"Crisis" is any event that is going (or is expected) to lead to an unstable

and dangerous situation affecting an individual, group, community,

or whole society.
The crisis is deemed to be a negative change in the
 security
 economic
 political
 societal
 environmental affairs
especially when they occur abruptly, with little or no warning.

 Crisis is a wide variety of concern where collective efforts must be

bundles in, comprising all the vital factors to consider in order to
cope with its negative consequences. Thus, responder and
managers on the ground are challenged by how to end with much
success on the negotiation and operational process.
Notable Example:
Manila Hostage Crisis (Quirino Grand Stand)
Super Typhoon Yolanda
 Incident Command System
as a nation's approach to handling all forms of major destructive
incidents brought about by man-made and/or natural disasters that
requires a multi-sectoral involvement and a whole-wide effort in
the response and recovery process.
CRISIS is a period of disorganization, a period of upset during which
people attempts at arriving at a solution to problems. It is a crucial
or decisive point or situation.
 Crisis is derived from the greek word "KRISIS" which means to
separate, a turning point decision in a process of a series of
events.
Emergency is derived from the latin word "emergencia" means
dipping/plugging. A sudden condition calling for an immediate
action.
 TYPES OF CRISIS
Man- made crisis- Civil disturbances - strikes, riots, demonstrations -
revolts such as mutiny and insurrection - revolution, boarder
incident - war: conventional or nuclear - crimes: kidnapping,
hijacking, hostage taking etc.
Individual crisis- It refers to the feeling that arises when a person faces
unpleasant situation such as frustration and conflict.
Natural crisis- Fire, floods, earthquakes, tidal waves marine/air disasters,
hazardous spills, power failure, nuclear accidents water/food
shortage/scarcity, drought - volcanic erruption, epidemic.
 INDIVIDUAL CRISIS
Physical Crisis- Those that are related to health problems or bodily
sickness/sufferings.
Social Crisis- Experiencing a lack of interest, confidence, and social
skills to relate meaningful, harmonious relationships with others.
Moral Crisis- The person has an irrational or distorted concept of what is
right or wrong, lack of moral values and integrity of the person.
Economic Crisis- The deprivation of the basic necessities of life like
food and material things.
Emotional Crisis- When an individual is affected by negative feelings
like emotional disturbances, fear, etc.
Psychosexual Crisis- Failure of the person to assume one's sex role and
identity as a man or woman. The person has an inappropriate sex
objective, inadequate and distorted expression of affection.

 CONCEPT OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT

is the proper utilization of all available resources and the
formulation of policies and procedure to effectively deal with
progressive sequence of events (crisis) and sudden or unforeseen
state (emergency).

 THE CRISIS MANAGEMENT DOCTRINE

The crisis may start as basically a police or special unit matter but
could develop in proportion and dimension requiring further
military operations. It the crisis situation is brought about by
natural calamities, then it is addressed by the National Disaster
Risk Reduction Management Council. The general idea is to
prevent the occurrence of a crisis, ensure a probability of success in
minimizing or neutralizing the perpetrator or to return the situation
into normalcy.
 PHASES OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT
 PRO - ACTIVE PHASE
 PREDICTION
 PREVENTION
 PREPARATION
is the stage of advance planning, organization and coordination and
control in response to an anticipated future crisis occurrence. This
phase is designed to predict or prevent probability or occurrence of
the crisis while at the same time prepares to handle them when they
occur.
 THE REACTIVE PHASE
 PERFORMANCE
 THE INITIAL ACTION
 THE ACTION STAGE
 THE POST ACTION STAGE
When crisis occurs despite the pro-active effort the organization
concerned must prepare to perform the crisis management in
accordance with their plan.
 PREDICTION
Stage of anticipating future crisis occurrences
 Update Intelligence - involves the collection of information from
variety of sources as basis of actions and plan. (contengency
planning)
 Events - incidents that are already passed which can facilitate
analysis necessary for identification of probable threats groups,
target and necessary for advance planning.
 PREVENTION
This proactive phase considers countermeasures as part of the total
system of operation.
 Operational Security - a counterintelligence measure where all
aspects of awareness and training must be considered to prevent
threat groups. It also refers to measures taken in conducting
operations or activities in secure and effective manner.
 Personal Security - all security measures designed to prevent
unsuitable individuals of doughtful loyalty from gaining access to
classified matters or security facilities.
 Physical Security - encompasses protection of info, materials and
people including perimeter installation. A system of barrier and the
material to be protected.
 PREPARATION
This pro-active phase involves organizing training and eqipment
personnel of the organization. In general, military commanders and
officers of the PNP must organize, train and equip special reaction,
secuirty and negotiation elements and provide their immediate
activation when the need arises.
 National Committee on Crisis Management (NCCM)
serves as the umbrella organization for crisis management. The
primary concern is the formulation of crisis management policies,
integration of military/police to public efforts towards the
prevention and control of crisis.
 The On-site Command Post (OSCP)
shall establish with in the crisis incident site. It is a post or unit
within a probable target to be headed by an on-scene commander
(OSC) whose responsibility is to take charge of every happening
of a crisis incident scene.
 THREAT ANALYSIS OF TREAT GROUPS
 Political Terrorist - ideologically inspire individuals who grouped
together for a common purpose usually for change of government
or political power.
 Criminals - these are people who commit terrorist acts for personal
rather than ideological gains.
 Mentally Deranged Individuals - people commit terroristic acts
during a period of psychiatric disturbance.
 COMPOSITION OF THE OSCP
A. TACTICAL UNIT - composed of regular military or police placed
under the operational command of the OSC.
 Reaction Team - Special action unit which are specially organized,
equipped and deployed in the region to hold special operation in
case of crisis incident.
 Security Element - military or police personnel task to protect the
area of perimeter security to prevent occurrence of unnecessary
incidents.
B. SUPPORT UNIT - it is a unit that provides the necessary
administrative, operational and logistic support of the OSC.
1. Intelligence Team - responsible for the collection and processing of
all information needed by the OSC.
2. Communication Team - responsible for insuring effective
communication between OSC and other units or sub-units.
3. Logistic Team - responsible for ensuring mess services, supplies
(clothing, equipment, transportation) and other logistic services.
4. Medical Team - responsible for all medical supplies and services in
cases of crisis incidents.
5. Fire Fighting Team - responsible for all services related to
extinguishing fires intentionally set by perpetrators or during the
result of operations.
6. Administrative Personnel - personnel assigned to OSC to keep
written records of events, inocming or outgoing communications.
7. Legal/Investigation Team - services of investigation, preservation of
evidence, documents and legal advice to the OSC.
C. NEGOTIATION UNIT
It is headed by a chief negotiator and composed of two or more
members. Their primary concern is to serve first life, prevent
destruction and pave the way for a peaceful resolution of crisis
situation.
 THE REACTIVE PHASE
 When a crisis occurs despite the proactive effort, the organization
concerned must prepare to perform the crisis management in
accordance with their plan.
PERFORMANCE
It is the action stage, the implementation of the crisis management
contingency plan.
INITIAL ACTION
the stage taken by the Initial Action Unit, which is composed of
police and military personnel immediately organized into teams to
initially respond to take incident and begin the containment effort.
They are responsible for:
 maintain control of the situation
 secure the scene by establishing perimeter security
 evacuate by standers if possible
 prevent escape of perpetrator
 THE ACTION STAGE
The action stage starts as soon as the tactical, support unit, and
negotiation units arrive and are deployed. The OSC discusses the
incident with his commander and staff and decides on the plans and
actions to be taken.
 NEGOTIATION
 Chief negotiator undertakes negotiation as soon as he has been
properly briefed and received appropriate instruction from the
OSC.
 He shall keep the OSCP informed of the progress of negotiations
and shall take instructions only from the OSC. No further
negotiation shall be undertaken when the tactical unit commander
initiates tactical operations.
 TACTICAL ACTION
 he tactical commander makes a complete estimate of the crisis
situation and plans his courses of action upon arrival at the scene
while negotiation is in progress. He shall maintain continuous
contact with the OSCP. He shall take over authority on reaction
elements throughout the tactical operations. He shall take
instructions only from the OSC and coordinate all support
requirements with the OSCP.
 TERRORISM
 is a threat or actual use of force or violence for political or other
purposes, to foster fear, insecurity, distrust, and unrest among a
specific group or the general population.
 It is “Violence for effect, not primarily, and sometimes not all for
the physical effect on the actual target, but rather for its dramatic
impact on the audience.”
 CLASSIFICATION OF TERRORIST
1. NATIONAL TERRORIST
a terrorist who operates and aspires to political power primarily
within a single nation.
2. TRANSNATIONAL TERRORIST
a terrorist who operates across national borders, whose actions and
political aspirations may affect individuals of more than one
nationality.
3. INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST
a terrorist who is controlled by, and whose actions represent the
national interest of a sovereign state.
 TYPES OF TERRORIST
1. STATE-SPONSORED TERRORIST
which consist of terrorist acts on a state or government by a state
or government. Example; al-queda & isis
2. DISSENT TERRORIST
terrorist group which have rebelled against their government. Ex;
isis, cpp-npa
3. TERRORIST (LEFT AND RIGHT)
terrorist group rooted in political ideology.
4. RELIGIOUS TERRORISM
terrorist group which are extremely religiously motivated.
5. CRIMINAL TERRORISM
terrorist acts used to aid in crime and criminal profit. ex; asg
6. LONE-WOLF TERRORIST
someone who prepares and commit violent acts alone, outside of
any command structure and without material assistance from any
group.
 HOSTAGE SITUATION
is a set of circumstances wherein a suspected law violator is
holding a person captive with the use of force and threat of
violence while the police are in close contact with the suspect and
his captive.
 NEGOCIATION
It is a systematic process of starting work on a task of negotiating
and dealing with hostage taker, wherein the primary considerations
are the arrangement of terms and conditions between police
authorities and suspects necessary for the release of hostages.
 NEGOTIATOR
Person charged in establishing communication with the hostage
taker.
 PRIORITIES IN HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION
1. Preserve lives
2. Apprehend the captors
 3. Recover or protect properties.

 PRINCIPLES OF NEGOTIATION
a. The hostage has no value to the hostage-taker. His only value is
as a toll to get what the hostage-taker wants, not from the hostage
but from the police authorities.
b. Preventing violence in a hostage situation is the interest of the
hostage-taker, as it is to the authorities. In any case, if it goes
violent, the police authorities must always come out the victor.
c. Priorities in a hostage situation include the preservation of life
and the apprehension of the hostage-taker, recovery and the
protection of property.
d. To successfully negotiate, there must be a need to live on the
part of the hostage-taker because a hostage-taker who is bent on
killing himself is a non-negotiable case.
 NEGOTIATIONS APPROACHES FOR HOSTAGE TAKERS
 PARANOID-SCHIZOPRENICS
 they are usually above average in intelligence, therefore be careful
about attempting to trick or lie to them.
 Accept their beliefs as being true to them
 Do not try to argue or convince them that their beliefs are wrong.

 MANIC-DEPRESSIVE
▪ Understanding and support should be provided.
▪ Continually reassure them that they have self-worth
▪ Do not underestimate the situation by saying that what they are
doing is bad.
▪ Gently interrupt long statements
 ▪ Be alert for spontaneous events, these may indicate that a
decision has been reached to kill the hostages
▪ Gradual improvements over hours of negotiations are mush better
indicators
▪ It is alright to ask if a suspect has considered killing himself
Once rapport has been established direct actions can be made.

INADEQUATE PERSONALITY
 Understanding and uncritical acceptance should be provided
 Help him find a way to end the incident by allowing him to save
face
 Do not bring parents, friends etc. to the scene. This may invoke
stronger feelings or embarrassment.

 ANTI-SOCIAL PERSONALITY
 It is important to remember that he is self-centered and will
attempt to make things easier on himself.
 Be careful about making tricks, he is usually “streetwise and
police wise” and experts to be tricked.
 Remember that he is familiar with the judicial system, so do not
make promises you can’t produce.
 He needs frequent ego stimulation
 Avoid discussing jail sentences or assistance
 Avoid any appearance of indecision or ambivalence
 Do not attempt to plat the role of therapist

 COMMON CRIMINAL
 He is the type of person who doesn't plan very well
 Often self-indulgent and impulsive
  Often lacks conscience or concern for others
 At first, relations with hostages will be uncomfortable because is
worried about what they might do and how to manage them. After
some time he may begin to relate to them as human beings.
 The approaches should be reality-oriented discussions to assist
him in recognizing the facts of the situation and convincing him to
accept his physical safety in return for the release of hostages.

 PRISONER
 A rapid police action before “true leaders” of the unruly group can
emerge
 If rapid action is not possible, negotiations should continue as if
dealing with a “mentally normal” criminal
 If the hostages are guards or police officers, the risk of injury
increases.
 CRISIS MANAGEMENT TASK FORCE
 PATROL PERSONNEL
Responds to the crime scene, confirms the situation, evacuates
injured and the threatened, evaluates the situation, establishes
perimeter, establishes outer perimeter, gathers intelligence, and
identifies command post.
 FIELD COMMANDER
Manager, controller, overall decision maker, and delegates
authority for perimeters, negotiations, tactical planning, support
elements, logistics and media relations.
 OPERATIONAL AIDE
Report to field negotiator, setup temporary headquarters,
Coordinate assignment of off-duty personnel arriving at the scene,
 Assist units as necessary, and relay orders/information to involved
person; receive request.
 ADMINISTRATIVE AIDE
Report to field negotiator, supervise temporary headquarters and
maintain records of operations and units at the scene.
 ASSAULT TEAM
Sharpshooter with high powered arms on flack vest (protective
armors)
 INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM (ICS)
BACKGROUND
NDRRMC Memo Circular No. 4, series of 2012 - provides the
implementing guidelines on the use of the incident command
system (ICS) as an On-scene Disaster Response and Management
Mechanism under the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management System (PDRRMS).
 TERMS TO PONDER
 AGENCY ADMINISTRATOR/EXECUTIVE OR
RESPONSIBLE OFFICIALS
the official responsible for administering policy for an agency or
jurisdiction, having full authority for making decisions, and
providing direction to the management organization for an
incident.
 ALL HAZARDS - any incident, natural or human induced, that
warrants action to protect life, property, environment, public
health, or safety and minimize disruptions of government, social
and economic activities.
 AREA COMMAND - an organization established to oversee the
management of multiple incidents that are each being handled by a
 separate ics organization or of a very large or evolving incident that
has multiple incident management team engaged.
 Assistant- title for subordinates of principal Command Staff
positions. The title indicates a level of technical capability,
qualifications, and responsibility subordinates to the primary
position.
 BASE - the location at which primary logistics functions for an
incident are coordinated and administered. there is only one base
per incident.
 Branch - the organizational level having functional or geographical
responsibility for major aspects of incident operations.
 Camp - a geographical site within the general incident area that is
equipped and staffed to provide sleeping, food, water, and sanitary
services to ICS personnel.
 CHAIN OF COMMAND - series of command, control, executive, or
management positions in a hierarchical order of authority; an
orderly line of authority within the ranks of the incident
management organization.
 Chief - the Incident Command Title for an individual responsible for
the management of functional sections.
 Command - the act of directing, ordering, or controlling by virtue of
explicit statutory, regulatory, or delegated authority.
 COMMAND STAFF - consists of a public information officer,
liaison officer, and other positions as required who report directly
to the incident commander.
 Common Terminology- the normal use of words and phrases for the
same concepts, consistency.
 Community - consists of people, property, services, livelihoods, and
environment; a legally constituted administrative local government
unit of a country.
 COORDINATION - bringing together organizations and elements to
ensure an effective counter-disaster response.
 Delegation of Authority - a statement or instruction given to the
incident commander by the agency executive or responsible
official delegating authority and assigning responsibility.
 Deputy - a fully qualified individual who, in the absence of the
superior, can be delegated the authority to manage a functional
operation or perform a specific task.
 DISASTER - a serious disruption of the functioning of a community
or a society involving widespread human, material, economic, or
environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the
affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
 Disaster Response- the provision of emergency services and public
assistance during or immediately after a disaster in order to save
lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety, and meet the
basic subsistence needs of the people affected.
 EMERGENCY - unforeseen or sudden occurrence, especially
danger, demanding immediate action.
 Emergency Management- the organization and management of
resources and responsibilities for addressing all aspects of
emergencies, in particular, preparedness, response, and initial
recovery steps.
 Emergency Operations Center - the physical location at which the
coordination of information and resources to incident management
activities.
 FINANCE/ADMINISTRATION SECTION - the ics functional
section responsible for approving and tracking all expenditures and
spending related to the incident.
 Function - the term used when describing the activity involved.
Refers to five major activities in the ICS; Command, Operations,
Planning, Logistics, and Finance/Administration.
 General Staff - a group of incident management personnel organized
according to function and reporting to the incident commander.
 HAZARD - a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or
condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts,
property damage, loss of livelihood or services, social and
economic disruption, or environmental damage.
 Jurisdiction - a range or sphere of authority.
 Liaison Officer - a member of the command staff responsible for
coordinating with representatives from cooperating and assisting
agencies.
 LOGISTICS SECTION- the section responsible for providing
facilities, services, and material support for the incident.
 Preparedness - measures taken to strengthen the capacity of the
emergency services to respond in an emergency.
 Tactics - refers to those activities, resources, and maneuvers that are
directly applied to achieve goals; deploying and directing resources
on an incident to accomplish the objectives designated by the
strategy.
 UNIFIED COMMAND (UC) - an incident command system
management option that can be used when more than one agency
has incident jurisdiction or when incidents cross political
boundaries/jurisdiction.
 Unity of Command - the concept by which each person within the
organization reports to one and only designated person.

 BASIC CONCEPT
 INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM (ICS)
 Standardized, on-scene, all hazards incident management concept.
 Non permanent organization
 INCIDENTS/EVENTS MANAGED BY ICS
 Disaster caused by natural hazards
 Human-induced crisis
 Accidents such as fire, hazardous materials, traffic accidents
 Human and animal diseases outbreaks
 Planned events ei. Fiestas, parades, sports events, conferences,
concerts.