Chandra Shekhar Azad University of

Agriculture and Technology

Kanpur 208002
ASSIGNMENT
TOPIC - Sampling and its type
Course code - SAF-212
Course Name- Forest Menstruation

SUBMITTED TO…. SUBMITTED BY

Dr. Tahera Arjumand Rangrajan Yadav
Dr. Pooja Sharma CF-0574/2023
 Types of Sampling

Sampling definition: A sample refers to a smaller, manageable version of a

larger group. It is a Subset containing the characteristics of a larger population.
In other words, sampling is a process, Which allows us to study a small group
of people from the large group to derive inferences that Are likely to be
applicable to all the people of the large group. This is done as When a
researcher Conducts a research, it’s rarely possible to collect data from every
person in that group or to Study the whole population. Instead, the researcher
selects a sample. Hence, a sample is the Group of individuals who will actually
participate in the research. In order to get a clearer picture We must first
differentiate between population and a sample.
• • The population is the entire group that a researcher wants to draw
conclusions about.
• • The sample is the specific group of individuals that a researcher will collect
data from.
The population can be defined in terms of geographical location, age, income,
and many other Characteristics.

Types of sampling: sampling methods

Sampling are basically of two types – probability sampling and non-probability
sampling.
1. Probability sampling/ Random sampling: Probability
sampling is defined as a sampling Technique in which the researcher
chooses samples from a larger population using a method Based on the
theory of probability. The researcher sets a few criteria and chooses
members of a Population randomly. This is done so that all the members
have an equal opportunity to be a part Of the sample with this selection
parameter.
2. Non-probability sampling/ Non-random sampling:
Types of probability sampling with examples:
There are four types of probability sampling techniques. They are -simple
random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, and
systematic sampling
Simple random sampling: Simple random sampling as the name
suggests, is an entirely random method of selecting the sample. A simple
random sample is a is a randomly selected subset of a population in
which each member of the subset has an equal probability of being
chosen to be a part of a sample. As such, a simple random sample is an
unbiased surveying technique. It is one of the best probability sampling
techniques that helps in saving time and resource. It is a reliable method
of obtaining information where every single member of a population is
chosen randomly, merely by chance. It could be more accurately called
a randomly chosen sample. Random samples are used to avoid bias and
other unwanted effects. However, it isn’t quite as simple as it seems;
choosing a random sample isn’t as simple as just picking 100 people
from 10,000 people. One has to be sure that one’s random sample is truly
random and fairly homogenous. ‘Lottery method’ is one example of
random sample where the selection of items entirely depends on luck or
probability, and therefore this sampling technique is also sometimes
known as a method of chances. Another example of simple random
sampling is the ‘use of random numbers.’ The use of random numbers is
an alternative method that also involves numbering the population. The
use of a number table similar to the one below can help with this
sampling technique.
Stratified random sampling: Stratified random sampling is a
method of sampling that involves dividing a population into smaller sub-
groups called strata. The groups or strata are organized based on the
shared characteristics or attributes such as gender, age, income range,
job profile, or educational attainment, etc. of the members in the group.
While sampling, a researcher organises these groups and then sample is
drawn from each group separately using simple random sampling
method. Stratified random sampling is also known as quota random
sampling and proportional random sampling. For example, the company
has 800 female employees and 200 male employees. You want to ensure
that the sample reflects the gender balance of the company, so you sort
the population into two strata based on gender. Then you use random
sampling on each group, selecting 80 women and 20 men, which gives
you a representative sample of 100 people. Another example of stratified
random sampling is, suppose we conduct a national survey. We might
divide the population into groups or strata, based on geography - north,
east, south, and west. Then, within each stratum, we might randomly
select survey respondents.
Types of non-probability sampling with examples
There are four types of non-probability sampling; they are- Convenience
sampling, Judgmental or purposive sampling, Quota sampling and Snowball
sampling.

Judgmental or purposive sampling: Judgemental or purposive sampling

method, researchers select the samples based purely on the researcher’s
discretion, knowledge and credibility. In other words, researchers choose only
those people who they deem fit to participate in the research study. In
purposive sampling, we sample with a purpose in mind. We usually would have
one or more specific predefined groups we are seeking. Judgmental or
purposive sampling is not a scientific method of sampling, and the downside
to this sampling technique is that the preconceived notions of a researcher can
influence the results. Thus, this research technique involves a high amount of
ambiguity. The purposive sampling technique is most effective when one needs
to study a certain cultural domain with knowledgeable experts within.
Purposive sampling may also be used with both qualitative and quantitative
research techniques.
TV reporters stopping certain individuals on the street in order to ask their
opinions about certain political changes constitutes the most popular example
of this sampling method. However, it is important to specify that the TV reporter
has to apply certain judgment when deciding who to stop on the street to ask
questions; otherwise it would be the case of random sampling technique.
Alternatively, purposive sampling method may prove to be effective when only
limited numbers of people can serve as primary data sources due to the nature
of research design and aims and objectives. For example, for a research
analysing effects of personal tragedy, the researcher may use his/her own
judgment in order to choose senior level managers who could particulate in in-
depth interviews.
Snowball sampling: Snowball sampling is a sampling method that
researchers apply when the subjects are inaccessible or hard to find. In
snowball sampling, the researcher begins by identifying someone who meets
the criteria for inclusion in the study at hand and the researcher asks them to
recommend others who they may know who also meet the criteria. This
sampling system works like the referral program.
Snowball sampling is especially useful when the sample size is small and we
are trying to reach populations that are difficult to trace. Researchers also
implement this sampling method in situations where the topic is highly
sensitive and not openly discussed—for example,surveys togather information
about individuals with HIV/ AIDS. Not many victims will readily respond to the
questions. Still, researchers can contact people they might know or volunteers
associated with the cause to get in touch with the victims and collect
information. In other words, snowball sampling is particularly appropriate
when the population you are interested in is hidden and/or hard-to-reach.
Other examples include populations such as drug addicts, homeless people,
prostitutes etc.

Quota sampling: in quota sampling, a quota is

assigned
Quota sampling is a non-probabilistic form of stratified sampling. In this
sampling method, the population is divided into strata or into mutually
exclusive sub-groups that are similar or homogenous and from which the
sample items are selected on the basis of a given quota or proportion. In quota
sampling, care is taken to maintain the correct proportions representative of
the population. For example, if the population consists of 45% female and 55%
male, the sample should reflect those percentages. Quota sampling is based
on the researcher’s judgment. This type of sampling technique isused when, for
instance, a company is short of time or the budget of the researcher is limited.
Quota sampling can also be used at times when detailed accuracy is not
important. To create a quota sample, knowledge about the population and the
objective should be well understood so that the researcher can choose the
relevant stratification; next is to calculate quota from each section of the
population and at the end keep on adding samples until the quota for each
section is met. Quota sampling has many benefits. It is easy to administer; it is
fast to create and complete; it is inexpensive; it takes into account population
proportions, if desired and lastly can be used if probability sampling
techniques are not possible.
 Referencs
https://books.google.co.in/books/abo
ut/Forest_Mensuration.html?id=b2RE
AAAAYAAJ&redir_esc=y
https://library.niti.gov.in/cgi-
bin/koha/opac-
detail.pl?biblionumber=77098&shelfbr
owse_itemnumber=87980