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INTRODUCTION

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8 views

INTRODUCTION

Uploaded by

srggowsik2008
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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 INTRODUCTION

Hardness of water is determined by concentration of


multivalent cations present in water. Hard water contains Ca2+ ,
Mg2+ions. Hardness of water can be removed by adding sodium
carbonate to hard water stay. Sometimes salts are dangerous for
human health. Therefore, it is necessary to detect presence of these
ions and remove them to on safer side. TYPES OF HARDNESS IN
WATER.
1)Temporary hardness
2)Permanent hardness
TEMPORARY HARDNESS:
Temporary hardness is due to the presence of biocarbonates of
calcium and magnesium. It can be easily removed by boiling .
PERMANENT HARDNESS:
Permanent hardness is due to the presence of chlorides and
sulphates of calcium and magnesium. This type of hardness cannot
be removed by boiling.
SALTS PRESENT IN WATER :
Sulphate in groundwater is caused by natural deposits of magnesium
sulphate, calcium sulphate or sodium sulphate. Concentrations
should be below 250 ppm. Higher concentrations are undesirable
because of their laxative effects. Iron as it exists in natural
groundwater is in the soluble (ferrous) state but, when exposed to
oxygen, is converted into the insoluble (ferric) state with its
characteristic reddish brown or rusty color. Chloride in groundwater
can be naturally occurring in deep aquifers or caused by pollution
from sea water, brine, or 250 mg/l can produce a distinct taste in
drinking water. Fluorinated water contains fluoride at a level that is
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effective for preventing industrial or domestic wastes. Chloride
concentration above cavities . this can occur naturally or by adding
fluoride.

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 THEORY

Hard water : Water with very high mineral content is called


hard water. Hard water is when water percolates through
deposits of chalk and limestone. We know that limestone and
chalk are made up of calcium and magnesium carbonates.
Indicator of hardness in water: Hardness in water indicates an
inability to form lather with soap solution. The effect of various
dissolved salts, containing several different cations and anions,
on the formation on lather, is investigated. Following example
of hard water containing calcium and magnesium ions, shows
formation of insoluble precipitate.
2 C17H35COO−Na+ + Ca2+ → (C17H35COO)2Ca + 2 Na+
2 C17H35COO−Na++ Mg2+→(C17H35COO)2Mg + 2Na+

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 APPARATUS

 Test tubes
 Pipette
 Beakers
 Stop watch
 Corks
 Test tube stand

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 CHEMICAL REQUIRED:

 Soap solution
 Calcium chloride solution
 Sodium sulphate
 Distilled water
 Iron (II) sulphate solution
 Sodium nitrate
 Magnesium sulphate

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 DETERMINING HARDNESS OF WATER :

 Take eight test tubes and label them as 1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7


 Put about 10 drops of the following in different test tube:

Test tube 1-distilled or deionised water


Test tube 2-calcium chloride solution
Test tube 3-sodium sulphate solution
Test tube 4-Iron (II) sulphate solution
Test tube 5-Sodium chloride solution
Test tube 7-magnesium sulphate

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 Take out 50 mL of soap solution in a small beaker.
 Pipette out about 5 ml soap solution in each test tube.
 Close the mouth of each test tube with cork and shake it
Vigorously.
 Note which tube contains a foamy lather and which do
not.
 With the help of stopwatch measure the time taken for
disappearance of foam in each test tube

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 PROCEDURE
A.TESTING IRON IN WATER
 Take 5 mL water in a test tube. Add two drops of dilute
H2SO4.
 Boil the contents and allow it to cool.
 Now, add 2-3 drops of ammonium sulphocyanide.

Appearance of orange colour indicates the presence of iron in water.


B. TESTING CHLORIDE IN WATER:
 Take 5 mL water in a test tube. Add 2 drops of concentrated
HNO3 in it.
 Boil the contents of the test tube and allow it to cool.

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 Now, add 2-3 drops of AgNO3 solution to it.

Appearance of curdy precipitate indicates the presence of.


C. TESTING FLUORIDE IN WATER:
 Take 5 mL water in a test tube.
 chloride in water Add water, silver nitrate and dilute nitric
acid to it.
OBSERVATION:
No precipitate indicates presence of fluoride ion in water

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 RESULT :
Presence of salt contents in different source of water is
detected experimentally.

 Bibliography

http://neerajminichemistry.weebly.com

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