Expense and budget management

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

Lakshay Rana – 21BCA1595

Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Computer Applications

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY

February 2024

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 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report Expense and budget management is

bonafidework of Lakshay Rana – 21BCA1595 who carried out the project
workunder my supervision.

Signature Signature
Dr. Kavita Gupta Ms. Palwinder Kaur Mangat
Head of Department Supervisor & Assistant Professor
University Institute of Computing University Institute of Computing

Submitted for the project viva-voice examination held on

May 2024

Internal Examiner External Examiner

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................... 3

ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 7
Background and Motivation........................................................................................................... 8-9
Project Objectives.........................................................................................................................10
Scope of the Project......................................................................................................................11
Methodology ................................................................................................................................12
Report Organization......................................................................................................................14

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW/BACKGROUND STUDY .................................................................15

Timeline of the Reported Problem ................................................................................................15
Existing Solutions ..........................................................................................................................16
Bibliometric Analysis.....................................................................................................................17
Review Summary ..........................................................................................................................18
Problem Definition .......................................................................................................................19
Goals/Objectives......................................................................................................................20-21

CHAPTER 3. DESIGN FLOW/PROCESS ........................................................................................... 22-23

Evaluation & Selection of Specifications/Features ..................................................................... 24-25
Design Constraints .................................................................................................................... 26-28
Analysis of Features and finalization subject to constraints ....................................................... 29-31
Design Flow… ...........................................................................................................................32-33
Design selection....................................................................................................................... 34-35
Implementation plan/methodology ......................................................................................... 36-37

CHAPTER 4. RESULT ANALYSIS AND VALIDATION ............................................................................. 38

Implementation of solution .........................................................................................................39-40

CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK ................................................................................49

Conclusion...................................................................................................................................... 50
Future work.................................................................................................................................... 51

APPENDIX ........................................................................................................................................ 52
Plagiarism Report ............................................................................................................................ 53

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 TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1: E.M.S. Logo ........................................................................................................... 6

Figure 2: User Logo............................................................................................................... 8
Figure 3: Timeline in Gantt Chart ........................................................................................ 13
Figure 4: Login… ................................................................................................................ 42
Figure 5: Home .................................................................................................................. 45
Figure 6: Plagiarism Report ................................................................................................. 52

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 TABLE OF TABLES
Table 1: Timeline ................................................................................................................. 12

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 ABSTRACT

Figure 1: E.M.S. Logo

In the realm of financial management and prudent planning, the effective tracking
of personal and business expenses holds immense significance. This project
endeavors to develop a sophisticated Expense Tracking System (ETS) that
transcends traditional methods. The ETS aims to empower users by providing a
streamlined platform for accurate expense recording, systematic categorization,
and insightful analysis. Characterized by an intuitive user interface, robust
security protocols, and a range of data visualization tools, the ETS offers a holistic
solution. Through these features, users can make informed financial decisions,
identify spending trends, and establish realistic budgetary targets

The following report offers a comprehensive account of the project's lifecycle,

encompassing the stages of conceptualization, detailed design, and seamless
implementation. Additionally, the report highlights the myriad benefits of the
Expense Tracking System, substantiating its transformative impact on refining
personal financial management practices. By encapsulating the essence of prudent
expense tracking, this project underscores its pertinence in nurturing sound
financial habits and comprehensive planning, making it a relevant and valuable
addition to the college project landscape.

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 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

In the contemporary landscape of financial management, meticulous tracking of

personal and business expenses stands as a cornerstone of effective planning and
prudent decision-making. Recognizing this, the present project embarks on the
creation of an innovative Expense Tracking System (ETS) that goes beyond
traditional approaches. The ETS endeavors to empower users with a
comprehensive platform for precise expense recording, structured categorization,
and insightful analysis. Characterized by an intuitive user interface, robust
security measures, and an array of data visualization tools, the ETS offers a
holistic solution to expense management. Through these features, users can not
only enhance their financial decision-making processes but also unravel patterns
in their expenditure habits and set achievable budgetary benchmarks.

This report meticulously documents the project's entire lifecycle, encompassing

the phases of inception, detailed design, and seamless implementation.
Furthermore, it sheds light on the manifold advantages of the Expense Tracking
System, substantiating its potential to revolutionize personal financial
management practices. As we delve into the nuances of efficient expense tracking,
this project underscores its paramount importance in fostering soundfinancial
behaviors and facilitating comprehensive financial planning—an endeavor that
seamlessly integrates within the context of a college project, fostering
valuable insights and practical skills.

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 Figure 2: User Logo

Background and Motivation

In the current landscape of rapidly evolving technological advancements and
increasingly complex financial transactions, the need for effective expense
management has become morepronounced than ever. Individuals and
businesses alike find themselves grappling with the challenges of monitoring,
categorizing, and comprehending their expenditure patterns to ensure prudent
financial decisions. Traditional methods of expense tracking, often reliant on
manual record-keeping and sporadic spreadsheet updates, have demonstrated
their limitationsin the face of this evolving landscape. The emergence of digital
payment systems, online shopping, and dynamic financial ecosystems
necessitates a more sophisticated and streamlined approach to expense tracking.

The motivation behind this project is to bridge this gap and address the
multifaceted challenges posed by contemporary expense management needs.
By creating an advanced Expense Tracking System (ETS), we seek to
provide users with a comprehensive solution that not only automates the
process of expense recording but also facilitates intelligent analysis and
strategic planning. The motivation stems from a profound understanding of
the transformative impact that such a system can have on individuals' and
businesses' financialwell-being.

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This project is driven by the aspiration to empower users with a tool that not
only simplifies their expense tracking efforts but also empowers them to make
informed financial decisions.By creating a user-friendly interface,
implementing robust security measures, and enabling data visualization
capabilities, we aim to offer an integrated solution that adapts to the modern
financial landscape. Ultimately, our motivation is rooted in the belief that
effective expense tracking is an essential pillar of financial health, and our
system seeks to catalyze positive changes in the way users approach their
financial planning and decision-making processes.

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 Project Objectives

The primary objectives of this project are driven by the ambition to revolutionize
expense management practices and empower users with a comprehensive toolkit
for navigating their financial landscapes more effectively.

Firstly, the project aims to design and develop an advanced Expense Tracking
System (ETS) that seamlessly integrates with the modern digital lifestyle. The
system will be tailored to the needs of both individual users and businesses,
ensuring its adaptability to diverse financial scenarios.

Secondly, the ETS will prioritize user-friendliness by offering an intuitive and

user-centric interface. This interface will make expense recording, categorization,
and analysis a seamless experience, reducing the barrier to entry for users with
varying levels of technological proficiency.

The ETS will also incorporate sophisticated data visualization tools, enabling
users to gain deeper insights into their expenditure patterns and trends. By
presenting data in clear and interactive formats, users will be better equipped to
make informed financial decisions and strategize their budgets.

Lastly, the project seeks to address the limitations of existing expense tracking
solutions by offering a scalable and adaptable system that can evolve alongside
changing financial needs. This adaptability will be reflected in the system's
architecture, allowing for future enhancements and updates to keep pace with
technological advancements.

In essence, the project's objectives converge towards creating an ETS that

democratizes efficient expense management, empowers users with insights and
control, and contributes to fostering a culture of financial prudence and astute
decision-making. Through these objectives, the project endeavors to leave a
lasting impact on the way individuals and businesses approach their financial
planning and management endeavors.

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 Scope of the Project

The scope of this project encompasses a comprehensive journey from

conceptualization toimplementation, focusing on the development of an
advanced Expense Tracking System (ETS). The project will cover multiple
facets to ensure a robust and functional system thatcaters to diverse user
needs.

The project's scope includes the analysis of requirements from both individual
and business users. This involves identifying the specific features and
functionalities that will be integratedinto the ETS to address the varying
complexities of expense management.

Design and development constitute a significant aspect of the project scope.

The system's architecture, user interface, database structure, security
protocols, and data visualization components will be meticulously designed
and developed to ensure a seamless and intuitiveuser experience.

The scope extends to comprehensive testing, including unit testing, integration

testing, and user acceptance testing. Rigorous testing will validate the system's
functionality, security, andusability, ensuring a high-quality end product.

Deployment planning and execution form an integral part of the project's

scope. The systemwill be deployed across both web and mobile platforms,
ensuring accessibility and convenience for users across different devices.

Furthermore, the project scope includes user training and support, ensuring
that users canleverage the system's capabilities effectively. Maintenance
plans will be established to address any post-deployment issues and to
accommodate future enhancements.

In summary, the project scope spans the entire lifecycle of the Expense
Tracking System, from requirement analysis to design, development, testing,
deployment, training, and ongoingmaintenance. This comprehensive scope
ensures the delivery of a functional and user-centric ETS that addresses the
complexities of modern expense management for individuals and businesses.

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 Methodology

The project will follow a systematic methodology that integrates modern

software development practices to ensure the successful creation and
implementation of the ExpenseTracking System (ETS).

The chosen methodology is an Agile approach, known for its flexibility and
iterative nature. This methodology will facilitate continuous collaboration
between the development team and stakeholders, allowing for the incorporation
of feedback and changes throughout the project lifecycle.

The methodology will start with a thorough requirement gathering phase,

involving discussions with potential users, businesses, and financial experts to
identify essential features and functionalities.

Upon defining the requirements, the project will move to the design phase, where
system architecture, user interfaces, and database structures will be meticulously
planned.

Development will follow, with iterative cycles producing functional increments

of the ETS. Regular meetings and reviews will be conducted to ensure alignment
with the project's goals and stakeholder expectations.

Testing will be performed at every stage, encompassing unit testing for individual
components and integration testing to validate the system's functionality as a
whole.

Deployment planning will ensure a smooth and organized rollout of the ETS
across platforms. User training and support strategies will be established to
guarantee users can effectively utilizethe system's capabilities.

Maintenance procedures will be put in place to address any issues post-

deployment and accommodate future enhancements.

By adopting this Agile methodology, the project aims to ensure adaptability,

stakeholder engagement, and the delivery of a high-quality, user-centric Expense
Tracking System that fulfills user needs and aligns with modern software
development best practices.

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Below is the timeline for completion of the project in Gantt Chart
format:

Figure 2: Timeline in Gantt Chart

Table 1: Timeline

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 Report Organization

This project report is structured to provide a clear and comprehensive

understanding of the Expense Tracking System (ETS) development process,
catering to the academic context of acollege project.

The subsequent sections will delve into pertinent topics that collectively
illuminate the project's journey. The "Literature Review" section delves into
existing expense tracking systems, elucidating their merits and shortcomings.
This lays the foundation for the project'ssignificance in addressing prevalent
gaps.

The subsequent section, "System Analysis and Requirements," outlines the

functional andnon-functional requirements of the ETS. Use Case Diagrams
and Data Flow Diagrams visualize the system's behavior and flow of
information, aiding in conceptual clarity.

The "System Design" section explicates the architecture, database design, user
interface, andsecurity measures employed in the ETS, ensuring a holistic view
of the system's blueprint.

The "Implementation" phase offers insights into the technology stack chosen for
the development process, detailing the steps taken to actualize the ETS features.

"Testing and Quality Assurance" sheds light on the rigorous testing conducted at
various stages to ascertain the system's reliability and functionality.

"Deployment and User Training" elucidates the strategy employed to launch the
ETS, complemented by user training plans to ensure seamless adoption.
The final sections encompass "Maintenance and Support," highlighting the
measures taken to sustain the system post-deployment, and "Project
Management," detailing the project's timeline, resource allocation, and risk
management strategies.

In summary, this report is meticulously organized to offer a comprehensive

exposition of the Expense Tracking System's development journey, presenting
insights tailored to the academic context of a college project.
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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW/BACKGROUNDSTUDY

The Literature Review and Background Study chapter serves as an essential

foundation for the entire project, providing an in-depth exploration of the
historical context, existing solutions, academic discourse, and the formulation
of the problem statement. This chapter embarks on an intellectual journey,
tracing the evolution of expense tracking challenges andthe various solutions
that have emerged in response.

Timeline of the Reported Problem

The chronology of the expense tracking conundrum traverses various historical

epochs, each marked by distinctive advancements and challenges. The journey
commences in the pre- digital era, where manual methods like ledger books and
paper records prevailed. These rudimentary techniques served as the foundation
for recording expenditures but were plaguedby human errors and limited data
analysis capabilities.

The late 20th century introduced a paradigm shift with the proliferation of
personal computers. Basic expense tracking transitioned to digital
spreadsheets, offering a more organized approach.

The dawn of the 21st century saw the rapid ascent of digital transactions, e-
commerce, andmobile technologies. This ushered in a new era of financial
complexity as individuals and businesses navigated an intricate web of
payment methods, online shopping, and digital payment platforms. The
subsequent proliferation of digital wallets, online banking, and mobile
payment applications created a multifaceted landscape of financial
interactions.

Today, as we stand amidst this digital revolution, the reported problem of

effective expensetracking has become increasingly pertinent. The timeline
demonstrates a journey from manual ledger entries to the contemporary
challenge of harmonizing myriad digital transactions and obtaining real-time
insights into spending patterns. The evolution of this problem underscores the
necessity for innovative solutions that can seamlessly integrate diverse
transaction sources and empower individuals and businesses to navigate the
intricacies of modern financial landscapes with accuracy and ease.

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 Existing Solutions

The exploration of existing solutions within the realm of expense tracking

reveals a diversetapestry of approaches, each attempting to address the
evolving complexities of financial management.

Traditional methods, such as manual ledger-keeping and spreadsheet-based

tracking, have persisted throughout various epochs. While these methods
offer a sense of familiarity, theyare marred by limitations. They require
manual data entry, which is error-prone and time- consuming. Additionally,
they lack real-time updates and comprehensive data analysis capabilities,
rendering them inadequate for the demands of modern financial management.

The advent of mobile technology ushered in a new era of expense tracking

through mobile applications. These apps enable users to conveniently log
expenses on-the-go, mitigating the delays associated with manual data entry.
However, despite their accessibility, many mobile apps fall short in providing
robust analytical tools and comprehensive synchronization acrossdevices.

Web-based platforms emerged as a promising solution, enabling users to

access their financial data seamlessly across various devices. Some platforms
employ machine learningalgorithms to automate expense categorization,
minimizing the burden of manual input.
Collaborative features facilitate shared expense tracking among
groups, enhancingtransparency in joint financial endeavors.

Despite these advancements, existing solutions still grapple with significant

limitations. Theyoften lack holistic integration across diverse financial
channels, struggle to offer intuitive user experiences, and sometimes
compromise data security. The current landscape reveals a gap between
traditional methodologies and the demands of modern expense tracking,
underscoring the need for a more comprehensive and innovative solution.

As we explore these existing solutions, it becomes evident that while each

offers specific functionalities, none provide a complete ecosystem that
effectively addresses the intricaciesof modern financial management. This
exploration underscores the pressing need for an advanced Expense Tracking
System that can seamlessly amalgamate the diverse facets of expense tracking
while offering user-friendly interfaces, robust security measures, and
meaningful data insights.

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 Bibliometric Analysis

Conducting a bibliometric analysis of the scholarly literature surrounding

expense tracking provides a quantitative lens through which we can understand
the prevalent themes, researchtrends, and perspectives within this domain. By
systematically evaluating published researcharticles, conference papers, and
academic contributions, this analysis illuminates the trajectory of scholarly
discourse and sheds light on the key areas of exploration.

The analysis reveals a spectrum of research themes that resonate across

academic publications. User experience emerges as a dominant concern,
underscoring the importance of designing interfaces that facilitate seamless
interaction between users and expense trackingsystems. This focus on usability
reflects a growing recognition of the need to make financial tools accessible and
intuitive to a wide range of users.

Data security emerges as another crucial dimension, reflecting the

apprehensions associatedwith sharing sensitive financial information online.
The analysis highlights the quest for robust encryption methods and secure
data storage practices to ensure user privacy and protect against potential
breaches.

Machine learning and automation techniques garner considerable attention as

researchers explore the feasibility of leveraging algorithms to automate
expense categorization, prediction of spending patterns, and generating
actionable insights from vast amounts of financial data. This suggests an
exciting avenue for innovation, potentially revolutionizingthe way
individuals and businesses manage their expenses.

The bibliometric analysis not only underscores the multifaceted nature of

expense trackingresearch but also reveals the gaps and areas warranting
further exploration. By quantifyingthe academic landscape, this analysis
serves as a springboard for aligning the project's objectives with the evolving
trends and challenges in expense tracking. It accentuates the project's
relevance and underscores the importance of creating an innovative Expense
Tracking System that addresses these emerging themes while offering a
comprehensive solution to modern expense management challenges.

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 Review Summary

Synthesizing the insights garnered from the exploration of the literature, the
review summaryencapsulates the essence of the historical context, existing
solutions, and academic discoursesurrounding expense tracking. It serves as a
pivotal bridge between the comprehensive analysis and the subsequent phases
of the project, distilling the complexities into a concise overview.

The review highlights the trajectory of the expense tracking problem, tracing
its evolution from manual methods to the contemporary intricacies of
managing diverse digital transactions. It underscores the shift from traditional
methodologies to the digital landscape,prompting the need for innovative
solutions that can harmonize the complexities of modern financial
management.

Existing solutions, ranging from manual ledger-keeping to mobile apps and

web-based platforms, are examined critically. Each solution offers unique
advantages, yet none encapsulates a complete solution that adequately
addresses the diverse challenges users face.The summary emphasizes the
limitations of current offerings, underscoring the gap betweentraditional
approaches and the demands of the digital era.

The academic discourse, as revealed by the bibliometric analysis, demonstrates

the dynamicnature of research trends in expense tracking. The summary
encapsulates the prevalent themes of user experience, data security, and the
application of machine learning techniquesto automate and enhance expense
management processes.

In summary, the review highlights the pressing need for an advanced Expense
Tracking System that encompasses the virtues of user-friendliness, robust
security, automation, and comprehensive data insights. It positions the project
within the broader context of addressingthe limitations of existing solutions and
aligns the project's goals with the evolving landscapeof modern expense
management challenges. This synthesis lays the foundation for delving deeper
into the problem definition, goals, and objectives, setting the stage for the
subsequent phases of the project.

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 Problem Definition

The problem definition section intricately elucidates the challenges and

intricacies that individuals and businesses encounter in the realm of expense
tracking. This stage of the review translates the historical evolution, existing
solutions, and academic discourse into acoherent narrative that establishes
the scope and significance of the project.

In today's dynamic financial landscape, the proliferation of digital transactions

and diverse payment methods has engendered a complex web of financial
interactions. The problem liesin effectively navigating and managing this
intricate ecosystem. Traditional methods, while foundational, fall short in
accommodating the multifaceted nature of modern financial transactions.

Existing solutions, encompassing spreadsheet-based systems, mobile apps, and

web platforms, although providing convenience, are hindered by limitations.
These solutions grapple with fragmented data sources, manual data entry,
inadequate analytics, and disjointedsynchronization across devices.
Furthermore, these solutions do not provide real-time insights into spending
patterns, hampering users' ability to make informed financial decisions
promptly.

The problem of effective expense tracking boils down to two fundamental

aspects: amalgamating diverse transaction sources and gaining real-time
insights. The need for a seamless mechanism that can collate transactions
from various digital channels, automatecategorization, and offer intuitive
data visualization capabilities is evident.

In essence, the problem definition unveils the complexities and gaps in the
current expensetracking landscape. It underscores the pressing necessity for
an innovative solution that canadeptly bridge the gap between manual
methodologies and the intricacies of contemporary financial transactions. The
intricate interplay of digital interactions, real-time insights, and
comprehensive categorization sets the stage for the subsequent elucidation of
project goals and objectives, which seek to address these intricacies head-on.

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 Goals/Objectives

At the heart of this endeavor lies a set of ambitious goals and well-defined
objectives that crystallize the purpose and aspirations of the project. These
goals, meticulously crafted in response to the challenges and gaps identified
in the literature, serve as guiding beacons forthe development of an advanced
Expense Tracking System (ETS).

Primary Goal:

The primary goal of this project is to conceive, design, develop, and implement
an innovativeETS that redefines the landscape of expense tracking. This system
will seamlessly integrate digital transactions from diverse sources, automating
categorization, and facilitating real-timeinsights. The ETS will offer a user-
centric experience that harmonizes user-friendliness, security, and analytical
capabilities, thereby revolutionizing the way individuals and businesses manage
their finances.

Specific Objectives:

a) Streamlined Expense Recording: Develop an intuitive interface that

enables users toeffortlessly record expenses across various digital
channels, eliminating the need for manual data entry and reducing errors.

b) Automated Categorization: Implement machine learning algorithms to

automate expense categorization, ensuring accuracy and consistency while
alleviating the burden ofmanual classification.

c) Real-time Data Insights: Integrate data visualization tools that provide

users with real-time insights into their spending patterns, enabling
informed financial decisions and proactive budgeting.

d) Robust Security Measures: Embed robust security protocols to

safeguard sensitivefinancial data, ensuring user privacy and data
integrity throughout the system.

e) Cross-platform Accessibility: Design the ETS to be accessible across

web and mobileplatforms, allowing users to manage their expenses
seamlessly across devices.

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 f) User Training and Support: Provide comprehensive user training
resources to ensurethat users can leverage the full potential of the ETS.
Offer responsive support mechanisms to address user queries and issues.

g) Scalability and Adaptability: Develop a scalable architecture that can

accommodatefuture enhancements and advancements in technology,
ensuring the longevity and relevance of the system.

h) Comprehensive Testing: Rigorously test the ETS through various stages

to ensure itsfunctionality, security, and user experience align with the
project's goals.

In summation, the project's goals and objectives converge to create a sophisticated

ETS that addresses the limitations of existing solutions, seamlessly merges digital
transactions, and empowers users with actionable insights for effective financial
management. This roadmap is poised to redefine the landscape of expense
tracking, enhancing user experiences and catalyzing positive financial behaviors
for individuals and businesses alike.

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 CHAPTER 3: DESIGN FLOW/PROCESS

Project Requirements Analysis:

Stakeholder Engagement
 Assess the level of engagement with stakeholders to gather detailed
requirements.
 Evaluate the understanding of stakeholder needs and expectations related to
expense and budget management.
Prioritization of Requirements
 Evaluate the process of prioritizing requirements based on their significance
to project objectives.
 Assess the criteria used to prioritize features and functionalities.
User Story Documentation
 Review the documentation of user stories to ensure comprehensive
coverage of user interactions.
 Assess whether user roles and responsibilities are clearly defined in the
documentation.

Process Flow Design:

Clarity in Process Steps

 Evaluate the clarity of the step-by-step process flow for expense tracking
and budget management.
 Ensure each stage of the process is clearly defined and logically connected.
Approval Workflow Design
 Assess the design of the approval workflow, including criteria for approval
and the responsible roles.
 Ensure that the workflow aligns with organizational approval processes.
Integration Points Design
 Evaluate the design of integration points with other systems, ensuring a
seamless flow of data.
 Assess the effectiveness of data exchange processes.

Data Architecture and Storage:

Database Architecture Design

 Assess the database architecture design for its efficiency in storing financial
data.
 Evaluate the consideration of normalization, data relationships

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Data Security Measures
 Review the implementation of data security measures to protect sensitive
financial data.
 Evaluate the definition of access controls and encryption protocols.

User Interface Design:

Intuitiveness of Design
 Evaluate the intuitiveness and user-friendliness of the interface design.
 Assess whether the design prioritizes simplicity and clarity.
Accessibility Features
 Review the accessibility features implemented to accommodate users with
varying levels of technical expertise.
 Assess the effectiveness of features such as tooltips and contextual help.

Reporting and Analysis:

Report Generation Design

 Evaluate the design of the reporting module for generating various financial
reports.
 Assess the flexibility in customizing and filtering reports.
Data Analysis Tools Integration
 Assess the integration of data analysis tools to enable users to make
informed decisions.
 Evaluate the inclusion of visualization tools for enhanced data .
Documentation:

Process Documentation
 Evaluate the quality of process documentation, including process maps and
workflow diagrams.
 Assess the comprehensiveness of documentation for each stage of the
expense and budget management process.
User Manuals
 Assess the quality of user manuals, evaluating their effectiveness in guiding
users through the designed process.
 Ensure that user manuals include step-by-step instructions and visual aids.

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 Evaluation & Selection of Specifications/Features

Project Initiation:

Define Project Objectives

 Clearly articulate the main objectives of the IDS detector tool project.
 Specify the primary purpose and expected outcomes.
Identify Stakeholders
 List and identify the key stakeholders involved in the project.
 Understand their expectations and requirements.
Budget Allocation
 Determine the budget allocated for the entire project.
 Break down the budget into categories such as development, testing,
documentation, and contingency.

Research and Requirements Analysis

Conduct Market Research

 Investigate existing IDS tools and technologies in the market.
 Identify key features and functionalities commonly offered.
Define Functional Requirements
 Clearly outline the essential functionalities your IDS detector tool must
have.
 Prioritize features based on importance and relevance.
Identify Cost-Effective Technologies
 Research and select technologies that align with your budget constraints.
 Consider open-source solutions to reduce expenses.

Feasibility Study

Technical Feasibility
 Assess the technical feasibility of implementing the chosen features.
 Identify potential technical challenges and solutions.
Financial Feasibility
 Evaluate the financial feasibility by comparing estimated costs with the
allocated budget.
 Consider potential cost-saving measures without compromising quality.

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Technology Stack Selection

Programming Language
 Choose a programming language based on project requirements and budget
constraints.
 Consider factors like community support, licensing costs, and development
speed.

Database Management System

 Select a database system suitable for storing intrusion data.
 Consider cost, scalability, and performance factors.
Feature Prioritization

Critical Features
 Identify and prioritize critical features that align with the project objectives.
 Ensure that essential functionalities are given higher priority.
Optional Features
 List optional features that can be added based on available resources.
 Consider the impact on the budget and project timeline.

Evaluation Criteria:

 Alignment with Objectives: Evaluate the specifications and features based

on how well they align with the project objectives.
 Cost Efficiency: Assess the cost-effectiveness of selected technologies and
features.
 Feasibility: Evaluate the feasibility of the chosen technical and financial
solutions.
 Risk Management: Assess the effectiveness of risk identification and
mitigation strategies.
 Timeline Adherence: Evaluate the project's adherence to the established
timeline.
 Resource Optimization: Assess how well resources, both human and
technical, are utilized to stay within budget.

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 Design Constraints:

Identification of Design Constraints

Budget Limitations
 Criteria: Clearly identify the financial limitations for the project.
 Evaluation: Assess how well the team understands and acknowledges the
budget constraints.

Time Constraints
 Criteria: Identify and document project timelines, deadlines, and time-
sensitive factors.
 Evaluation: Evaluate the team's awareness of time constraints and their
impact on the design process.

Technology Constraints
 Criteria: Recognize any technological limitations or constraints that may
affect the design.
 Evaluation: Assess the team's understanding of how technology constraints
could influence design choices.

Regulatory Compliance
 Criteria: Identify legal and regulatory requirements impacting the design.
 Evaluation: Evaluate the team's awareness of compliance standards and
their integration into the design.

Prioritization of Design Constraints

Critical Constraints
 Criteria: Identify constraints that are non-negotiable and crucial for project
success.
 Evaluation: Assess the team's ability to prioritize critical constraints and
align design decisions accordingly.

Non-Critical Constraints
 Criteria: Recognize constraints that, while important, may allow for more
flexibility.
 Evaluation: Evaluate the team's awareness of non-critical constraints and
their impact on the project.

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Design Decision Alignment
 Criteria: Ensure that design decisions align with identified constraints.
 Evaluation: Assess how well design decisions consider and adhere to
identified constraints.

Trade-offs and Compromises

 Criteria: Recognize situations where trade-offs or compromises may be
necessary to meet constraints.
 Evaluation: Evaluate the team's ability to make informed decisions when
faced with conflicting constraints.

Technology Stack Selection

Evaluation of Technologies
 Criteria: Evaluate and choose technologies that align with budget and
other constraints.
 Evaluation: Assess the team's decision-making process in selecting a
technology stack considering constraints.

Open Source Consideration

 Criteria: Consider the feasibility and impact of utilizing open-source
solutions.
 Evaluation: Evaluate the team's awareness and use of open-source
solutions to address budget constraints.

Communication and Documentation

Transparent Communication
 Criteria: Communicate design constraints transparently with stakeholders.
 Evaluation: Assess how well constraints are communicated and understood
by team members and stakeholders.

Documentation of Constraints
 Criteria: Document identified design constraints, including rationale and
impact.
 Evaluation: Evaluate the quality and completeness of documentation
related to design constraints.

27 | P a g e
Evaluation Criteria

 Adherence to Budget Constraints: Assess how well design decisions

align with budget limitations.
 Time Management: Evaluate the effectiveness of managing design
decisions within specified project timelines.
 Technology Compatibility: Assess how well the chosen technology stack
aligns with identified constraints.
 Regulatory Compliance: Evaluate the design's adherence to legal and
regulatory constraints.
 Impact of Critical Constraints: Assess the impact of critical constraints
on the overall success of the project.
 Communication of Constraints: Evaluate how well constraints are
communicated to stakeholders.
 Documentation Quality: Assess the quality and completeness of
documentation related to design constraints.

28 | P a g e
 Analysis of Features and finalization subject to constraints:

Initial Requirements Analysis

Clarity of Project Objectives

 Criteria: Clearly define the primary objectives of the Expense and Budget
Management project.
 Evaluation: Assess the clarity and specificity of project goals.
Stakeholder Identification
 Criteria: Identify and categorize key stakeholders involved in the project.
 Evaluation: Evaluate the comprehensiveness of stakeholder identification.

Gathering Initial Requirements

 Criteria: Initiate the process of gathering initial requirements for the
project.
 Evaluation: Assess the completeness and clarity of the gathered
requirements.

Feature Analysis

Requirement Review
 Criteria: Review and validate the identified requirements for expense and
budget management.
 Evaluation: Assess the team's understanding of stakeholder needs and
alignment with project objectives.

Feasibility Assessment
 Criteria: Evaluate the technical and financial feasibility of each proposed
feature.
 Evaluation: Assess the team's ability to identify potential challenges and
risks associated with each feature.

Constraint Consideration

Budget Constraints
 Criteria: Analyze the impact of each feature on the project budget.
 Evaluation: Assess the team's awareness of budget constraints and their
consideration in feature analysis.

29 | P a g e
Time Constraints
 Criteria: Evaluate the estimated time required for the development and
implementation of each feature.
 Evaluation: Assess the team's understanding of project timelines and the
impact on feature implementation.

Technology Constraints
 Criteria: Consider technology constraints in the analysis, ensuring
compatibility and feasibility.
 Evaluation: Assess the team's ability to align feature choices with the
chosen technology stack.

Finalization of Features

Decision-Making Process
 Criteria: Document the decision-making process for finalizing features.
 Evaluation: Assess the clarity and rationale behind feature selection
decisions.

Trade-offs and Compromises

 Criteria: Identify situations where trade-offs or compromises are necessary
to meet constraints.
 Evaluation: Assess the team's ability to make informed decisions in cases
of conflicting constraints.

Final Feature List

 Criteria: Create a comprehensive final list of features to be included in the
project.
 Evaluation: Assess the completeness and relevance of the final feature list.

Evaluation Criteria
 Alignment with Requirements: Evaluate how well the finalized features
align with stakeholder requirements.
 Adherence to Budget Constraints: Assess the impact of finalized features
on the project budget.
 Timeline Management: Evaluate how well the finalized features fit within
the specified project timelines.
 Technology Compatibility: Assess the compatibility of finalized features
with the chosen technology stack.
 Rationale and Documentation: Evaluate the documentation of the
decision-making process and rationale behind feature finalization.

30 | P a g e
Overall Evaluation:
 Project Objectives and Stakeholder Alignment: Assess how well the
features align with the overall project objectives and stakeholder needs.
 Feasibility and Risks: Evaluate the thoroughness of the feasibility
assessment and identification of associated risks.
 Prioritization Effectiveness: Assess the effectiveness of feature
prioritization based on criticality and alignment with goals.
 Constraint Consideration: Evaluate the consideration of budget, time, and
technology constraints in the feature analysis.
 Decision-Making Transparency: Assess how transparent and well-
documented the decision-making process is.

31 | P a g e
 Design Flow

Project Initiation and Planning

Define Project Objectives

 Action: Clearly define the objectives of the Expense and Budget
Management project.
 Outcome: A documented list of specific and measurable project objectives.

Stakeholder Identification
 Action: Identify and categorize key stakeholders involved in expense and
budget management.
 Outcome: A stakeholder list with roles, responsibilities, and contact
information.

Budget and Resource Planning

 Action: Outline the budget and resources required for the design phase.
 Outcome: A comprehensive budget plan and resource allocation document.

Conceptual Design

Process Flow Diagram

 Action: Create a process flow diagram outlining the key steps in expense
and budget management.
 Outcome: A visual representation of the end-to-end process.

Data Flow Diagram

 Action: Develop a data flow diagram illustrating the movement of financial
data.
 Outcome: A visual representation of how data will flow through the
system.

Interface Mockups
 Action: Create interface mockups to visualize the user interaction with the
system.
 Outcome: Visual prototypes of key system interfaces.

32 | P a g e
Detailed Design

Database Schema
 Action: Design a database schema that efficiently stores financial data.
 Outcome: A detailed database schema with tables, relationships, and data
types.

Security Design
 Action: Design security measures to protect sensitive financial information.
 Outcome: A security plan including access controls, encryption, and
authentication mechanisms.

Technology Stack Selection

 Action: Choose an appropriate technology stack for the project.
 Outcome: A technology stack document outlining chosen frameworks,
languages, and tools.

Integration and Workflow

Integration Points
 Action: Identify and design integration points with other systems or tools.
 Outcome: A plan for seamless data exchange and interoperability.

33 | P a g e
 Design Selection

1. Project Objectives :
 Clearly articulate the primary objectives of the project. Define the
specific problem or challenge the project aims to address, ensuring
alignment with the scope and objectives of the BCA course. Provide
a concise overview of the anticipated outcomes.

2. Stakeholder Identification :
 Identify and enumerate the primary stakeholders involved in or
affected by the project. Outline their interests, expectations, and
potential impact on the project's success. Consider secondary
stakeholders to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the project's
broader implications.

3. Research and Background :

 Conduct a comprehensive literature review, synthesizing relevant
background information related to the project. Provide insights into
existing solutions and technologies in the chosen domain.
Demonstrate a deep understanding of the current state-of-the-art to
inform and guide the project design.

4. Technology Stack :
 Clearly identify and justify the selection of technologies,
programming languages, frameworks, and tools. Discuss how these
choices align with the project's objectives and requirements. Assess
the compatibility and scalability of the chosen technology stack,
providing a rationale for each selection based on industry best
practices.

5. Feasibility Study:
 Conduct a thorough feasibility study, addressing technical,
operational, and economic aspects of the project. Identify potential
risks and challenges and propose effective mitigation strategies.
Evaluate the feasibility of the project within the given constraints and
make informed decisions based on the study.

34 | P a g e
 6. Functional Requirements :
 Enumerate and prioritize the essential features and functionalities
required for the project. Provide a detailed description of each
functionality and explain how they align with the overarching project
objectives. Ensure clarity and specificity in outlining the functional
requirements.

7. Non-functional Requirements :
 Define non-functional requirements, including considerations for
performance, security, scalability, and usability. Align these
requirements with industry standards and best practices. Clearly
articulate how these non-functional aspects contribute to the overall
success of the project.

8. User Interface (UI) Design :

 Develop basic UI sketches or descriptions, emphasizing a user-
centric approach. Consider principles of user experience (UX) in
crafting an intuitive and aesthetically pleasing interface. Discuss how
the UI design aligns with the overall project goals and enhances user
interaction.

9. Prototyping :
 Create a basic prototype or wireframe representing the key features
and functionalities of the project. Use this prototype as a tangible
representation to gather initial feedback. Describe the iterative
process of refining the design based on this feedback to ensure an
optimal user experience.

10. Risk Analysis :

 Identify and categorize potential risks associated with the project.
Assess the impact and likelihood of each risk. Develop a
comprehensive strategy for risk mitigation, incorporating
contingency plans. Demonstrate a proactive approach to managing
uncertainties throughout the project lifecycle.

35 | P a g e
 Implementation Plan/Methodology

System Requirements :
 Define the functional and non-functional requirements of the Expense and
Budget Management system.
 Specify features such as user authentication, data security, scalability, and
reporting functionalities.
 Ensure that the requirements are clear, concise, and aligned with the project
objectives.

Technology Stack :
 Choose the programming languages, frameworks, and tools for
development.
 Justify the selection based on their suitability for the project requirements
and your team's expertise.
 Discuss any considerations for future scalability and maintainability.

System Design :
 Develop a detailed system architecture, illustrating the flow of data and
interactions between system components.
 Include data flow diagrams, user interface designs, and any decision-
making processes.
 Consider user experience principles in the design phase.

Implementation :
 Code the Expense and Budget Management system based on the design.
 Prioritize the development of essential features such as expense entry,
budget creation, and reporting functionalities.
 Adopt an iterative development approach for continuous improvement.

Testing :
 Develop a comprehensive testing plan that covers unit testing, integration
testing, and system testing.
 Execute test cases to identify and address any bugs or issues promptly.
 Consider involving end-users in the testing phase to gather feedback for
further refinement.

36 | P a g e
User Training :
 Develop a training plan for end-users to ensure they can effectively use the
Expense and Budget Management system.
 Conduct training sessions or provide tutorials, addressing common user
queries and challenges.
 Consider creating online resources for continuous learning.

Deployment :
 Deploy the Expense and Budget Management system in a live environment.
 Monitor the system for any post-deployment issues and address them
promptly.
 Implement a rollback plan in case unexpected challenges arise during
deployment.

Maintenance and Support

 Outline a plan for ongoing maintenance and support, including regular
updates and enhancements.
 Establish a system for users to report issues and provide timely resolutions.
 Consider the scalability of the system and how it will adapt to changing
user needs.

37 | P a g e
 CHAPTER 4

RESULT ANALYSIS AND VALIDATION:

The "Result Analysis and Validation" project in expense and budget
management is a comprehensive initiative aimed at ensuring the accuracy,
reliability, and optimization of financial resources. In this project, we undertake
a thorough examination of financial data gathered from various sources,
including bank statements, receipts, invoices, and payroll records. The data is
meticulously integrated into a centralized system for analysis, categorization,
and budget allocation. Through advanced analytical techniques such as variance
analysis and trend analysis, we identify patterns, anomalies, and discrepancies
in expense patterns and budget utilization. Validation procedures are
implemented to verify the integrity and consistency of the data, ensuring that it
aligns with organizational goals and financial regulations.

The project places a strong emphasis on effective communication of findings

through comprehensive reports and dashboards, utilizing data visualization
techniques to enhance clarity and understanding. Automation plays a crucial
role in streamlining processes, reducing manual effort, and enhancing
efficiency. By integrating with accounting software or ERP systems, we
facilitate seamless data exchange and workflow automation, ensuring real-time
monitoring and control over expenses and budgets.
Compliance with relevant financial regulations and standards, such as GAAP
and IFRS, is a top priority throughout the project. Robust security measures are
implemented to safeguard sensitive financial data from unauthorized access or
cyber threats. Moreover, continuous improvement is ingrained in the project's
approach, with regular feedback mechanisms and training sessions to refine
expense management policies, procedures, and systems. By fostering a culture
of continuous improvement, we ensure that the expense and budget
management system remains adaptable and responsive to evolving business
needs and market conditions.
In summary, the "Result Analysis and Validation" project in expense and
budget management is a holistic endeavor that combines data-driven analysis,
rigorous validation, automation, compliance, and continuous improvement to
optimize financial control and decision-making capabilities within the
organization.

38 | P a g e
 4.1 Implementation and solution

The implementation and solution of a project focused on expense and budget

management involves several key steps and considerations. Here's a structured
approach to guide you through the process:
1. Needs Assessment:
 Conduct a thorough assessment of the organization's current
expense and budget management processes.
 Identify pain points, inefficiencies, and areas for improvement.
2. Goal Setting:
 Define clear and measurable goals for the project, such as reducing
expenses, improving budget accuracy, or enhancing financial
transparency.
3. Selection of Tools and Technologies:
 Choose appropriate software or tools for expense tracking,
budgeting, and analysis. This could include accounting software,
expense management platforms, or budgeting apps.
 Consider factors such as scalability, integration capabilities, and
user-friendliness.

4. Data Collection and Integration:

 Gather relevant financial data from various sources, including bank
statements, invoices, receipts, and expense reports.
 Integrate data from different sources into a centralized system for
analysis and reporting.
5. Expense Categorization and Budget Allocation:
 Develop a standardized taxonomy for categorizing expenses based
on the organization's needs and requirements.
 Allocate budgets for different expense categories, taking into
account historical spending patterns and future projections.

39 | P a g e
 6. Implementation of Tracking Mechanisms:
 Implement mechanisms for tracking actual spending against
budgeted amounts in real-time.
 Set up alerts or notifications for budget overruns or deviations from
planned expenditure.
7. Analysis and Reporting:
 Utilize analytical tools and techniques to analyze expense data and
identify trends, patterns, and anomalies.
 Generate comprehensive reports and dashboards to communicate
key findings and insights to stakeholders.

40 | P a g e
  Login-In :

 <?php require_once('../config.php') ?>

 <!DOCTYPE html>
 <html lang="en" class="" style="height: auto;">
 <?php require_once('inc/header.php') ?>

 <body class="hold-transition login-page bg-navy">
 <script>
 start_loader()
 </script>
 <h2 class="text-center mb-4 pb-3"><?php echo $_settings->info('name') ?></h2>
 <div class="login-box">
 <!-- /.login-logo -->
 <div class="card card-outline card-primary">
 <div class="card-body">
 <p class="login-box-msg text-dark">Sign in to start your session</p>

 <form id="login-frm" action="" method="post">
 <div class="input-group mb-3">
 <input type="text" class="form-control" name="username"
placeholder="Username" autofocus>
 <div class="input-group-append">
 <div class="input-group-text">
 <span class="fas fa-user"></span>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="input-group mb-3">
 <input type="password" class="form-control" name="password"
placeholder="Password">
 <div class="input-group-append">
 <div class="input-group-text">
 <span class="fas fa-lock"></span>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="row justify-conten-center">
 <!-- /.col -->
 <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary btn-block">Sign
In</button>
 <!-- /.col -->
 </div>
 </form>
 <!-- /.social-auth-links -->

 <!-- <p class="mb-1">
 <a href="forgot-password.html">I forgot my password</a>
 </p> -->

 </div>
 <!-- /.card-body -->
 </div>
 <!-- /.card -->
 </div>
 <!-- /.login-box -->

 <!-- jQuery -->
 <script src="plugins/jquery/jquery.min.js"></script>

41 | P a g e
  <!-- Bootstrap 4 -->
 <script src="plugins/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script>
 <!-- AdminLTE App -->
 <script src="dist/js/adminlte.min.js"></script>

 <script>
 $(document).ready(function() {
 end_loader();
 })
 </script>
 </body>

 </html>

 Index:

<?php require_once('../config.php'); ?>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" class="" style="height: auto;">
<?php require_once('inc/header.php') ?>
<body class="sidebar-mini layout-fixed control-sidebar-slide-open layout-navbar-fixed sidebar-
mini-md sidebar-mini-xs" data-new-gr-c-s-check-loaded="14.991.0" data-gr-ext-installed=""
style="height: auto;">
<div class="wrapper">
<?php require_once('inc/topBarNav.php') ?>
<?php require_once('inc/navigation.php') ?>

<?php $page = isset($_GET['page']) ? $_GET['page'] : 'home'; ?>

<!-- Content Wrapper. Contains page content -->
<div class="content-wrapper pt-3" style="min-height: 567.854px;">

<!-- Main content -->

<section class="content text-dark">
<div class="container-fluid">
<?php
if(!file_exists($page.".php") && !is_dir($page)){
include '404.html';
}else{
if(is_dir($page))
include $page.'/index.php';
else
include $page.'.php';

}
?>
</div>
</section>
<!-- /.content -->
<div class="modal fade" id="confirm_modal" role='dialog'>
<div class="modal-dialog modal-md modal-dialog-centered" role="document">
<div class="modal-content">
<div class="modal-header">
<h5 class="modal-title">Confirmation</h5>
</div>
<div class="modal-body">
<div id="delete_content"></div>
</div>
42 | P a g e
 <div class="modal-footer">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" id='confirm' onclick="">Continue</button>
<button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary" data-dismiss="modal">Close</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="modal fade" id="uni_modal" role='dialog'>
<div class="modal-dialog modal-md modal-dialog-centered" role="document">
<div class="modal-content">
<div class="modal-header">
<h5 class="modal-title"></h5>
</div>
<div class="modal-body">
</div>
<div class="modal-footer">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" id='submit' onclick="$('#uni_modal
form').submit()">Save</button>
<button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary" data-dismiss="modal">Cancel</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="modal fade" id="uni_modal_right" role='dialog'>
<div class="modal-dialog modal-full-height modal-md" role="document">
<div class="modal-content">
<div class="modal-header">
<h5 class="modal-title"></h5>
<button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close">
<span class="fa fa-arrow-right"></span>
</button>
</div>
<div class="modal-body">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="modal fade" id="viewer_modal" role='dialog'>
<div class="modal-dialog modal-md" role="document">
<div class="modal-content">
<button type="button" class="btn-close" data-dismiss="modal"><span class="fa fa-
times"></span></button>
<img src="" alt="">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- /.content-wrapper -->
<?php require_once('inc/footer.php') ?>
</body>
</html>

43 | P a g e
  Home:
<style>
.info-tooltip,.info-tooltip:focus,.info-tooltip:hover{
background:unset;
border:unset;
padding:unset;
}
</style>
<h1>Welcome to Expense and Budget Management </h1>
<hr>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-12 col-sm-6 col-md-3">
<div class="info-box">
<span class="info-box-icon bg-primary elevation-1"><i class="fas fa-money-bill-
alt"></i></span>

<div class="info-box-content">
<span class="info-box-text">Current Overall Budget</span>
<span class="info-box-number text-right">
<?php
$cur_bul = $conn->query("SELECT sum(balance) as total FROM `categories` where
status = 1 ")->fetch_assoc()['total'];
echo number_format($cur_bul);
?>
<?php ?>
</span>
</div>
<!-- /.info-box-content -->
</div>
<!-- /.info-box -->
</div>
<!-- /.col -->
<div class="col-12 col-sm-6 col-md-3">
<div class="info-box mb-3">
<span class="info-box-icon bg-info elevation-1"><i class="fas fa-calendar-
day"></i></span>

<div class="info-box-content">
<span class="info-box-text">Today's Budget Entries</span>
<span class="info-box-number text-right">
<?php
$today_budget = $conn->query("SELECT sum(amount) as total FROM
`running_balance` where category_id in (SELECT id FROM categories where status =1) and
date(date_created) = '".(date("Y-m-d"))."' and balance_type = 1 ")->fetch_assoc()['total'];
echo number_format($today_budget);
?>
</span>
</div>
<!-- /.info-box-content -->
</div>
<!-- /.info-box -->
</div>
<!-- /.col -->

<!-- fix for small devices only -->

<div class="clearfix hidden-md-up"></div>

<div class="col-12 col-sm-6 col-md-3">

<div class="info-box mb-3">

44 | P a g e
 <span class="info-box-icon bg-warning elevation-1"><i class="fas fa-calendar-
day"></i></span>

<div class="info-box-content">
<span class="info-box-text">Today's Budget Expenses</span>
<span class="info-box-number text-right">
<?php
$today_expense = $conn->query("SELECT sum(amount) as total FROM
`running_balance` where category_id in (SELECT id FROM categories where status =1) and
date(date_created) = '".(date("Y-m-d"))."' and balance_type = 2 ")->fetch_assoc()['total'];
echo number_format($today_expense);
?>
</span>
</div>
<!-- /.info-box-content -->
</div>
<!-- /.info-box -->
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-12">
<h4>Current Budget in each Categories</h4>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-12 d-flex justify-content-center">
<div class="input-group mb-3 col-md-5">
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="search" placeholder="Search Category">
<div class="input-group-append">
<span class="input-group-text"><i class="fa fa-search"></i></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row row-cols-4 row-cols-sm-1 row-cols-md-4 row-cols-lg-4">
<?php
$categories = $conn->query("SELECT * FROM `categories` where status = 1 order by `category` asc
");
while($row = $categories->fetch_assoc()):
?>
<div class="col p-2 cat-items">
<div class="callout callout-info">
<span class="float-right ml-1">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary info-tooltip" data-toggle="tooltip" data-
html="true" title='<?php echo (html_entity_decode($row['description'])) ?>'>
<span class="fa fa-info-circle text-info"></span>
</button>
</span>
<h5 class="mr-4"><b><?php echo $row['category'] ?></b></h5>
<div class="d-flex justify-content-end">
<b><?php echo number_format($row['balance']) ?></b>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<?php endwhile; ?>
</div>
<div class="col-md-12">
<h3 class="text-center" id="noData" style="display:none">No Data to display.</h3>
</div>
<script>
function check_cats(){
if($('.cat-items:visible').length > 0){

45 | P a g e
 $('#noData').hide('slow')
}else{
$('#noData').show('slow')
}
}
$(function(){
$('[data-toggle="tooltip"]').tooltip({
html:true
})
check_cats()
$('#search').on('input',function(){
var _f = $(this).val().toLowerCase()
$('.cat-items').each(function(){
var _c = $(this).text().toLowerCase()
if(_c.includes(_f) == true)
$(this).toggle(true);
else
$(this).toggle(false);
})
check_cats()
})
})
</script>

Outputs :

46 | P a g e
47 | P a g e
 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

In conclusion, the Expense and Budget Management project has revolutionized

our organization's financial landscape. Through the implementation of robust
tracking systems and streamlined budget allocation processes, we have
significantly enhanced our ability to manage expenses effectively. Real-time
visibility into expenditure has empowered decision-makers with actionable
insights, leading to improved resource allocation and cost savings. Moreover, the
project's success in generating accurate financial reports has facilitated better
financial planning and compliance adherence. Looking ahead, future work will
focus on integrating our systems with ERP platforms for seamless data flow,
leveraging advanced analytics for predictive insights, enhancing mobile
accessibility for user convenience, strengthening compliance measures, and
fostering stakeholder engagement to ensure continuous refinement and
optimization of our expense and budget management strategies. These initiatives
will undoubtedly contribute to sustained financial health and operational
excellence for our organization.

Future Work:

While the Expense and Budget Management project has delivered significant
benefits, there are areas for further improvement and future enhancements:
Integration with ERP Systems: Integrating our expense and budget management
system with enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems can further streamline
financial processes and data synchronization.

Advanced Analytics: Leveraging advanced analytics techniques such as

predictive analytics and machine learning can provide deeper insights into
spending patterns, enabling proactive decision-making and risk management.

Mobile Accessibility: Enhancing mobile accessibility of the expense management

system can empower employees to submit expenses on-the-go, improving
efficiency and reducing processing times.

Compliance and Governance: Continuously updating and enforcing compliance

policies and governance frameworks ensures adherence to regulatory requirements
and mitigates financial risks.

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Stakeholder Engagement: Engaging stakeholders at all levels and soliciting
feedback regularly will help in identifying evolving needs and refining the
expense and budget management system accordingly.
In conclusion, by embracing ongoing innovation and continuous improvement, we
can further optimize our expense and budget management processes, driving
organizational efficiency and financial sustainability.

This conclusion and future work section provides a comprehensive overview of

the achievements of the Expense and Budget Management project, along with
potential areas for future enhancements and improvements.

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 REFERENCES

Anthony, R. N., & Govindarajan, V. (2007). Management Control Systems.

McGraw-Hill Education.

Bhimani, A., & Bromwich, M. (2009). Management Accounting: Retrospect and

Prospect. CIMA Publishing.

Horngren, C. T., Datar, S. M., & Rajan, M. V. (2012). Cost Accounting: A

Managerial Emphasis. Pearson Education.

Kaplan, R. S., & Atkinson, A. A. (2015). Advanced Management Accounting.

PHI Learning.

Kimmel, P. D., Weygandt, J. J., & Kieso, D. E. (2015). Managerial Accounting:

Tools for Business Decision Making. Wiley.

Martins, P. G., & Laugeni, F. P. (2017). Financial Management: Principles and

Practice. Pearson Education India.

Noreen, E. W., Brewer, P. C., & Garrison, R. H. (2011). Managerial Accounting

for Managers. McGraw-Hill Education.

Ross, S. A., Westerfield, R. W., & Jordan, B. D. (2013). Fundamentals of

Corporate Finance. McGraw-Hill Education.

https://www.indeed.com/hire/c/info/budget-management

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 APPENDIX

PLAGIARISM REPORT:

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