LATEST SYLLABUS - Ke: Concepts Concerns — ble displacement. + pg etracions Contain amos Dene et acy . ivity series: In reactivity series metals are arrat a active. The meal that i places the metal jon from the solution is more reé Predict the reactivity of metals. ‘omposition reactions. forming crite, I. Endothermic & exothermic reactions. . Neutralization reaction ve Classification of oxides: Acidic » Basic , Amphoteric + Metal oxides - basic; nonmetal oxides = icin — ae Acidic oxides react with base & basic oxides react wi z snoteric oxides, Some oxides such as ZnO, PbO react both with acids & bases. These are amp Learning Outcomes: an ical eee 2% describe different types of chemical reactions with examples; 8 identify ihe pe of cher mica ae i 23 identify different oxides as basic, acidic, amphoteric & neutral; = explain the or A. CHEMICAL REACTIONS - Term & characteristics | 4. CHEMICAL REACTIONS - Term | ; +A chemical reaction - is a chemical change in which matter changes a new substance or substances. | +A chemical reaction is often accompanied by - external indications or characteristics, CHARACTERISTICS OR INDICATIONS — Accompanying a chemical reaction + Change of - colour f Heat on © Mercury [Il] oxide Red ! 2HgO__ > _2Hg + O, [gl i ||. Effervescence or evolution of ~a gas i Reaction of as : Gas evolved : Zn + 2HCI [dil] > ZnCl, + Hy [gl Hydrogen Colour change ~ mercury [iljo + Evolution or absorption of — heat ! Exothermic reactions ~ Proceed with - evolution resent - ” of heat = sth ! Endothermic reactions - Proceed with - absorption oe heat encrey ati asc] | _ Reaction of Type of reaction ; + Calcium oxide & water Bs CaO + HO > CaO, + Nitrogen & oxygen N, + 0; = 2NO * A | Bxothermic reaction =_4 | Endothermi i « Formation of - precipitate ermic reaction ! : | Certain chemical reactions characterized by formation of insoluble ipitate. ‘oluble precipitate. | Preeipitate (ppt) formed _ Reaction of + Silver nitrate and dil. hydrochloric acid AgNO; + HCl > _HNo.A eMICAL REACTIONS - Main types oH | GHEMICAL REACTIONS - Types of chemical reactions» Type REACTANTS PRODUCTS | | DIRECT COMBINATION + > REACTION | foynthesis] T | [syn ‘wo [or more] reactants One new compound eg. Iron + Sulphur > Iron sulphide j Fe + s > FeS i iW | Reaction in which - two or more elements or compounds combine to give -one new compound. Two simpler substances es One chemical compound [elements or compounds] > Copper oxide + Carbon dioxid | eg. Copper carbonate > co + CO, 8 CucO, | eps cmpi nemile | DISPLACEMENT : ; - ee [substitution] Element + Compound com Sttind + Dipl | og Zine . Cope: ? espe 5 capper | eatin es moter cement fom comer | |. DOUBLE . 5 DECOMPOSITION eee ert ned | eg Silver nitrate Pola ede; ‘oth acta com gingONS [synthesis] ~ Term _ ‘Synthesis’ reaction, CT COMBINATI + Direct combination reactions are also called Itis a chemical reaction in which - Two or more elements combine -to forma compound. _ ound element element comp mpound, An element combines with a compound - to form a new co E " yun + Two or more compounds combine _~ fo form a new compound, [Compound] + > ([Nevcompoundl] Metal + Oxygen > | Metallic oxide 4Na +0, > |2Na,O 2Ca +0, > |2ca0 Non-metal + Oxygen > | Non-metallic oxide Hc +0, > |co, |S +O, > |so, | |4P + 50, > |2P,0, COMPOUND + ELEMENT > | NEWCOMPOUND 2co +0, > /2co, ||2s0, +0, = |280, COMPOUND + compounn > | NEW coMPoUND Metallic oxide + Water — -» | Base [alkali] ||Na,O + HO > )2Na0H /|cao + HO > |caion, ||| Non-metallic oxide+ Water > | Acia 0, + HO > |H,Co, i!/so, + HO > |H,So, + 3H,0 > BHP,CAL RE. Hemic ACTIONS - Decomposition reactions AZoMIPOSITION REACTION - Term = 1 oe | ait is a _ To give compound ew compounds. chemical reaction in which a compound decomp: oses - “To gives two elements. ? [A] AB) + compound element : element ni one new compound & a new element. iain) > [Neweompounl] + fll > [New compound] * . THERMAL DISS' It is a decomposi simpler substances On PP cal eat. | Thermal dissociation ike thermal deco? s ELECTROLYTIC pecomPos! A decomposition reaction which Electrig 2H, + O2 eg. § 2H,0 “current | PHOTOCHEMICAL D ‘A decomposition reac ition of § e.g. decompositio ‘tion reactlo! . THERMAL DECOMPOSITION A decompose’ reaction which is brought about - by heat. COMPOUND? ELEMENT + ELEMENT Metallic oxide > | Metal + Oxygen 2HgO 43 | ong + 0, 2Ag,0 S| ag + Oy COMPOUND __ NEW COMPOUND __* ELEMENT 2KNO3 5 | 2Kno, + O, 2KCIO, 4 | oxe1 + 30, i COMPOUND > NEW COMPOUND + NEW COMPOUND | cacO3 §| caso + CO2 | Zn(OH), 4 | zn0 #0 SS dissociates jnto two or more i OCIATION + ion - i vehi a substance’, mposition is TION js brought about by = 7 Sool Sec g NE ol epersible reaction passage of electric current. in the presence of light. f sunlight.- Disp! E. CHEMICAL REACT ove [3. DISPLACEMENT REACTION yin which ~ - / an activi a jon of its compound. a Jow it ~ from Ttis a chemical reacti \ | + Anelement placed higher it | displaces the element placed be [al+ (BG > [ACi* displaces a conan? Naw compound lActivit Element eal series I S 7n50, i Zn + CuSO, a Zn displaces Cu Ca 4 Mg [Zn higher in activity series - than Cu] >] New compound z Metal Water - pe | aK + 2H,0 >| 2KO! iH] K displaces hydrogen Cu ‘ Bg | [Khigher in activity series - than hy. Ag | drogen] 4. DOUBLE DECOMPOSITION REACTION - Term It is a chemical reaction in which ~ || + Both reactants [compounds] are decomposed to give - | 00 new compounds by exchanging their radicals, fo BCD RD eR || + Neutralization reactions base & acid to give two ~ Reactions betwe: en two compounds - new compounds - salt & water by interchange of ! Bi i jase = : Acid >} Salt I Water I Na* OH~ + H+ Cl- >] Nat C+) ap Ol | ie NaOH + HOT >{Nacl sy oO + Precipitation reactions - Reactions between oY in aq. soln. state to give two new two comy compounds — pounds ~ Compound _ nn of which is insoluble - called wre 7 New compound FeCl, 3Nacl + ZnSO, (NH, si NaCl HaaspacTiVITY. SERIES - Displacement reaction: IVITYSERIES-Of metas a series of arrangement of metals - in order of their re e most active metal - is at the top of the series. e least active metal - is at the bottom of the series. e properties of metals - are related to their activity series. activity. vity | Reaction pees with Metals Observation Equation K WATER |. K & Na_|- React violently - 2K +2H,0 > 2KOH +H, with cold water. Na +Ca - Reacts less vigorously -|Ca +2H,0 > CaOH),+H, with cold water. Ca - Mg to Fe |- React smoothly - 3Fe+4H,0 = Fe,0, +41, with water [steam] Mg « Below [H]|- Do not react - Al with water or steam displacing hydrogen from it. zn | ACIDS |. K & Na_|-React explosively - with |2K +2HCI>2KCI +H, Fe dil. HCI or dil. H,SO,. Pb . Ca to Fe |- React less vigorously - with |Ca + 2HCI> CaCl, +H || | decreasing vigour with|Fe + H,S0;> FeSO, +H, | *[H] dil. HCI or dil. H,SO,4. Cu . Below [H] - Donot react - with dil. acids Hg displacing hydrogen from it Ag | AIR . K to Ag- |React with oxygen - 4K +0, >2K,0 Pt [Oxygen] to form metallic oxides. |3Fe+ 20, > Fe;0q A . Pt, Aw - Do not form oxides a DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS - Any metal in the reactivity series - eg. Zinc is above copper - & hence Zn + CuSO,> ZnSO, + Cu FACTORS WHICH BRING ABOUT ~ - Chemical reactions - involve breaking with absorption or release of energy ©-8- - A chemical reaction or change between substances ~ particles when in close contact with one another : Heat - it initiates reacting particles to move + Light energy - absorbed. by. the reactant 1 Other factors - which supply ene heat, light. displaces another metal below it, from its.aq. soln. displaces - copper from copper [1] sulphate soln. CHEMICAL CHANGES OR REACTIONS of existing bonds & formation of new bonds, takes place due to. collision of | 7, ie. B by supplyin ide. ted.