Knowledge is a familiarity, awareness, or understanding of someone or something, such as facts,

information, descriptions, or skills, acquired through experience or education by perceiving,

discovering, or learning. It is more than just information; it is the ability to understand and apply
that information effectively.

b) Information
Information is processed data that is meaningful and useful. It can be facts, figures, or any other
type of data that is used to make decisions or solve problems.

c) Expertise
Expertise is a high level of knowledge or skill in a particular area. Experts have a deep
understanding of their field and are able to apply their knowledge to solve complex problems.

d) Wisdom
Wisdom is the ability to use knowledge and experience to make sound judgments and decisions.
It involves understanding the big picture and considering the long-term consequences of one's
actions.

e) Knowledge Codification
Knowledge codification is the process of capturing and organizing knowledge in a structured
format. This can be done through a variety of methods, such as creating databases, writing
manuals, or developing training programs.

f) Quantitative Measures in Knowledge Management

Here are some quantitative measures used in knowledge management:

• Knowledge capture rate: The percentage of knowledge that is captured and stored in a
knowledge management system.
• Knowledge reuse rate: The percentage of knowledge that is reused by employees.
• Knowledge sharing rate: The percentage of employees who share their knowledge with
others.
• Employee satisfaction with knowledge management: A measure of how satisfied
employees are with the knowledge management system and processes.
• Return on investment (ROI) of knowledge management: A measure of the financial
benefits of knowledge management initiatives.

g) Explicit Knowledge
Explicit knowledge is knowledge that can be easily articulated and shared. It can be documented
in books, articles, manuals, or other forms of media. Explicit knowledge is often easier to
manage and share than tacit knowledge.

Examples of explicit knowledge:

• Facts
• Figures
• Data
• Processes
• Procedures

Tacit Knowledge is the kind of knowledge that is difficult to articulate and is often embedded in
the individual, team, or organization. It is often acquired through experience and is difficult to
transfer to others.

Examples of tacit knowledge:

• Skills
• Know-how
• Intuition
• Judgment
• Experience

a) Information:

• Definition: Information is processed data that is meaningful and useful. It can be facts,
figures, or any other type of data that is used to make decisions or solve problems.

• Key Characteristics:

o Organized: Data that has been structured and given context.

o Meaningful: Provides insights and understanding.

o Reduces Uncertainty: Helps in decision-making by providing relevant facts.

b) Objective Knowledge:

• Definition: Objective knowledge is knowledge that is independent of individual beliefs,

opinions, or interpretations. It is based on facts, evidence, and verifiable observations.

• Key Characteristics:

o Empirical: Based on observation and experimentation.

o Testable: Can be verified or refuted through evidence.

o Universal: Applicable across different contexts and individuals.

c) Codifiability of Knowledge:
 • Definition: Codifiability refers to the extent to which knowledge can be easily articulated,
documented, and shared.

• High Codifiability: Knowledge that can be easily expressed in a structured format (e.g.,
manuals, databases, reports).

• Low Codifiability: Knowledge that is difficult to articulate and often resides within
individuals (e.g., tacit knowledge, skills, expertise).

d) Tacit Knowledge:

• Definition: Tacit knowledge is the kind of knowledge that is difficult to articulate and is
often embedded in the individual, team, or organization. It is often acquired through
experience and is difficult to transfer to others.

• Key Characteristics:

o Implicit: Resides within individuals, often unconsciously.

o Difficult to Formalize: Hard to express in words or documents.

o Context-Specific: Often tied to individual experiences and situations.

e) Steps in the Knowledge Management Cycle:

1. Knowledge Creation: Generating new knowledge through research, innovation, and

learning.

2. Knowledge Capture: Collecting and storing knowledge in a structured format (e.g.,

documents, databases).

3. Knowledge Organization: Structuring and categorizing knowledge for easy retrieval and
access.

4. Knowledge Dissemination: Sharing knowledge with relevant individuals and teams.

5. Knowledge Application: Using knowledge to solve problems, make decisions, and improve
performance.

6. Knowledge Evaluation: Assessing the effectiveness of knowledge management processes

and making improvements.

f) Knowledge Transfer in the Organization:

• Definition: Knowledge transfer refers to the process of sharing knowledge between

individuals, teams, or departments within an organization.

• Importance:

o Improved Decision-Making: Access to diverse perspectives and expertise.

o Increased Innovation: Fostering creativity and new ideas.

o Enhanced Efficiency: Streamlining processes and reducing redundancies.

 o Improved Employee Performance: Enabling continuous learning and
development.

g) Common/Shared Knowledge:

• Definition: Common or shared knowledge refers to knowledge that is known and

understood by a group of people within an organization. It forms a collective understanding
and shared context.

• Importance:

o Facilitates Collaboration: Enables effective teamwork and communication.

o Reduces Misunderstandings: Ensures everyone is on the same page.

o Improves Consistency: Ensures standardized practices and procedures.

h) Elements of the Physical Environment of the Organization:

• Workspace Design: Office layout, furniture, technology infrastructure.

• Building and Facilities: Condition of the building, amenities, accessibility.

• Location and Surroundings: Proximity to transportation, amenities, and other

organizations.

• Technology Infrastructure: Availability and speed of internet, computer systems, and

other technologies.

a) Data and Information:

• Data: Raw, unprocessed facts and figures. It has no inherent meaning or context.

• Information: Processed data that is meaningful and useful. It provides insights and
understanding.

b) Expertise:

• Definition: Expertise is a high level of knowledge or skill in a particular area. Experts have a
deep understanding of their field and are able to apply their knowledge to solve complex
problems.

• Key Characteristics:

o Deep Knowledge: Extensive knowledge and understanding of a specific domain.

o Problem-Solving Skills: Ability to apply knowledge to solve complex challenges.

o Practical Experience: Hands-on experience and practical application of

knowledge.

c) Role of Knowledge Infrastructure in Knowledge Management Systems:

 • Enables Knowledge Sharing: Provides the tools and platforms for capturing, storing, and
disseminating knowledge.

• Facilitates Knowledge Access: Makes knowledge easily accessible and retrievable by

employees.

• Supports Knowledge Creation: Provides tools for collaboration, innovation, and

knowledge creation.

• Improves Knowledge Quality: Ensures the accuracy, reliability, and relevance of

knowledge.

d) Organizational Culture in the Context of Knowledge Management:

• Definition: Organizational culture refers to the shared values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors
that shape the way people interact and work within an organization.

• Importance:

o Drives Knowledge Sharing: A culture that values learning, collaboration, and

knowledge sharing promotes effective knowledge management.

o Influences Knowledge Behavior: Shapes how employees create, capture, and use
knowledge.

o Impacts Knowledge Retention: Influences how knowledge is preserved and

maintained within the organization.

e) Dimensions of KM Impact on Organizational Performance:

• Improved Decision-Making: Better informed decisions leading to improved outcomes.

• Increased Innovation: Fostering creativity and new product/service development.

• Enhanced Customer Satisfaction: Providing better customer service through improved

knowledge and expertise.

• Increased Efficiency: Streamlining processes and reducing redundancies.

• Competitive Advantage: Gaining a competitive edge through superior knowledge and

expertise.

• Improved Employee Morale and Engagement: Creating a learning environment that

motivates and engages employees.

f) Steps in the Knowledge Management Cycle:

1. Knowledge Creation: Generating new knowledge through research, innovation, and

learning.

2. Knowledge Capture: Collecting and storing knowledge in a structured format (e.g.,

documents, databases).
 3. Knowledge Organization: Structuring and categorizing knowledge for easy retrieval and
access.

4. Knowledge Dissemination: Sharing knowledge with relevant individuals and teams.

5. Knowledge Application: Using knowledge to solve problems, make decisions, and improve
performance.

6. Knowledge Evaluation: Assessing the effectiveness of knowledge management processes

and making improvements.

g) Quantitative Measures in Knowledge Management:

• Knowledge Capture Rate: The percentage of knowledge that is captured and stored in a
knowledge management system.

• Knowledge Reuse Rate: The percentage of knowledge that is reused by employees.

• Knowledge Sharing Rate: The percentage of employees who share their knowledge with
others.

• Employee Satisfaction with Knowledge Management: A measure of how satisfied

employees are with the knowledge management system and processes.

• Return on Investment (ROI) of Knowledge Management: A measure of the financial

benefits of knowledge management initiatives.

a) Functions of a Knowledge Portal:

• Centralized Access: Provides a single point of access to a wide range of knowledge

resources.

• Search and Retrieval: Enables easy and efficient search and retrieval of knowledge.

• Personalization: Allows users to personalize their portal experience.

• Collaboration: Facilitates collaboration and knowledge sharing among users.

• Knowledge Creation: Provides tools for creating and sharing new knowledge.

• Knowledge Management: Supports the entire knowledge management cycle.

b) Epistemology:

• Definition: Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies knowledge. It explores

questions such as:

o What is knowledge?

o How is knowledge acquired?

o What is the nature of truth?

o How can we distinguish between true and false beliefs?

c) Data Mining in KM:

• Definition: Data mining involves the process of discovering hidden patterns and insights
from large datasets.

• Role in KM:

o Identifying Knowledge Gaps: Identifying areas where knowledge is lacking or

incomplete.

o Predicting Future Trends: Forecasting future needs and trends based on historical
data.

o Personalizing Knowledge Delivery: Tailoring knowledge delivery to individual user

needs.

o Improving Decision-Making: Providing data-driven insights to support decision-

making.

d) Importance of a Knowledge Center:

• Centralized Repository: Provides a central repository for storing and accessing

organizational knowledge.

• Improved Knowledge Sharing: Facilitates the sharing of knowledge among employees.

• Enhanced Decision-Making: Provides access to relevant information for informed

decision-making.

• Increased Innovation: Fosters creativity and innovation by providing access to diverse

knowledge sources.

• Improved Employee Performance: Enables continuous learning and development.

e) Why KM Tools are Required:

• Facilitate Knowledge Sharing: Provide tools for capturing, storing, and sharing knowledge.

• Improve Knowledge Accessibility: Make knowledge easily accessible and retrievable.

• Support Knowledge Creation: Enable collaboration and knowledge creation.

• Enhance Knowledge Management Processes: Streamline and automate knowledge

management processes.

• Improve Organizational Performance: Contribute to improved decision-making,

innovation, and efficiency.

f) Knowledge Portal:

• Definition: A knowledge portal is a single point of access to a wide range of knowledge

resources, including documents, databases, expert directories, and other information
sources.
• Key Features:

o Search and Retrieval: Enables easy and efficient search and retrieval of knowledge.

o Personalization: Allows users to personalize their portal experience