RÉSUMÉ

This course focuses on entrepreneurship and how

companies are formed.
Godwill N Tangie
Creation of enterprises

CREATION OF
ENTREPRISES
Lecture notes
 Unit 3: Enterprise Formation Process

Section 3.1: Steps for setting up business enterprise

The procedure in setting up of a business unit is a time consuming, complex and complicated
activity. It involves various steps, procedures and formalities.

The following steps are involved in process of setting up a new business enterprise:

1. Identification of business opportunity.

2. Generation of business idea.

3. Feasibility Study.

4. Preparation of a business plan.

5. Launching the enterprise.

Step1. Identification of business opportunity:

This is the first step in setting up of a business unit Entrepreneur is an opportunity seeker. As
observed by Albert Einstein “In the middle of every difficulty lies opportunity”. He perceives
an opportunity and strives to translate the opportunity into an idea.

Opportunities do not come suddenly. The entrepreneur must show alertness to grab
opportunities when they come. The opportunities must be carefully scrutinized and evaluated.
The process of identifying opportunity involves identifying the needs and wants of the
customers, scanning the environment, understanding the competitor’s policy etc.

To identify the right business opportunity, an entrepreneur needs to consider the following :

Identify Market Inefficiencies

Remove Key Hassles
Customers Desire to Experience Something
New Pick a Growing Sector/Industry
Product Differentiation
Cash Flow Considerations
Listen to your potential clients and past leads. When you're targeting potential
customers listen to their needs, wants, challenges and frustrations with your industry.
 Listen to your customers.
Look at your competitors.
Look at industry trends and insights.

Step 2. Generation of business idea:

This is the most important function of an entrepreneur.

The ideas that provide value for the customer, profit for the entrepreneur and benefit for
society and can be transformed into products of services are called business ideas. Idea is
generated through vision. Idea generation is a critical skill in entrepreneurship and involves
insight, observation, experience, education, training etc. It involves lot of creativity on the
part of entrepreneur and generally arises from an opportunity in the market.

The various sources of information for business ideas can be personal experience, observing
markets, prospective consumers, developments in other nations, government organizations and
trade fairs & exhibitions. This can be done through environmental scanning and market survey.

An entrepreneur is not someone with clever ideas but someone who has the ability to turn
that idea into a real business. An entrepreneur conceives the idea of launching the project and
program the structure of business. Converting a business idea into a commercial venture is at
the heart entrepreneurship.

The entrepreneur than undergoes detailed investigation of an idea. He analyse the idea to find
out the feasibility whether the project is profitable of not. An entrepreneur must show the
initiative to develop the idea and implement it in practical sense.

Note: here we need to understand what is meant by innovation and creativity and how
important they are for generation of business idea in entrepreneurship.

 Role of Innovation and Creativity:

Innovation may be defined as exploiting new ideas leading to the creation of a new product,
process or service. Innovation deals with coming up with creative idea and turning that idea
into process. It may be defined as the process of doing new things or doing old things in new
ways. Entrepreneurship is a source of innovation.
Creativity means to come up with new ideas, concepts, process and products. In other words,
it means the ability to bring something new in existence.

Entrepreneurship process involves innovation and creativity. Entrepreneurs are innovators.

They constantly develop new ideas, concepts and process to survive in a competitive business
world. Entrepreneurship is an art of finding creative solutions to the problems. Innovation
and creativity are essential for sustainable growth and economic development.

 Stages In Creativity Process

In the nutshell we can say that, Ideas evolve through a creative process whereby a
person with imagination germinates ideas, nurtures them and develops them
successfully.

Step 3. Feasibility Study:

After the selection of a worthy idea, an entrepreneur undertakes various researches relating to
market selection, competition, location, machinery and equipment’s, capital, customer
preferences etc. to test the feasibility of the project.
A feasibility study is an evaluation of a proposed project. It is the study of the project to find
out whether the project is profitable or not. In other words, feasibility study involves an
examination of the operations. Project has to be viable not only in technical terms but also in
economic and commercial terms too. The objective of financial analysis is to ascertain
whether the proposed project will be financially viable.

Feasibility study is a detailed investigation of the proposed project to determine whether the
project is financially, economically and technically viable or not. Feasibility Study contains
the comprehensive, detailed information about the business structure, availability of
resources and whether the business will run efficiently or not.

Feasibility study is conducted in the following areas:

 Market/ commercial Feasibility:

It involves study of market situation, current market, anticipated future market, competition,
potential buyers, etc.

 Technical Feasibility:

This study involves study of technological aspects related to the business, like location of the
business, layout, infrastructure, plant and equipment, effluent treatment and discharge,
foreign collaboration, transportation, resource availability etc.

 Financial Feasibility:

Financial feasibility denotes the financial aspects of the business. This study helps to
understand requirement of start-up capital, sources of capital, returns on investment, etc. It
helps to assess the financial health of the business.

 Socio- economic Feasibility:

This study is important to determine the extent to which the project is meeting its social economic
objectives of development. It involves social cost-benefit analysis for testing national
profitability. It helps to know the contribution of the project towards employment generation,
income distribution, foreign exchange savings, development of backward regions, etc.

 Preparation of Feasibility Report:

Feasibility report is the final conclusion drawn about the business after conducting the
feasibility study. The feasibility report includes the confirmation of the proposed project. It
 gives the detail about technical, economic and financial, environmental, socio-cultural and
operational aspects of the project.

It is a formal document prepared by the experts. It gives the information on the authenticity
of the feasibility study. The feasibility report answer the question ‘the plan must be
implemented or not’.

The feasibility report contains information on:

a. It helps him to determine the viability of the venture.

b. It provides guidance to the entrepreneur in planning realistic goals.

c. It helps to identify possible roadblocks.

d. It is a pre-requisite to obtain finance.

Step 4: Preparation of a business plan:

It this step an entrepreneur prepares a good business plan, the designs and creates the
organisational structure for implementation of his plan. This plan is further used to achieve
the realistic goals.

A business plan, as defined by Entrepreneur, is a “written document describing the nature of

the business, the sales and marketing strategy, and the financial background, and containing a
projected profit and loss statement.” It serves as the blueprint for how you will operate your
business. It is an effective means of defining your goals and the steps needed to reach them.

 Need and purpose of a business plan:

A business plan spells out your purpose, vision and means of operation. It also serves as
your company's resume, explaining your objectives to investors, partners, employees and
vendors. It serves the following purposes:

Maintaining Business Focus.

Securing Outside Financing.
Understanding consumers and competitors.
Fuelling Ambitions and Mapping Growth.
Enlightening Executive Talent or to understand employee needs.
To assess feasibility of your venture.

 Contents of a business plan:

a. Executive Summary

Your executive summary should appear first in your business plan. It should summarize what
you expect your business to accomplish. A good executive summary is compelling. It reveals
the company’s mission statement, along with a short description of its products and services.
It might also be a good idea to briefly explain why you’re starting your company and include
details about your experience in the industry you’re entering.

b. Company Description

The next section that should appear in your business plan is a company description. It’s best
to include key information about your business, your goals and the customers you plan to
serve. Your company description should also discuss how your business will stand out from
others in the industry and how the products and services you’re providing will be helpful to
your target audience.

c. Market Analysis

Ideally, your market analysis will show that you know the ins and outs of the industry and the
specific market you’re planning to enter. In that section, you’ll need to use data and statistics
to talk about where the market has been, where it’s expected to go and how your company
will fit into it. In addition, you’ll have to provide details about the consumers you’ll be
marketing to, such as their income levels. Further information about markets, pricing
systems, methods of distribution, sales forecast, etc. to be enclosed.

d. Competitive Analysis
A good business plan will present a clear comparison of your business to your direct and
indirect competitors. You’ll need to show that you know their strengths and weaknesses and
you know how your business will stack up. If there are any issues that could prevent you
from jumping into the market, like high upfront costs, it’s best to say so. This information
will go in your market analysis section.

e. Description of Management and Organization

Following your market analysis, your business plan will outline the way that your
organization will be set up. You’ll introduce your company managers and summarize their
skills and primary job responsibilities. If you want to, you can create a diagram that maps out
your chain of command.Don’t forget to indicate whether your business will operate as a
partnership, a sole proprietorship or a business with a different ownership structure. If you
have a board of directors, you’ll need to identify the members.

f. Breakdown of Your Products and Services

If you didn’t incorporate enough facts about your products and services into your company
description (since that section is meant to be an overview), it might be a good idea to include
extra information about them in a separate section. Whoever’s reading this portion of your
business plan should know exactly what you’re planning to create and sell, how long your
products are supposed to last and how they’ll meet an existing need?

It’s a good idea to mention your suppliers, too. If you know how much it’ll cost to make your
products and how much money you’re hoping to bring in, those are great details to add.
You’ll need to list anything related to patents and copyright concerns as well.

g. Marketing Plan

In your business plan, it’s important to describe how you intend to get your products and
services in front of potential clients. That’s what marketing is all about. As you pinpoint the
steps you’re going to take to promote your products, you’ll need to mention the budget you’ll
need to implement your strategies.

h. Sales Strategy

In this section of business plan, one needs to decide, How will you sell the products you’re
building? That’s the most important question you’ll answer when you discuss your sales
strategy. It’s best to be as specific as possible. It’s a good idea to throw in the number of sales
reps you’re planning to hire and how you’ll go about finding them and bringing them on
board. You can also include sales targets.

i. Manufacturing and Operational Plan

In your business plan, the operations plan section describes the physical necessities of your
business' operation, such as your physical location, facilities, and equipment. Depending on
what kind of business you'll be operating, it may also include information about inventory
requirements, suppliers, and a description of the manufacturing process. An operations plan
is helpful for investors, but it's also helpful for you and employees because it pushes you to
think about tactics and deadlines.

j. Financial Projections
In the final section of your business plan, you’ll reveal the financial goals and expectations
that you’ve set based on market research. You’ll report your anticipated revenue for the first
12 months and your annual projected earnings for the second, third, fourth and fifth years of
business. The following schedules and statements to be included: Start up projections,
income statement, cash flow statement, balance sheet and break even analysis.

k. Appendices and Exhibits

In addition to the sections outlined above, at the end of your business plan, include any
additional information that will help establish the credibility of your business idea, such as
marketing studies, photographs of your product, permits, intellectual property rights such as a
patent, credit histories, resumes, marketing materials, and/or contracts or other legal
agreements pertinent to your business.

Note: Add a Title Page and Table of Contents

After completing all the sections, don't forget to insert a title page at the beginning of the plan
followed by a table of contents listing each section with page numbers.

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary................................
Page #
2. Business/Industry Overview.................
Page #
3. Market Analysis........................................
Page #
4. The Competition......................................
Page #
5. Sales & Marketing Plan...........................
Page #
6. Ownership and Management Plan.......
Page #
7.Operating Plan.......................................... Page #

8.Financial Plan............................................ Page #

9.Appendices and Exhibits........................ Page #

Step 5: Launching the enterprise and managing the business

At this step the entrepreneur fulfill some legal formalities. He hunts for suitable location,
design the premises and install machinery. All the statutory formalities are to be met.

i. Acquiring license.
ii. Permission from local authorities.
iii. Approvals from banks and financial institution.
iv. Registration etc.

Once the project is set up, the entrepreneur must try to achieve the target of a business plan.
This involves setting up of an appropriate business process. Only proper management can
ensure achievement of goals. The entrepreneur must be capable of turning his ideas into
reality. He should also have the foresight to anticipate changes to avail of opportunities and
meeting threats likely to arise in the near future.
Section 3.2: Problems in setting up of a business
The factors that affect the growth of business are explained below in detail:

1. Lack of legal knowledge:

The entrepreneur should have adequate legal knowledge to handle legal affairs efficiently.
Lack of legal knowledge on the part of entrepreneurs may affect smooth conduct of business.
He should have knowledge regarding Factories Act, Wages & Salaries Act, and Workers
Compensation Act etc.

2. Lack of experience:

An entrepreneur should have enough experience to manage the business efficiently. Lack of
adequate experience may create major problems and adversely affect the experience. The
major hurdles that the new entrepreneurs face are the availability of resources to carry out
such a business. The most important is the allocation of funds that comes in the form of
money to research and development.

3. Lack of finance:

Finance is the life blood of every business. To start up a new venture requires adequate
capital. It is required to meet business expenses like purchase of raw material, payment of
wages and salaries; payment of interest on loans etc. Lack of finance can create hurdles in
setting up of a business unit.

4. Lack of technology:

Technology is never constant, it keeps on changing. Sophisticated technology helps in

increasing the production capacity and quality of the products. Lack of suitable technology
can hamper the reputation of the firm. Adoption of suitable technology can prove beneficial
to the business success and vice versa.

5. Problem of human resource:

Organisation is made up of people and people make an organisation. A firm requires skilled,
qualified and talented employees. Lack of competent staff is another major issue for a
business unit.
6. Problem of data:

Entrepreneurship is based on research work. The Entrepreneur need to conduct a survey for
gathering information regarding market condition, competition, technology, consumer etc.
the data collected may not be accurate and precise. At times it is incorrect and outdated. This
hampers the survival of a business.

7. Problem of marketing:

The Entrepreneur should have marketing knowledge. This helps to face cut-throat
competition in all sectors. Lack of marketing efforts and knowledge with respect to product,
pricing, distribution and promotion hampers the Entrepreneurial growth.

Prepared by:

Anu Priya Arora

Department of commerce