinity.
iii) Understand the importance of mean value theorems and its applications.
iv) Learn about Maclaurin’s series expansion of elementary functions.
v) Use derivatives to explore the behavior of a given function, locating and classifying its
extrema, and graphing the polynomial and rational functions.

Unit 1: Continuity and Differentiability of Functions

Limits and continuity, Types of discontinuities; Differentiability of functions; Successive
differentiation: Calculation of the nth derivatives, Leibnitz theorem; Partial differentiation, Euler’s
theorem on homogeneous functions.

Unit 2: Mean Value Theorems and its Applications

Rolle’s theorem, Mean value theorems and applications to monotonic functions and inequalities;
Expansion of functions: Taylor’s theorem, Taylor’s series, Maclaurin’s series expansion of
𝑒 𝑥 , sin 𝑥 , cos 𝑥 , log( 1 + 𝑥) and (1 + 𝑥)𝑚 ; Indeterminate forms.

Unit 3: Tracing of Curves

Concavity and inflexion points, Asymptotes (parallel to axes and oblique), Relative extrema,
Tracing graphs of polynomial functions, rational functions, and polar equations.

References:
1. Anton, Howard, Bivens, Irl, & Davis, Stephen (2013). Calculus (10th ed.). Wiley India
Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. International Student Version. Indian Reprint 2016.
2. Prasad, Gorakh (2016). Differential Calculus (19th ed.). Pothishala Pvt. Ltd. Allahabad.

Additional Reading:
i. Thomas Jr., George B., Weir, Maurice D., & Hass, Joel (2014). Thomas’ Calculus (13th
ed.). Pearson Education, Delhi. Indian rReprint 2017.

33
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Teaching Plan (GE-1(i): Fundamentals of Calculus):

Weeks 1 and 2: Limits and continuity, Types of discontinuities.

[1] Chapter 1 (Theorems without proofs).
[2] Chapter 2 (Section 2.7).

Week 3: Differentiability of functions.

[1] Chapter 2 (Section 2.2).
[2] Chapter 3 (Section 3.2).

Week 4: Successive differentiation, Leibnitz theorem.

[2] Chapter 5.

Week 5: Partial differentiation, Euler’s theorem on homogeneous functions.

[2] Chapter 12 [Section 12.2 (12.21 without proof, exclude 12.22 and 12.23), and Section 12.3].

Weeks 6 and 7: Rolle’s theorem, Mean value theorems and applications to monotonic functions
and inequalities.
[2] Chapter 7 (Sections 7.4 to 7.6).

Weeks 8 and 9: Taylor’s theorem with Lagrange’s and Cauchy’s forms of remainders, Definition
and examples of convergent sequences and series, Taylor’s series, Maclaurin’s series expansion
of 𝑒 𝑥 , sin 𝑥 , cos 𝑥 , log( 1 + 𝑥), and (1 + 𝑥)𝑚 .
[2] Chapter 6 (Brief introduction of convergence from the Sections 6.1 and 6.2).
[2] Chapter 7 (Sections 7.7 and 7.8).

Week 10: Indeterminate forms.

[1] Chapter 6 (Section 6.5).
[2] Chapter 16 (Examples and Exercises)

Weeks 11 and 12: Concavity and inflexion points, Asymptotes (parallel to axes and oblique).
[1] Chapter 3 [Section 3.1 (3.1.3 to 3.1.5)].
[2] Chapter 9 (Sections 9.1 to 9.4).

Weeks 13 and 14: Relative extrema, Tracing graphs of polynomial and rational functions.
[1] Chapter 3 (Sections 3.2 and 3.3), and Chapter 10 (Section 10.2).

34
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Bachelor in Multidisciplinary Courses of Study with 3 Core Courses (Sem I)

GE-1(ii): Theory of Equations and Symmetries

Total Marks: 100 (Theory: 75, Internal Assessment: 25) Examination: 3 Hrs.
Workload: 3 Lectures, 1 Tutorial (per week) Credits: 4 Duration: 14 Weeks

Course Objectives: The goal of this paper is to acquaint students with certain ideas about
integral roots, rational roots, an upper bound on number of positive or negative roots of a
polynomial, and finding roots of cubic and quartic equations in special cases using elementary
symmetric functions and in general using Cardon’s and Descartes’ methods, respectively.

Course Learning Outcomes: After completion of this paper, the students will be able to:
i) Understand the nature of the roots of polynomial equations and their symmetries.
ii) Solve cubic and quartic polynomial equations with special condition on roots and in general.
iii) Find symmetric functions in terms of the elementary symmetric polynomials.

Unit 1: Polynomial Equations and Properties

General properties of polynomials and equations; Fundamental theorem of algebra and its
consequences; Theorems on imaginary, integral and rational roots; Descartes’ rule of signs for
positive and negative roots; Relations between the roots and coefficients of equations,
Applications to solution of equations when an additional relation among the roots is given;
De Moivre’s theorem for rational indices, the nth roots of unity and symmetries of the solutions.

Unit 2: Cubic and Biquadratic (Quartic) Equations

Transformation of equations (multiplication, reciprocal, increase/diminish in the roots by a given
quantity), Removal of terms; Cardon’s method of solving cubic and Descartes’ method of
solving biquadratic equations.

Unit 3: Symmetric Functions

Elementary symmetric functions and symmetric functions of the roots of an equation; Newton’s
theorem on sums of the like powers of the roots; Computation of symmetric functions such as
1  2 + 
           2    (
 −3
 +  −  ) 
2
2
, 2 2
, 2
, , , , , of polynomial equations;
 +
Transformation of equations by symmetric functions and in general.

References:
1. Burnside, W.S., & Panton, A.W. (1979). The Theory of Equations (11th ed.). Vol. 1.
Dover Publications, Inc. 4th Indian reprint. S. Chand & Co. New Delhi.
2. Dickson, Leonard Eugene (2009). First Course in the Theory of Equations. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. The Project Gutenberg eBook: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/29785

Additional Reading:
i. Prasad, Chandrika (2017). Text Book of Algebra and Theory of Equations. Pothishala Pvt Ltd.

35
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Teaching Plan (GE-1(ii): Theory of Equations and Symmetries):

Weeks 1 and 2: General properties of polynomials and equations; Statement of the Fundamental
theorem of algebra and its consequences.
[1] Chapter I (Sections 8, 9 and 10); Chapter II (Sections 12 to 17).
[2] Chapter II (Sections 13 to 19)

Weeks 3 and 4: Theorems on imaginary, integral and rational roots; Descartes’ rule of signs for
positive and negative roots.
[1] Chapter II (Sections 18 to 22).
[2] Chapter II (Sections 21, 24, 25 and 27), and Chapter VI [Section 67]
(Proofs of theorems in the Chapters II and VI are omitted).

Weeks 5 and 6: Relations between the roots and coefficients of equations, Applications to
solution of equations when an additional relation among the roots is given.
[1] Chapter III (Sections 23 and 24).
[2] Chapter II (Sections 20).

Weeks 7 and 8: De Moivre’s theorem for rational indices, the nth roots of unity and symmetries
of the solutions; Transformation of equations (multiplication, reciprocal, increase/diminish in the
roots by a given quantity), Removal of terms.
[1] Chapter III (Section 26); Chapter IV (Sections 29 to 34).
[2] Chapter I (Sections 7 to 10).

Weeks 9 and 10: Cardon’s method of solving cubic and Descartes’ method of solving
biquadratic equations.
[1] Chapter VI (Sections 56 and 64).
[2] Chapter IV (Sections 42, 43, 51 and 52).

Weeks 11 and 12: Elementary symmetric functions and symmetric functions of the roots of an
equation; Newton’s theorem on sums of the like powers of the roots.
[2] Chapter IX (Sections 103 to 106, methods only).
[1] Chapter VIII (Section 77, method only).

Weeks 13 and 14: Computation of symmetric functions such as:

1  2 + 
 ,   2 ,  2  ,  ,  −3 ,  (  +  −  ) ,  of polynomial equations;
2 2 2
,
 
2
 +
Transformation of equations by symmetric functions and in general.
[1] Chapter III (Sections 27 and 28); Chapter IV (Sections 39, 41 and 44).
[2] Chapter IX (Section 109, methods only).

36
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Bachelor in Multidisciplinary Courses of Study with 3 Core Courses (Sem I )

GE-1(iii): Analytic Geometry
Total Marks: 100 (Theory: 75, Internal Assessment: 25) Examination: 3 Hrs.
Workload: 3 Lectures, 1 Tutorial (per week) Credits: 4 Duration: 14 Weeks

Course Objectives: The course aims at identifying and sketching curves, studying three
dimensional objects, their geometric properties and applications. Use of vector approach to
three-dimensional geometry makes the study simple and elegant.

Course Learning Outcomes: The course will enable the students to:
i) Learn concepts in two-dimensional geometry.
ii) Identify and sketch conics namely, ellipse, parabola and hyperbola.
iii) Learn about three-dimensional objects such as straight lines and planes using vectors,
spheres, cones and cylinders.

Unit-1: Conic Sections

Techniques for sketching parabola, ellipse and hyperbola; Reflection properties of parabola,
ellipse, hyperbola, and their applications to signals; Classification of quadratic equation
representing lines, parabola, ellipse and hyperbola; Rotation of axes; Second degree equations.

Unit-2: Vectors, Lines and Planes

Rectangular coordinates in 3-dimensional space, vectors viewed geometrically, vectors in
coordinate systems and vectors determined by length and angle; Dot product; Projections; Cross
product, scalar triple product, vector triple product and their geometrical properties; Parametric
equations of lines, direction cosines and direction ratios of a line, vector and symmetric
equations of lines, angle between two lines; Planes in 3-dimensional space, coplanarity of two
lines, angle between two planes, distance of a point from a plane, angle between a line and a
plane, distance between parallel planes; Shortest distance between two skew lines.

Unit-3: Sphere, Cone and Cylinder

Equation of a sphere, plane section of sphere, tangents and tangent plane to a sphere; Equation
of a cone, enveloping cone of a sphere, Reciprocal cones and right circular cone; Equation of a
cylinder, enveloping cylinder and right circular cylinder.

References:
1. Anton, Howard, Bivens, Irl, & Davis, Stephen (2013). Calculus (10th ed.). John Wiley
& Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd. Indian Reprint (2016) by Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.
2. Narayan, Shanti & Mittal, P. K. (2007). Analytical Solid Geometry. S. Chand & Company
Pvt Ltd. India.

Additional Readings:
i. Bell, Robert J.T. (1972). An Elementary Treatise on Coordinate Geometry of Three
Dimensions. Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London.
ii. George B. Thomas, Jr., & Ross L. Finney (2012). Calculus and Analytic Geometry (9th
ed.). Pearson Indian Education Services Pvt Ltd. India.

37
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Teaching Plan (GE-1(iii): Analytic Geometry):

Weeks 1 and 2: Techniques for sketching parabola, ellipse and hyperbola with problem solving;
Reflection properties of parabola, ellipse, hyperbola and their applications to signals.
[1] Chapter 10 (Section 10.4).

Weeks 3 and 4: Classification of quadratic equation representing lines, parabola, ellipse and
hyperbola; Rotation of axes; Second degree equations.
[1] Chapter 10 (Section 10.5).

Weeks 5 and 6: Rectangular coordinates in 3-dimensional space, vectors viewed geometrically,

vectors in coordinate systems and vectors determined by length and angle; Dot product;
Projections; Cross product, scalar triple product, vector triple product and their geometrical
properties.
[1] Chapter 11 [Sections 11.1 (up to Example 1), 11.2 to 11.4].

Weeks 7 and 8: Parametric equations of lines, direction cosines and direction ratios of a line,
vector and symmetric equations of lines, angle between two lines.
[1] Chapter 11 (Section 11.5)
[2] Chapter 1 (Sections 1.6, and 1.9).

Weeks 9 and 10: Planes in 3-dimensional space, coplanarity of two lines, angle between two
planes, distance of a point from a plane, angle between a line and a plane, distance between
parallel planes; Shortest distance between two skew lines.
[1] Chapter 11 (Section 11.6)
[2] Chapter 3 (Section 3.6).

Weeks 11 and 12: Equation of a sphere, plane section of sphere, tangents and tangent plane to
a sphere; Equation of a cone, enveloping cone of a sphere.
[2] Chapter 6 (Sections 6.1.1, 6.1.2, 6.1.3, 6.3.1, and 6.6)
[2] Chapter 7 (Sections 7.1, 7.1.1, and 7.1.2).

Weeks 13 and 14: Reciprocal cones and right circular cone; Equation of a cylinder, enveloping
cylinder and right circular cylinder.
[2] Chapter 7 (Sections 7.4.2, 7.4.3, 7.6 to 7.8).

38
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Bachelor in Multidisciplinary Courses of Study with 3 Core Courses (Sem II)

GE-2(i): Analytic Geometry
Total Marks: 100 (Theory: 75, Internal Assessment: 25) Examination: 3 Hrs.
Workload: 3 Lectures, 1 Tutorial (per week) Credits: 4 Duration: 14 Weeks

Course Objectives: The course aims at identifying and sketching curves, studying three
dimensional objects, their geometric properties and applications. Use of vector approach to
three-dimensional geometry makes the study simple and elegant.

Course Learning Outcomes: The course will enable the students to:
i) Learn concepts in two-dimensional geometry.
ii) Identify and sketch conics namely, ellipse, parabola and hyperbola.
iii) Learn about three-dimensional objects such as straight lines and planes using vectors,
spheres, cones and cylinders.

Unit-1: Conic Sections

Techniques for sketching parabola, ellipse and hyperbola; Reflection properties of parabola,
ellipse, hyperbola, and their applications to signals; Classification of quadratic equation
representing lines, parabola, ellipse and hyperbola; Rotation of axes; Second degree equations.

Unit-2: Vectors, Lines and Planes

Rectangular coordinates in 3-dimensional space, vectors viewed geometrically, vectors in
coordinate systems and vectors determined by length and angle; Dot product; Projections; Cross
product, scalar triple product, vector triple product and their geometrical properties; Parametric
equations of lines, direction cosines and direction ratios of a line, vector and symmetric
equations of lines, angle between two lines; Planes in 3-dimensional space, coplanarity of two
lines, angle between two planes, distance of a point from a plane, angle between a line and a
plane, distance between parallel planes; Shortest distance between two skew lines.

Unit-3: Sphere, Cone and Cylinder

Equation of a sphere, plane section of sphere, tangents and tangent plane to a sphere; Equation
of a cone, enveloping cone of a sphere, Reciprocal cones and right circular cone; Equation of a
cylinder, enveloping cylinder and right circular cylinder.

References:
1. Anton, Howard, Bivens, Irl, & Davis, Stephen (2013). Calculus (10th ed.). John Wiley
& Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd. Indian Reprint (2016) by Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.
2. Narayan, Shanti, & Mittal, P. K. (2007). Analytical Solid Geometry. S. Chand & Company
Pvt Ltd. India.

Additional Readings:
i. Bell, Robert J.T. (1972). An Elementary Treatise on Coordinate Geometry of Three
Dimensions. Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London.
ii. George B. Thomas, Jr., & Ross L. Finney (2012). Calculus and Analytic Geometry (9th
ed.). Pearson Indian Education Services Pvt Ltd. India.

39
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Teaching Plan (GE-2(i): Analytic Geometry):

Weeks 1 and 2: Techniques for sketching parabola, ellipse and hyperbola with problem solving;
Reflection properties of parabola, ellipse, hyperbola and their applications to signals.
[1] Chapter 10 (Section 10.4).

Weeks 3 and 4: Classification of quadratic equation representing lines, parabola, ellipse and
hyperbola; Rotation of axes; Second degree equations.
[1] Chapter 10 (Section 10.5).

Weeks 5 and 6: Rectangular coordinates in 3-dimensional space, vectors viewed geometrically,

vectors in coordinate systems and vectors determined by length and angle; Dot product;
Projections; Cross product, scalar triple product, vector triple product and their geometrical
properties.
[1] Chapter 11 [Sections 11.1 (up to Example 1), 11.2 to 11.4].

Weeks 7 and 8: Parametric equations of lines, direction cosines and direction ratios of a line,
vector and symmetric equations of lines, angle between two lines.
[1] Chapter 11 (Section 11.5)
[2] Chapter 1 (Sections 1.6, and 1.9).

Weeks 9 and 10: Planes in 3-dimensional space, coplanarity of two lines, angle between two
planes, distance of a point from a plane, angle between a line and a plane, distance between
parallel planes; Shortest distance between two skew lines.
[1] Chapter 11 (Section 11.6)
[2] Chapter 3 (Section 3.6).

Weeks 11 and 12: Equation of a sphere, plane section of sphere, tTangents and tangent plane
to a sphere; Equation of a cone, enveloping cone of a sphere.
[2] Chapter 6 (Sections 6.1.1, 6.1.2, 6.1.3, 6.3.1, and 6.6)
[2] Chapter 7 (Sections 7.1, 7.1.1, and 7.1.2).

Weeks 13 and 14: Reciprocal cones and right circular cone; Equation of a cylinder, enveloping
cylinder and right circular cylinder.
[2] Chapter 7 (Sections 7.4.2, 7.4.3, 7.6 to 7.8).

40
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Bachelor in Multidisciplinary Courses of Study with 3 Core Courses (Sem II)

GE-2(iii): Introduction to Graph Theory

Total Marks: 100 (Theory: 75, Internal Assessment: 25) Examination: 3 Hrs.
Workload: 3 Lectures, 1 Tutorial (per week) Credits: 4 Duration: 14 Weeks

Course Objectives: The course aims at introducing students to the field of graph theory and
problem-solving techniques using various concepts of graph theory about different categories
of graphs like paths, circuits, trees etc., and introduces various properties like planarity and
chromaticity of graphs. The course intends to render students to several applications of these
concepts in solving practical problems.

Course Learning Outcomes: The course will enable the students to:
i) Learn modelling of real-world problems by graphs.
ii) Know the characteristics of different classes of graphs.
iii) Learn representation of graphs in terms of matrices.
iv) Understand some properties of graphs and their applications in different practical situations.

Unit 1: Graphs, Paths and Circuits

Definition, Examples and basic properties of graphs, Subgraphs, Pseudographs, Complete
graphs, Bipartite graphs; Isomorphism of graphs; Paths and circuits, Eulerian circuits,
Hamiltonian cycles, Adjacency matrix, Weighted graphs, Travelling salesman problem;
Shortest path, Dijkstra’s algorithm.

Unit 2: Applications of Paths and Circuits, and Tree Algorithms

The postman problem, Digraphs, Bellman-Ford algorithm, Tournaments, Scheduling problems, Trees
and their properties, Spanning trees, Minimum spanning tree algorithms, Acyclic graphs and
Bellman’s algorithm.

Unit 3: Planar Graphs, Colorings and Matchings

Planar graphs, Euler’s formula, Kuratowski theorem, Coloring graphs, Applications of coloring
graphs, Circuit testing and facilities design, Matchings, Hall’s theorem.

Reference:
1. Goodaire, Edgar G., & Parmenter, Michael M. (2006). Discrete Mathematics with
Graph Theory (3rd ed.). Pearson Education. Indian Reprint 2019.

Additional Readings:
i. Rosen, Kenneth H. (2017). Discrete Mathematics and its Applications with
Combinatorics and Graph Theory (7th ed.). McGraw Hill Education.
ii. Bondy, J. A., & Murty, U.S.R. (2008). Graph Theory. Springer.
iii. Diestel, Reinhard (2017). Graph Theory (5th ed.). Springer.

41
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Teaching Plan: (GE-2(iii): Introduction to Graph Theory):

Week 1: Definition, Examples and basic properties of graphs, Subgraphs, Pseudographs,
Complete graphs, Bipartite graphs, Degree sequence.
[1] Chapter 9 (Sections 9.1, and 9.2).

Week 2: Isomorphism of graphs, Paths and circuits, Eulerian circuits.

[1] Chapter 9 (Section 9.3), and Chapter 10 [Section 10.1 (Theorem 10.1.4, without proof)].

Week 3: Hamiltonian cycles, Adjacency matrix.

[1] Chapter 10 [Sections 10.2 (Theorem 10.2.4, without proof), and 10.3].

Weeks 4 and 5: Weighted graph, Travelling salesman problem, Dijkstra’s algorithm.

[1] Chapter 10 [Section 10.4 (10.4.1, 10.4.2 (without proof), and 10.4.3 (without proof)].

Week 6: The postman problem, Digraphs, Bellman-Ford algorithm.

[1] Chapter 11 (Sections 11.1, and 11.2).

Week 7: Tournaments.
[1] Chapter 11 (Section 11.4).

Weeks 8 and 9: Scheduling problems, Trees and their properties, Spanning trees,
Minimum spanning tree algorithms (without proofs).
[1] Chapter 11 (Section 11.5).
[1] Chapter 12 (Sections 12.1, 12.2 (Theorem 12.2.3, without proof), and 12.3].

Week 10: Acyclic graphs and Bellman’s algorithm.

[1] Chapter 12 [Section 12.4 (Proposition 12.4.5, and Corollary 12.4.6 without proofs)]

Weeks 11 and 12: Planar graphs, Euler’s formula, Kuratowski theorem, Coloring graphs,
Applications of coloring graphs.
[1] Chapter 13 (Sections 13.1, and 13.2 (Theorem 13.2.4, without proof)].

Week 13: Circuit testing and facilities design.

[1] Chapter 13 (Section 13.3).

Week 14: Matchings, Hall’s theorem.

[1] Chapter 14 (Section 14.4).

42
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Bachelor in Multidisciplinary Courses of Study with 3 Core Courses (Sem II)

GE-2(iv): Theory of Equations and Symmetries

Total Marks: 100 (Theory: 75, Internal Assessment: 25) Examination: 3 Hrs.
Workload: 3 Lectures, 1 Tutorial (per week) Credits: 4 Duration: 14 Weeks

Course Objectives: The goal of this paper is to acquaint students with certain ideas about
integral roots, rational roots, an upper bound on number of positive or negative roots of a
polynomial, and finding roots of cubic and quartic equations in special cases using elementary
symmetric functions and in general using Cardon’s and Descartes’ methods, respectively.

Course Learning Outcomes: After completion of this paper, the students will be able to:
i) Understand the nature of the roots of polynomial equations and their symmetries.
ii) Solve cubic and quartic polynomial equations with special condition on roots and in general.
iii) Find symmetric functions in terms of the elementary symmetric polynomials.

Unit 1: Polynomial Equations and Properties

General properties of polynomials and equations; Fundamental theorem of algebra and its
consequences; Theorems on imaginary, integral and rational roots; Descartes’ rule of signs for
positive and negative roots; Relations between the roots and coefficients of equations,
Applications to solution of equations when an additional relation among the roots is given;
De Moivre’s theorem for rational indices, the nth roots of unity and symmetries of the solutions.

Unit 2: Cubic and Biquadratic (Quartic) Equations

Transformation of equations (multiplication, reciprocal, increase/diminish in the roots by a given
quantity), Removal of terms; Cardon’s method of solving cubic and Descartes’ method of
solving biquadratic equations.

Unit 3: Symmetric Functions

Elementary symmetric functions and symmetric functions of the roots of an equation; Newton’s
theorem on sums of the like powers of the roots; Computation of symmetric functions such as
1  2 + 
           2    (
 −3
 +  −  ) 
2
2
, 2 2
, 2
, , , , , of polynomial equations;
 +
Transformation of equations by symmetric functions and in general.

References:
1. Burnside, W.S., & Panton, A.W. (1979). The Theory of Equations (11th ed.). Vol. 1.
Dover Publications, Inc. 4th Indian reprint. S. Chand & Co. New Delhi.
2. Dickson, Leonard Eugene (2009). First Course in the Theory of Equations. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. The Project Gutenberg eBook: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/29785

Additional Reading:
i. Prasad, Chandrika (2017). Text Book of Algebra and Theory of Equations. Pothishala Pvt Ltd.

43
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Teaching Plan (GE-2(iv): Theory of Equations and Symmetries):

Weeks 1 and 2: General properties of polynomials and equations; Statement of the Fundamental
theorem of algebra and its consequences.
[1] Chapter I (Sections 8, 9 and 10); Chapter II (Sections 12 to 17).
[2] Chapter II (Sections 13 to 19)

Weeks 3 and 4: Theorems on imaginary, integral and rational roots; Descartes’ rule of signs for
positive and negative roots.
[1] Chapter II (Sections 18 to 22).
[2] Chapter II (Sections 21, 24, 25 and 27), and Chapter VI [Section 67]
(Proofs of theorems in the Chapters II and VI are omitted).

Weeks 5 and 6: Relations between the roots and coefficients of equations, Applications to
solution of equations when an additional relation among the roots is given.
[1] Chapter III (Sections 23 and 24).
[2] Chapter II (Sections 20).

Weeks 7 and 8: De Moivre’s theorem for rational indices, the nth roots of unity and symmetries
of the solutions; Transformation of equations (multiplication, reciprocal, increase/diminish in the
roots by a given quantity), Removal of terms.
[1] Chapter III (Section 26); Chapter IV (Sections 29 to 34).
[2] Chapter I (Sections 7 to 10).

Weeks 9 and 10: Cardon’s method of solving cubic and Descartes’ method of solving
biquadratic equations.
[1] Chapter VI (Sections 56 and 64).
[2] Chapter IV (Sections 42, 43, 51 and 52).

Weeks 11 and 12: Elementary symmetric functions and symmetric functions of the roots of an
equation; Newton’s theorem on sums of the like powers of the roots.
[2] Chapter IX (Sections 103 to 106, methods only).
[1] Chapter VIII (Section 77, method only).

Weeks 13 and 14: Computation of symmetric functions such as:

1  2 + 
 ,   2 ,  2  ,  ,  −3 ,  (  +  −  ) ,  of polynomial equations;
2 2 2
,
 
2
 +
Transformation of equations by symmetric functions and in general.
[1] Chapter III (Sections 27 and 28); Chapter IV (Sections 39, 41 and 44).
[2] Chapter IX (Section 109, methods only).

44
 Proposal for
DSC, Discipline, DSE and GE papers of Mathematics
Bachelor with 2 core Disciplines under UGCF2022

Sem DSC and Discipline DSE (3L + 1T/1P = 4 credits) GE (Generic Elective)
(3L + 1T/1P = 4 credits) (3L + 1T/1P = 4 credits) (for students
other than DSC/Discipline Mathematics)

I DSC-1: Elements of Discrete

Mathematics (3L + 1T)
Discipline A-1: Topics in
Calculus (3L + 1T)
II DSC-2: Analytic
Geometry (3L + 1T)
Discipline A-2: Elementary
Linear Algebra (3L + 1T)
III DSC-3: Theory of
Equations and Symmetries
(3L + 1T)
Discipline A-3: Differential
Equations (3L + 1T)
IV DSC-4: Introduction to
Graph Theory (3L + 1T)
Discipline A-4: Abstract
Algebra (3L + 1T)
V DSC-5: Linear Programming DSE-1: Choose any one GE-5: Choose any one
(3L + 1T) (i) Combinatorics (3L + 1T) (i) Fundamentals of Calculus (3L+1T)
Discipline A-5: Elements (ii) Elements of Number Theory (3L+1T) (ii) Linear Programming (3L + 1T)
of Real Analysis (3L + 1T) (iii) Mathematical Python (3L + 1P) (iii) Mathematical Python (3L + 1P)
VI DSC-6: Elementary DSE-2: Choose any one GE-6: Choose any one
Mathematical Analysis (i) Discrete Dynamical Systems (3L+1P) (i) Differential Equations (3L + 1T)
(3L + 1T) (ii) Introduction to Mathematical (ii) Elements of Analysis (3L + 1T)
Discipline A-6: Probability Modeling (3L + 1P) (iii) Elements of Discrete Mathematics
and Statistics (3L + 1P) (iii) Research Methodology (3L+1P) (3L + 1T)
DSE-3, DSE-4, DSE-5: Choose at GE-7 and GE-8:
least one and at most three Choose maximum two
(i) Advanced Linear Algebra (3L + 1T) (i) Coding Theory (3L + 1T)
VII DSC-13: (ii) Coding Theory (3L + 1T) (ii) Financial Mathematics (3L+1P)
Numerical Methods (iii) Financial Mathematics (3L + 1T)
(iv) Information Theory (3L + 1T) (iii) Information Theory (3L + 1T)
(3L + 1P)
(v) Integral Transforms (3L + 1T) (iv) Integral Transforms (3L + 1T)
(vi) Research Methodology (3L + 1P)
DSE-6, DSE-7, DSE-8: Choose at least GE-9 and GE-10:
one and at most three Choose maximum two
VIII DSC-14: Topics in (i) Applied Algebra (3L + 1T) (i) Cryptography (3L + 1T)
Multivariate Calculus (ii) Cryptography (3L + 1T) (ii) Industrial Mathematics (3L + 1P)
(3L + 1T) (iii) Industrial Mathematics (3L + 1P) (iii) Introduction to Machine
(iv) Introduction to Machine Learning (3L + 1P)
Learning (3L + 1P) (iv) Optimization Techniques
(v) Mathematical Statistics (3L + 1T) (3L + 1T)
(vi) Optimization Techniques (3L+1T)
3L = 3 Hours Lecture; 1T = 1 Hour Tutorial; 1P = 2 Hours Practical.

Note: Size of the group for practical papers is recommended 15-20 students in computer lab and 8-12 students for tutorials.

45
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Mathematics Bachelor with 2 Core Disciplines (Sem I)

DSC-I: Elements of Discrete Mathematics

Total Marks: 100 (Theory: 75, Internal Assessment: 25) Examination: 3 Hrs.
Workload: 3 Lectures, 1 Tutorial (per week) Credits: 4 Duration: 14 Weeks

Course Objectives: Students are introduced to the important concept of order (or
partial order) and related properties. The course includes the notion of a lattice which
is also a step towards abstract algebra. Students are taught the concept of Boolean
algebra and its applications to minimizing a Boolean polynomial and switching circuits,
which has further applications in computer science.

Course Learning Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:
i) Understand the basic concepts of sets, relations, functions, and induction.
ii) Understand mathematical logic and logical operations to various fields.
iii) Understand the notion of order and maps between partially ordered sets.
iv) Minimize a Boolean polynomial and apply Boolean algebra techniques to
decode switching circuits.

Unit 1: Sets, Relations and Functions

Sets, Propositions and logical operations, Conditional statements, Mathematical
induction, Relations and equivalence relation, Equivalence classes, Partial order
relation, Partially ordered set, Hasse diagrams, Chain, Maximal and minimal elements,
least and greatest elements, Least upper bound, Greatest lower bound, Zorn’s lemma,
Functions and bijective functions, Functions between POSETS, Order isomorphism.

Unit 2: Lattices
Lattice as a POSET, Lattice as an algebra and their equivalence, Bounded lattices,
Sublattices, Interval in a lattice, Products and homomorphism of lattices, Isomorphism
of lattices; Distributive, Complemented, Partition and pentagonal lattices.

Unit 3: Boolean Algebra and Switching Circuits

Boolean algebra, De Morgan’s laws, Boolean expressions, Truth tables, Logic
diagrams, Boolean functions, Disjunctive normal forms (as join of meets), Minimal
forms of Boolean polynomials, Quine Mc-Cluskey method, Karnaugh maps, Switching
circuits, Applications of switching circuits.

References:
1. Rudolf Lidl, & Gunter Pilz (2004). Applied Abstract Algebra (2nd ed.).
Undergraduate text in Mathematics, Springer (SIE), Indian Reprint.
2. Bernard Kolman, Robert C. Busby, & Sharon Cutler Ross (2009). Discrete
Mathematical Structures (6th ed.). Pearson education Inc., Indian reprint.

Additional Reading:
i. Rosen, Kenneth H. (2017). Discrete Mathematics and its applications with
combinatorics and Graph Theory (7th ed.). McGraw Hill Education.

46
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Teaching Plan: (DSC-I: Elements of Discrete Mathematics)

Week 1: Sets, Propositions and logical operations.

[2] Chapter 1 (Section 1.1), and Chapter 2 (Section 2.1).

Week 2: Conditional statements, Mathematical induction.

[2] Chapter 2 (Sections 2.2, and 2.4).

Week 3: Relations and equivalence relation, Equivalence classes, Partial order relation,
Partially ordered set.
[1] Chapter 1 (Section 1.1, up to the Definition of POSET).
[2] Chapter 4 (Sections 4.2 (up to Example 16), 4.4, and 4.5).

Weeks 4 and 5: Hasse diagrams, Chain, Maximal and minimal elements, Least and
greatest elements, Least upper bound, greatest lower bound in POSETS, Zorn’s lemma,
Functions and bijective functions.
[1] Chapter 1 (Sections 1.1 to 1.4).
[2] Chapter 5 (Section 5.1).

Week 6 and 7: Functions between POSETS, Order isomorphism, Lattice as a POSET,

Lattice as an algebra and their equivalence.
[1] Chapter 1 (Sections 1.5 to 1.10, and 1.12 to 1.14).
[2] Chapter 6 (Section 6.1).

Week 8: Bounded lattice, Sublattice, Interval in a lattice.

[1] Chapter 1 (Sections 1.11, 1.15, and 1.16).

Week 9: Products and homomorphism of lattices, Isomorphism of lattices.

[1] Chapter 1 (Sections 1.17 to 1.20)

Week 10: Distributive lattices, Complemented lattice, Partition and pentagonal lattice.
[1] Chapter 1 (Sections 2.1 to 2.10).

Week 11: Boolean algebra, De Morgan’s laws, Boolean expressions, Truth tables,
Logic diagrams.
[1] Chapter 1 (Sections 3.1 to 3.6).
[2] Chapter 6 (Section 6.5).

Week 12: Boolean functions, Disjunctive normal forms (as join of meets), Minimal
forms of Boolean polynomials.
[1] Chapter 1 (Sections 4.13, and 4.15 to 4.17)

Week 13: Quine Mc-Cluskey method, Karnaugh maps.

[1] Chapter 1 (Sections 6.1 to 6.5).
[2] Chapter 6 (Section 6.6).

Week 14: Switching circuits, Applications of switching circuits.

[1] Chapter 2 (Sections 7, and 8)

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Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Bachelor with 2 Core Disciplines (Sem I)

Discipline A-1: Topics in Calculus

Total Marks: 100 (Theory: 75, Internal Assessment: 25) Examination: 3 Hrs.
Workload: 3 Lectures, 1 Tutorial (per week) Credits: 4 Duration: 14 Weeks

Course Objectives: The primary objective of this course is to introduce the basic tools of calculus
which are helpful in understanding their applications in many real-world problems. Students will
be able to understand/create various mathematical models in everyday life.
Course Learning Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:
i) Understand continuity and differentiability in terms of limits and graphs of certain functions.
ii) Describe asymptotic behaviour in terms of limits involving infinity.
iii) Use of derivatives to explore the behaviour of a given function locating and classify its
extrema and graphing the function.
iv) Apply the concepts of asymptotes, and inflexion points in tracing of cartesian curves.
v) Compute the reduction formulae of standard transcendental functions with applications.

Unit 1: Limits, Continuity and Differentiability

Limit of a function,  −  definition of a limit, Infinite limits, Continuity and types of
discontinuities; Differentiability of a function, Successive differentiation: Calculation of the nth
derivatives, Leibnitz theorem; Partial differentiation, Euler’s theorem on homogeneous functions.
Unit 2: Mean Value Theorems and its Applications
Rolle’s theorem, Mean value theorems and applications to monotonic functions and inequalities;
Taylor’s theorem, Taylor’s series, Maclaurin’s series expansions of e x , sin x, cos x, log (1 + x ) and
(1 + x )
m
; Indeterminate forms.

Unit 3: Tracing of Curves and Reduction Formulae

Asymptotes (parallel to axes and oblique), Concavity and inflexion points, Singular points,
Tangents at the origin and nature of singular points, Curve tracing (cartesian and polar equations).
Reduction formulae for  sin n x dx,  cos n x dx, and  sin m x cos n x dx and their applications.

References:
1. Prasad, Gorakh (2016). Differential Calculus (19th ed.). Pothishala Pvt. Ltd. Allahabad.
2. Prasad, Gorakh (2015). Integral Calculus. Pothishala Pvt. Ltd. Allahabad.

Additional Readings:
i. Apostol, T. M. (2007). Calculus: One-Variable Calculus with An Introduction to Linear
Algebra (2nd ed.). Vol. 1. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.
ii. Ross, Kenneth. A. (2013). Elementary Analysis: The Theory of Calculus (2nd ed.).
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer. Indian reprint.

48
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Teaching Plan (Discipline A-1: Topics in Calculus):

Weeks 1 and 2: Limit of a function,  −  definition of a limit, Infinite limits, Continuity and
types of discontinuities.
[1] Chapter 2.

Weeks 3 and 4: Differentiability of a function, Successive differentiation: Calculation of the nth

derivatives, Leibnitz theorem.
[1] Chapter 3 (Sections 3.1, and 3.2), and Chapter 5.

Week 5: Partial differentiation, Euler’s theorem on homogeneous functions.

[1] Chapter 12 [Section 12.2 (12.21 without proof, exclude 12.22 and 12.23), and Section 12.3].
Weeks 6 and 7: Rolle’s theorem, Mean value theorems and applications to monotonic functions
and inequalities.
[1] Chapter 7 (Sections 7.4 to 7.6).

Weeks 8 and 9: Taylor’s theorem with Lagrange’s and Cauchy’s form of remainders, Definition
and examples of convergent sequences and series, Taylor’s series, Maclaurin’s series expansions
of e x , sin x, cos x, log (1 + x ) and (1 + x ) .
m

[1] Chapter 6 (Brief introduction of convergence from the Sections 6.1 and 6.2).
[1] Chapter 7 (Sections 7.7, and 7.8).

Week 10: Indeterminate forms.

[1] Chapter 16.

Week 11: Asymptotes (parallel to axes and oblique).

[1] Chapter 9 (Sections 9.1 to 9.4).

Weeks 12 and 13: Concavity and inflexion points, Singular points (cusp, node and conjugate),
Tangents at the origin and nature of singular points, Curve tracing (cartesian and polar equations).
[1] Chapter 10 (Section 10.7).
[1] Chapter 11. Use only statement for nature of double points in the Section 11.4.

Week 14: Reduction formulae for  sin n x dx,  cos n x dx, and  sin m x cos n x dx and their applications.
[2] Chapter 4 (Sections 4.1, 4.11, 4.12, and 4.13).

49
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Bachelor with 2 core Disciplines (Sem II)

DSC-2: Analytic Geometry

Total Marks: 100 (Theory: 75, Internal Assessment: 25) Examination: 3 Hrs.
Workload: 3 Lectures, 1 Tutorial (per week) Credits: 4 Duration: 14 Weeks

Course Objectives: The course aims at identifying and sketching curves, studying three
dimensional objects, their geometric properties and applications. Use of vector approach to
three-dimensional geometry makes the study simple and elegant.

Course Learning Outcomes: The course will enable the students to:
i) Learn concepts in two-dimensional geometry.
ii) Identify and sketch conics namely, ellipse, parabola and hyperbola.
iii) Learn about three-dimensional objects such as straight lines and planes using vectors,
spheres, cones and cylinders.

Unit-1: Conic Sections

Techniques for sketching parabola, ellipse and hyperbola; Reflection properties of parabola,
ellipse, hyperbola, and their applications to signals; Classification of quadratic equation
representing lines, parabola, ellipse and hyperbola; Rotation of axes; Second degree equations.

Unit-2: Vectors, Lines and Planes

Rectangular coordinates in 3-dimensional space, vectors viewed geometrically, vectors in
coordinate systems and vectors determined by length and angle; Dot product; Projections; Cross
product, scalar triple product, vector triple product and their geometrical properties; Parametric
equations of lines, direction cosines and direction ratios of a line, vector and symmetric
equations of lines, angle between two lines; Planes in 3-dimensional space, coplanarity of two
lines, angle between two planes, distance of a point from a plane, angle between a line and a
plane, distance between parallel planes; Shortest distance between two skew lines.

Unit-3: Sphere, Cone and Cylinder

Equation of a sphere, plane section of sphere, tangents and tangent plane to a sphere; Equation
of a cone, enveloping cone of a sphere, Reciprocal cones and right circular cone; Equation of a
cylinder, enveloping cylinder and right circular cylinder.

References:
1. Anton, Howard, Bivens, Irl, & Davis, Stephen (2013). Calculus (10th ed.). John Wiley
& Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd. Indian reprint (2016) by Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.
2. Narayan, Shanti & Mittal, P. K. (2007). Analytical Solid Geometry. S. Chand & Company
Pvt Ltd. India.

Additional Readings:
i. Bell, Robert J.T. (1972). An Elementary Treatise on Coordinate Geometry of Three
Dimensions. Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London.
ii. George B. Thomas, Jr., & Ross L. Finney (2012). Calculus and Analytic Geometry (9th
ed.). Pearson Indian Education Services Pvt Ltd. India.
50
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Teaching Plan (DSC-2: Analytic Geometry):

Weeks 1 and 2: Techniques for sketching parabola, ellipse and hyperbola with problem solving;
Reflection properties of parabola, ellipse, hyperbola and their applications to signals.
[1] Chapter 10 (Section 10.4).

Weeks 3 and 4: Classification of quadratic equation representing lines, parabola, ellipse and
hyperbola; Rotation of axes; Second degree equations.
[1] Chapter 10 (Section 10.5).

Weeks 5 and 6: Rectangular coordinates in 3-dimensional space, vectors viewed geometrically,

vectors in coordinate systems and vectors determined by length and angle; Dot product;
Projections; Cross product, scalar triple product, vector triple product and their geometrical
properties.
[1] Chapter 11 [Sections 11.1 (up to Example 1), 11.2 to 11.4].

Weeks 7 and 8: Parametric equations of lines, direction cosines and direction ratios of a line,
vector and symmetric equations of lines, angle between two lines.
[1] Chapter 11 (Section 11.5)
[2] Chapter 1 (Sections 1.6, and 1.9).

Weeks 9 and 10: Planes in 3-dimensional space, coplanarity of two lines, angle between two
planes, distance of a point from a plane, angle between a line and a plane, distance between
parallel planes; Shortest distance between two skew lines.
[1] Chapter 11 (Section 11.6).
[2] Chapter 3 (Section 3.6).

Weeks 11 and 12: Equation of a sphere, plane section of sphere, tangents and tangent plane to
a sphere; Equation of a cone, enveloping cone of a sphere.
[2] Chapter 6 (Sections 6.1.1, 6.1.2, 6.1.3, 6.3.1, and 6.6).
[2] Chapter 7 (Sections 7.1, 7.1.1, and 7.1.2).

Weeks 13 and 14: Reciprocal cones and right circular cone; Equation of a cylinder, enveloping
cylinder and right circular cylinder.
[2] Chapter 7 (Sections 7.4.2, 7.4.3, 7.6 to 7.8).

51
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Bachelor with 2 Core Disciplines (Sem II)

Discipline A-2: Elementary Linear Algebra

Total Marks: 100 (Theory: 75, Internal Assessment: 25) Examination: 3 Hrs.
Workload: 3 Lectures, 1 Tutorial (per week) Credits: 4 Duration: 14 Weeks

Course Objectives: The objective of the course is to introduce the concept of vectors in ℝ𝑛 ,
understanding the nature of solution of system of linear equations, and to view the 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrices
as a linear function from ℝ𝑛 to ℝ𝑚 and vice versa. The concepts of linear independence and
dependence, rank and linear transformations has been explained through matrices.

Course Learning Outcomes: This course will enable the students to:
i) Visualize the space ℝ𝑛 in terms of vectors and the interrelation of vectors with matrices.
ii) Familiarize with concepts of bases, dimension and minimal spanning sets in vector spaces.
iii) Learn about linear transformation and its corresponding matrix.

Unit 1: Euclidean Space ℝ𝑛 and Matrices

Fundamental operations with vectors in Euclidean space ℝ𝑛 , Linear combinations of vectors, Dot
product and their properties, Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, Triangle inequality, Solving system of
linear equations using Gaussian elimination, Application: Curve fitting, Gauss-Jordan row
reduction, Reduced row echelon form, Application: Solving several systems simultaneously,
Equivalent systems, Rank and row space of a matrix, Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Eigenspace,
Diagonalization, Characteristic polynomial of a matrix.

Unit 2: Introduction to Vector Spaces

Definition, Examples and some elementary properties of vector spaces, Subspaces, Span, Linear
independence and linear dependence of vectors, Basis and dimension of a vector space, Maximal
linearly independent sets, Minimal spanning sets.

Unit 3: Linear Transformations

Linear transformations: Definition, Examples and elementary properties, The matrix of a linear
transformation, Kernel and range of a linear transformation, The dimension theorem, one-to-one
and onto linear transformations, Invertible linear transformations, Isomorphic vector spaces.

Reference:
1. Andrilli, S., & Hecker, D. (2016). Elementary Linear Algebra (5th ed.). Elsevier India.

Additional Readings:
i. Lay, David C., Lay, Steven R., & McDonald, Judi J. (2016). Linear Algebra and its
Applications (5th ed.). Pearson Education.
ii. Kolman, Bernard, & Hill, David R. (2001). Introductory Linear Algebra with Applications
(7th ed.). Pearson Education, Delhi. First Indian Reprint 2003.

52
Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi

Teaching Plan (Discipline A-2: Elementary Linear Algebra):

Week 1: Fundamental operations with vectors in Euclidean space ℝ𝑛 , Linear combination of

vectors, Dot product and their properties, Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, Triangle inequality.
[1] Chapter 1 [Sections 1.1, and Section 1.2 (up to Theorem 1.8)].

Weeks 2 and 3: Solving system of linear equations using Gaussian elimination, Application: Curve
Fitting, Gauss-Jordan row reduction, Reduced row echelon form, Application: Solving several
systems simultaneously.
[1] Chapter 2 (Sections 2.1, and 2.2).

Week 4: Equivalent systems, Rank of a matrix, Row space of a matrix.

[1] Chapter 2 (Section 2.3)

Weeks 5 and 6: Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Eigenspace, Diagonalization, Characteristic polynomial

of a matrix.
[1] Chapter 3 [Section 3.4 (up to Page 197)].

Week 7: Definition, Examples and some elementary properties of vector spaces.

[1] Chapter 4 (Section 4.1).

Weeks 8 and 9: Subspaces, Span, Linear independence and linear dependence of vectors.
[1] Chapter 4 [Sections 4.2 to 4.4 (proofs of the Theorems in the Section 4.4 to be omitted)].

Week 10: Basis and dimension of a vector space, Maximal linearly independent sets, Minimal
spanning sets.
[1] Chapter 4 [Section 4.5 (proofs of the theorems to be omitted)].

Weeks 11 and 12: Linear transformations: Definition, Examples and elementary properties, The
matrix of a linear transformation.
[1] Chapter 5 [Section 5.1, and Section 5.2 (up to Example 4 on Page 341),
proofs of the Theorems 5.4 and 5.5 to be omitted].

Week 13: Kernel and range of a linear transformation, The dimension theorem.
[1] Chapter 5 [Sections 5.3].

Week 14: one-to-one and onto linear transformations, Invertible linear transformations, Isomorphic
vector spaces.
[1] Chapter 5 [Sections 5.4 and Section 5.5 (up to page 376), proofs of the Theorems 5.16 and 5.17
to be omitted].

53