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Fig. 1.
Possible pressure losses in the producing system for a flowing
well.................................9 Fig. 2. Location of various nodes................................................................................................10 Fig. 3. A typical IPR curve. .........................................................................................................11 Fig. 4. IPR curve for the example problem. ................................................................................15 Fig. 5. Darcy's law for linear flow. ...............................................................................................17 Fig. 6. Positive skin ≈ damaged wellbore or reduced wellbore radius. .......................................19 Fig. 7. Well and zone of damaged or altered permeability..........................................................20 Fig. 8. Plots based on four point test. .........................................................................................23 Fig. 9. Evaluation of four point test data (after Jones, Blount, and Glaze)..................................23 Fig. 10. Typical phase diagram for black oil................................................................................29 Fig. 11. Different forms of inflow performance relationships IPR................................................30 Fig. 12. Vogel's composite IPR...................................................................................................31 Fig. 13. Standing's correlation for wells with FE values not equal to 1. ......................................32 Fig. 14. Flow after flow, normal sequence (after Fetkovich). ......................................................34 Fig. 15. Flow after flow, reverse sequence (after Fetkovich). .....................................................34 Fig. 16. Isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams. .........................................................36 Schlumberger Dowell MATRIX ENGINEERING MANUAL Well Performance Section 200 July 1998 Page 5 of 168 DOWELL CONFIDENTIAL Fig. 17. ( ) p p r wfs 2 2 − versus q for isochronal test......................................................................... 37 Fig. 18. Graph of log C versus log t for isochronal test. ............................................................. 37 Fig. 19. Modified isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams. .......................................... 38 Fig. 20. ( ) p p r wf 2 2 − versus q for isochronal test.......................................................................... 38 Fig. 21. Horizontal well drainage model. .................................................................................... 39 Fig. 22. Homogeneous reservoir type curve. ............................................................................. 43 Fig. 23. Constant rate type curve for finite-conductivity fracture−closed square system (xe /ye = 1)...................................................................................................................... 46 Fig. 24. Typical shaped charge. ................................................................................................. 48 Fig. 25a. Jet/slug formation........................................................................................................ 48 Fig. 25b. Approximate jet velocities and pressures. .................................................................. 48 Fig. 26. Flow into a perforation................................................................................................... 50 Fig. 27. Plot of flow rate versus pressure drop for varying shot densities. ................................. 52 Fig. 28. Perforation geometry..................................................................................................... 54 Fig. 29a. Gravel pack schematic................................................................................................ 60 Fig. 29b. Cross section of gravel pack across a perforation tunnel. .......................................... 60 Fig. 30. Pipe friction factors for turbulent flow (modified after Moody, L.F., Trans. ASME, 66, 671, 1944). ............................................................................................................. 65 Fig. 31a. Flow patterns for 20.09-cp viscosity, 0.851-specific gravity oil, and water mixtures in a 1.04-in. pipe based on observations of Govier, Sullivan and Wood, 1961.......... 74 Fig. 31b. Figure showing the liquid velocity profile in stratified flow. ......................................... 75 Fig. 32. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in vertical uphill flow......................................................................... 75 Fig. 33. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in uphill 30° flow................................................................................ 76 Fig. 34. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in horizontal flow. .............................................................................. 76 Fig. 35. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing bottomhole pressure......................... 79 Fig. 36. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure. ........................... 80 Fig. 37. Horizontal multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure. ....................... 81 Fig. 38. Vertical water injection: How to find discharge pressure............................................... 82 Fig. 39. Vertical flowing pressure gradients. .............................................................................. 84 Fig. 40. This figure was used to determine pwf = 800 psig for a rate of 400 BPD through 2-in. ID tubing. .............................................................................................................. 85 Fig. 41. This figure was used to determine pwf = 910 psig for a rate of 600 BPD through 2-in. tubing.................................................................................................................. .. 86 Fig. 42. This figure was used to determine Pwfs = 1080 psig for a rate of 800 BPD through 2-in. ID tubing. .............................................................................................................. 87 Fig. 43. This figure shows a tubing intake or outflow performance curve for a wellhead pressure of 100 psig..................................................................................................... 88 Fig. 44. Net payout at any time = Extra revenue from oil or gas production due to stimulation at any time, t - cost of stimulation. ............................................................... 88 Fig. 45. Effect of subsurface pumps of well pressure profile...................................................... 89 Fig. 46. Showing potential problems in a pumping well through IPR curves.............................. 90 Fig. 1. Possible pressure losses in the producing system for a flowing well.................................9 Fig. 2. Location of various nodes................................................................................................10 Fig. 3. A typical IPR curve. .........................................................................................................11 Fig. 4. IPR curve for the example problem. ................................................................................15 Fig. 5. Darcy's law for linear flow. ...............................................................................................17 Fig. 6. Positive skin ≈ damaged wellbore or reduced wellbore radius. .......................................19 Fig. 7. Well and zone of damaged or altered permeability..........................................................20 Fig. 8. Plots based on four point test. .........................................................................................23 Fig. 9. Evaluation of four point test data (after Jones, Blount, and Glaze)..................................23 Fig. 10. Typical phase diagram for black oil................................................................................29 Fig. 11. Different forms of inflow performance relationships IPR................................................30 Fig. 12. Vogel's composite IPR...................................................................................................31 Fig. 13. Standing's correlation for wells with FE values not equal to 1. ......................................32 Fig. 14. Flow after flow, normal sequence (after Fetkovich). ......................................................34 Fig. 15. Flow after flow, reverse sequence (after Fetkovich). .....................................................34 Fig. 16. Isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams. .........................................................36 Schlumberger Dowell MATRIX ENGINEERING MANUAL Well Performance Section 200 July 1998 Page 5 of 168 DOWELL CONFIDENTIAL Fig. 17. ( ) p p r wfs 2 2 − versus q for isochronal test......................................................................... 37 Fig. 18. Graph of log C versus log t for isochronal test. ............................................................. 37 Fig. 19. Modified isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams. .......................................... 38 Fig. 20. ( ) p p r wf 2 2 − versus q for isochronal test.......................................................................... 38 Fig. 21. Horizontal well drainage model. .................................................................................... 39 Fig. 22. Homogeneous reservoir type curve. ............................................................................. 43 Fig. 23. Constant rate type curve for finite-conductivity fracture−closed square system (xe /ye = 1)...................................................................................................................... 46 Fig. 24. Typical shaped charge. ................................................................................................. 48 Fig. 25a. Jet/slug formation........................................................................................................ 48 Fig. 25b. Approximate jet velocities and pressures. .................................................................. 48 Fig. 26. Flow into a perforation................................................................................................... 50 Fig. 27. Plot of flow rate versus pressure drop for varying shot densities. ................................. 52 Fig. 28. Perforation geometry..................................................................................................... 54 Fig. 29a. Gravel pack schematic................................................................................................ 60 Fig. 29b. Cross section of gravel pack across a perforation tunnel. .......................................... 60 Fig. 30. Pipe friction factors for turbulent flow (modified after Moody, L.F., Trans. ASME, 66, 671, 1944). ............................................................................................................. 65 Fig. 31a. Flow patterns for 20.09-cp viscosity, 0.851-specific gravity oil, and water mixtures in a 1.04-in. pipe based on observations of Govier, Sullivan and Wood, 1961.......... 74 Fig. 31b. Figure showing the liquid velocity profile in stratified flow. ......................................... 75 Fig. 32. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in vertical uphill flow......................................................................... 75 Fig. 33. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in uphill 30° flow................................................................................ 76 Fig. 34. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in horizontal flow. .............................................................................. 76 Fig. 35. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing bottomhole pressure......................... 79 Fig. 36. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure. ........................... 80 Fig. 37. Horizontal multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure. ....................... 81 Fig. 38. Vertical water injection: How to find discharge pressure............................................... 82 Fig. 39. Vertical flowing pressure gradients. .............................................................................. 84 Fig. 40. This figure was used to determine pwf = 800 psig for a rate of 400 BPD through 2-in. ID tubing. .............................................................................................................. 85 Fig. 41. This figure was used to determine pwf = 910 psig for a rate of 600 BPD through 2-in. tubing.................................................................................................................. .. 86 Fig. 42. This figure was used to determine Pwfs = 1080 psig for a rate of 800 BPD through 2-in. ID tubing. .............................................................................................................. 87 Fig. 43. This figure shows a tubing intake or outflow performance curve for a wellhead pressure of 100 psig..................................................................................................... 88 Fig. 44. Net payout at any time = Extra revenue from oil or gas production due to stimulation at any time, t - cost of stimulation. ............................................................... 88 Fig. 45. Effect of subsurface pumps of well pressure profile...................................................... 89 Fig. 46. Showing potential problems in a pumping well through IPR curves.............................. 90 Fig. 1. Possible pressure losses in the producing system for a flowing well.................................9 Fig. 2. Location of various nodes................................................................................................10 Fig. 3. A typical IPR curve. .........................................................................................................11 Fig. 4. IPR curve for the example problem. ................................................................................15 Fig. 5. Darcy's law for linear flow. ...............................................................................................17 Fig. 6. Positive skin ≈ damaged wellbore or reduced wellbore radius. .......................................19 Fig. 7. Well and zone of damaged or altered permeability..........................................................20 Fig. 8. Plots based on four point test. .........................................................................................23 Fig. 9. Evaluation of four point test data (after Jones, Blount, and Glaze)..................................23 Fig. 10. Typical phase diagram for black oil................................................................................29 Fig. 11. Different forms of inflow performance relationships IPR................................................30 Fig. 12. Vogel's composite IPR...................................................................................................31 Fig. 13. Standing's correlation for wells with FE values not equal to 1. ......................................32 Fig. 14. Flow after flow, normal sequence (after Fetkovich). ......................................................34 Fig. 15. Flow after flow, reverse sequence (after Fetkovich). .....................................................34 Fig. 16. Isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams. .........................................................36 Schlumberger Dowell MATRIX ENGINEERING MANUAL Well Performance Section 200 July 1998 Page 5 of 168 DOWELL CONFIDENTIAL Fig. 17. ( ) p p r wfs 2 2 − versus q for isochronal test......................................................................... 37 Fig. 18. Graph of log C versus log t for isochronal test. ............................................................. 37 Fig. 19. Modified isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams. .......................................... 38 Fig. 20. ( ) p p r wf 2 2 − versus q for isochronal test.......................................................................... 38 Fig. 21. Horizontal well drainage model. .................................................................................... 39 Fig. 22. Homogeneous reservoir type curve. ............................................................................. 43 Fig. 23. Constant rate type curve for finite-conductivity fracture−closed square system (xe /ye = 1)...................................................................................................................... 46 Fig. 24. Typical shaped charge. ................................................................................................. 48 Fig. 25a. Jet/slug formation........................................................................................................ 48 Fig. 25b. Approximate jet velocities and pressures. .................................................................. 48 Fig. 26. Flow into a perforation................................................................................................... 50 Fig. 27. Plot of flow rate versus pressure drop for varying shot densities. ................................. 52 Fig. 28. Perforation geometry..................................................................................................... 54 Fig. 29a. Gravel pack schematic................................................................................................ 60 Fig. 29b. Cross section of gravel pack across a perforation tunnel. .......................................... 60 Fig. 30. Pipe friction factors for turbulent flow (modified after Moody, L.F., Trans. ASME, 66, 671, 1944). ............................................................................................................. 65 Fig. 31a. Flow patterns for 20.09-cp viscosity, 0.851-specific gravity oil, and water mixtures in a 1.04-in. pipe based on observations of Govier, Sullivan and Wood, 1961.......... 74 Fig. 31b. Figure showing the liquid velocity profile in stratified flow. ......................................... 75 Fig. 32. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in vertical uphill flow......................................................................... 75 Fig. 33. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in uphill 30° flow................................................................................ 76 Fig. 34. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in horizontal flow. .............................................................................. 76 Fig. 35. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing bottomhole pressure......................... 79 Fig. 36. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure. ........................... 80 Fig. 37. Horizontal multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure. ....................... 81 Fig. 38. Vertical water injection: How to find discharge pressure............................................... 82 Fig. 39. Vertical flowing pressure gradients. .............................................................................. 84 Fig. 40. This figure was used to determine pwf = 800 psig for a rate of 400 BPD through 2-in. ID tubing. .............................................................................................................. 85 Fig. 41. This figure was used to determine pwf = 910 psig for a rate of 600 BPD through 2-in. tubing.................................................................................................................. .. 86 Fig. 42. This figure was used to determine Pwfs = 1080 psig for a rate of 800 BPD through 2-in. ID tubing. .............................................................................................................. 87 Fig. 43. This figure shows a tubing intake or outflow performance curve for a wellhead pressure of 100 psig..................................................................................................... 88 Fig. 44. Net payout at any time = Extra revenue from oil or gas production due to stimulation at any time, t - cost of stimulation. ............................................................... 88 Fig. 45. Effect of subsurface pumps of well pressure profile...................................................... 89 Fig. 46. Showing potential problems in a pumping well through IPR curves.............................. 90 Fig. 1. Possible pressure losses in the producing system for a flowing well.................................9 Fig. 2. Location of various nodes................................................................................................10 Fig. 3. A typical IPR curve. .........................................................................................................11 Fig. 4. IPR curve for the example problem. ................................................................................15 Fig. 5. Darcy's law for linear flow. ...............................................................................................17 Fig. 6. Positive skin ≈ damaged wellbore or reduced wellbore radius. .......................................19 Fig. 7. Well and zone of damaged or altered permeability..........................................................20 Fig. 8. Plots based on four point test. .........................................................................................23 Fig. 9. Evaluation of four point test data (after Jones, Blount, and Glaze)..................................23 Fig. 10. Typical phase diagram for black oil................................................................................29 Fig. 11. Different forms of inflow performance relationships IPR................................................30 Fig. 12. Vogel's composite IPR...................................................................................................31 Fig. 13. Standing's correlation for wells with FE values not equal to 1. ......................................32 Fig. 14. Flow after flow, normal sequence (after Fetkovich). ......................................................34 Fig. 15. Flow after flow, reverse sequence (after Fetkovich). .....................................................34 Fig. 16. Isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams. .........................................................36 Schlumberger Dowell MATRIX ENGINEERING MANUAL Well Performance Section 200 July 1998 Page 5 of 168 DOWELL CONFIDENTIAL Fig. 17. ( ) p p r wfs 2 2 − versus q for isochronal test......................................................................... 37 Fig. 18. Graph of log C versus log t for isochronal test. ............................................................. 37 Fig. 19. Modified isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams. .......................................... 38 Fig. 20. ( ) p p r wf 2 2 − versus q for isochronal test.......................................................................... 38 Fig. 21. Horizontal well drainage model. .................................................................................... 39 Fig. 22. Homogeneous reservoir type curve. ............................................................................. 43 Fig. 23. Constant rate type curve for finite-conductivity fracture−closed square system (xe /ye = 1)...................................................................................................................... 46 Fig. 24. Typical shaped charge. ................................................................................................. 48 Fig. 25a. Jet/slug formation........................................................................................................ 48 Fig. 25b. Approximate jet velocities and pressures. .................................................................. 48 Fig. 26. Flow into a perforation................................................................................................... 50 Fig. 27. Plot of flow rate versus pressure drop for varying shot densities. ................................. 52 Fig. 28. Perforation geometry..................................................................................................... 54 Fig. 29a. Gravel pack schematic................................................................................................ 60 Fig. 29b. Cross section of gravel pack across a perforation tunnel. .......................................... 60 Fig. 30. Pipe friction factors for turbulent flow (modified after Moody, L.F., Trans. ASME, 66, 671, 1944). ............................................................................................................. 65 Fig. 31a. Flow patterns for 20.09-cp viscosity, 0.851-specific gravity oil, and water mixtures in a 1.04-in. pipe based on observations of Govier, Sullivan and Wood, 1961.......... 74 Fig. 31b. Figure showing the liquid velocity profile in stratified flow. ......................................... 75 Fig. 32. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in vertical uphill flow......................................................................... 75 Fig. 33. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in uphill 30° flow................................................................................ 76 Fig. 34. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in horizontal flow. .............................................................................. 76 Fig. 35. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing bottomhole pressure......................... 79 Fig. 36. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure. ........................... 80 Fig. 37. Horizontal multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure. ....................... 81 Fig. 38. Vertical water injection: How to find discharge pressure............................................... 82 Fig. 39. Vertical flowing pressure gradients. .............................................................................. 84 Fig. 40. This figure was used to determine pwf = 800 psig for a rate of 400 BPD through 2-in. ID tubing. .............................................................................................................. 85 Fig. 41. This figure was used to determine pwf = 910 psig for a rate of 600 BPD through 2-in. tubing.................................................................................................................. .. 86 Fig. 42. This figure was used to determine Pwfs = 1080 psig for a rate of 800 BPD through 2-in. ID tubing. .............................................................................................................. 87 Fig. 43. This figure shows a tubing intake or outflow performance curve for a wellhead pressure of 100 psig..................................................................................................... 88 Fig. 44. Net payout at any time = Extra revenue from oil or gas production due to stimulation at any time, t - cost of stimulation. ............................................................... 88 Fig. 45. Effect of subsurface pumps of well pressure profile...................................................... 89 Fig. 46. Showing potential problems in a pumping well through IPR curves.............................. 90 Fig. 1. Possible pressure losses in the producing system for a flowing well.................................9 Fig. 2. Location of various nodes................................................................................................10 Fig. 3. A typical IPR curve. .........................................................................................................11 Fig. 4. IPR curve for the example problem. ................................................................................15 Fig. 5. Darcy's law for linear flow. ...............................................................................................17 Fig. 6. Positive skin ≈ damaged wellbore or reduced wellbore radius. .......................................19 Fig. 7. Well and zone of damaged or altered permeability..........................................................20 Fig. 8. Plots based on four point test. .........................................................................................23 Fig. 9. Evaluation of four point test data (after Jones, Blount, and Glaze)..................................23 Fig. 10. Typical phase diagram for black oil................................................................................29 Fig. 11. Different forms of inflow performance relationships IPR................................................30 Fig. 12. Vogel's composite IPR...................................................................................................31 Fig. 13. Standing's correlation for wells with FE values not equal to 1. ......................................32 Fig. 14. Flow after flow, normal sequence (after Fetkovich). ......................................................34 Fig. 15. Flow after flow, reverse sequence (after Fetkovich). .....................................................34 Fig. 16. Isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams. .........................................................36 Schlumberger Dowell MATRIX ENGINEERING MANUAL Well Performance Section 200 July 1998 Page 5 of 168 DOWELL CONFIDENTIAL Fig. 17. ( ) p p r wfs 2 2 − versus q for isochronal test......................................................................... 37 Fig. 18. Graph of log C versus log t for isochronal test. ............................................................. 37 Fig. 19. Modified isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams. .......................................... 38 Fig. 20. ( ) p p r wf 2 2 − versus q for isochronal test.......................................................................... 38 Fig. 21. Horizontal well drainage model. .................................................................................... 39 Fig. 22. Homogeneous reservoir type curve. ............................................................................. 43 Fig. 23. Constant rate type curve for finite-conductivity fracture−closed square system (xe /ye = 1)...................................................................................................................... 46 Fig. 24. Typical shaped charge. ................................................................................................. 48 Fig. 25a. Jet/slug formation........................................................................................................ 48 Fig. 25b. Approximate jet velocities and pressures. .................................................................. 48 Fig. 26. Flow into a perforation................................................................................................... 50 Fig. 27. Plot of flow rate versus pressure drop for varying shot densities. ................................. 52 Fig. 28. Perforation geometry..................................................................................................... 54 Fig. 29a. Gravel pack schematic................................................................................................ 60 Fig. 29b. Cross section of gravel pack across a perforation tunnel. .......................................... 60 Fig. 30. Pipe friction factors for turbulent flow (modified after Moody, L.F., Trans. ASME, 66, 671, 1944). ............................................................................................................. 65 Fig. 31a. Flow patterns for 20.09-cp viscosity, 0.851-specific gravity oil, and water mixtures in a 1.04-in. pipe based on observations of Govier, Sullivan and Wood, 1961.......... 74 Fig. 31b. Figure showing the liquid velocity profile in stratified flow. ......................................... 75 Fig. 32. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in vertical uphill flow......................................................................... 75 Fig. 33. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in uphill 30° flow................................................................................ 76 Fig. 34. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in horizontal flow. .............................................................................. 76 Fig. 35. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing bottomhole pressure......................... 79 Fig. 36. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure. ........................... 80 Fig. 37. Horizontal multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure. ....................... 81 Fig. 38. Vertical water injection: How to find discharge pressure............................................... 82 Fig. 39. Vertical flowing pressure gradients. .............................................................................. 84 Fig. 40. This figure was used to determine pwf = 800 psig for a rate of 400 BPD through 2-in. ID tubing. .............................................................................................................. 85 Fig. 41. This figure was used to determine pwf = 910 psig for a rate of 600 BPD through 2-in. tubing.................................................................................................................. .. 86 Fig. 42. This figure was used to determine Pwfs = 1080 psig for a rate of 800 BPD through 2-in. ID tubing. .............................................................................................................. 87 Fig. 43. This figure shows a tubing intake or outflow performance curve for a wellhead pressure of 100 psig..................................................................................................... 88 Fig. 44. Net payout at any time = Extra revenue from oil or gas production due to stimulation at any time, t - cost of stimulation. ............................................................... 88 Fig. 45. Effect of subsurface pumps of well pressure profile...................................................... 89 Fig. 46. Showing potential problems in a pumping well through IPR curves.............................. 90 Fig. 1. Possible pressure losses in the producing system for a flowing well.................................9 Fig. 2. Location of various nodes................................................................................................10 Fig. 3. A typical IPR curve. .........................................................................................................11 Fig. 4. IPR curve for the example problem. ................................................................................15 Fig. 5. Darcy's law for linear flow. ...............................................................................................17 Fig. 6. Positive skin ≈ damaged wellbore or reduced wellbore radius. .......................................19 Fig. 7. Well and zone of damaged or altered permeability..........................................................20 Fig. 8. Plots based on four point test. .........................................................................................23 Fig. 9. Evaluation of four point test data (after Jones, Blount, and Glaze)..................................23 Fig. 10. Typical phase diagram for black oil................................................................................29 Fig. 11. Different forms of inflow performance relationships IPR................................................30 Fig. 12. Vogel's composite IPR...................................................................................................31 Fig. 13. Standing's correlation for wells with FE values not equal to 1. ......................................32 Fig. 14. Flow after flow, normal sequence (after Fetkovich). ......................................................34 Fig. 15. Flow after flow, reverse sequence (after Fetkovich). .....................................................34 Fig. 16. Isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams. .........................................................36 Schlumberger Dowell MATRIX ENGINEERING MANUAL Well Performance Section 200 July 1998 Page 5 of 168 DOWELL CONFIDENTIAL Fig. 17. ( ) p p r wfs 2 2 − versus q for isochronal test......................................................................... 37 Fig. 18. Graph of log C versus log t for isochronal test. ............................................................. 37 Fig. 19. Modified isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams. .......................................... 38 Fig. 20. ( ) p p r wf 2 2 − versus q for isochronal test.......................................................................... 38 Fig. 21. Horizontal well drainage model. .................................................................................... 39 Fig. 22. Homogeneous reservoir type curve. ............................................................................. 43 Fig. 23. Constant rate type curve for finite-conductivity fracture−closed square system (xe /ye = 1)...................................................................................................................... 46 Fig. 24. Typical shaped charge. ................................................................................................. 48 Fig. 25a. Jet/slug formation........................................................................................................ 48 Fig. 25b. Approximate jet velocities and pressures. .................................................................. 48 Fig. 26. Flow into a perforation................................................................................................... 50 Fig. 27. Plot of flow rate versus pressure drop for varying shot densities. ................................. 52 Fig. 28. Perforation geometry..................................................................................................... 54 Fig. 29a. Gravel pack schematic................................................................................................ 60 Fig. 29b. Cross section of gravel pack across a perforation tunnel. .......................................... 60 Fig. 30. Pipe friction factors for turbulent flow (modified after Moody, L.F., Trans. ASME, 66, 671, 1944). ............................................................................................................. 65 Fig. 31a. Flow patterns for 20.09-cp viscosity, 0.851-specific gravity oil, and water mixtures in a 1.04-in. pipe based on observations of Govier, Sullivan and Wood, 1961.......... 74 Fig. 31b. Figure showing the liquid velocity profile in stratified flow. ......................................... 75 Fig. 32. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in vertical uphill flow......................................................................... 75 Fig. 33. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in uphill 30° flow................................................................................ 76 Fig. 34. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in horizontal flow. .............................................................................. 76 Fig. 35. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing bottomhole pressure......................... 79 Fig. 36. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure. ........................... 80 Fig. 37. Horizontal multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure. ....................... 81 Fig. 38. Vertical water injection: How to find discharge pressure............................................... 82 Fig. 39. Vertical flowing pressure gradients. .............................................................................. 84 Fig. 40. This figure was used to determine pwf = 800 psig for a rate of 400 BPD through 2-in. ID tubing. .............................................................................................................. 85 Fig. 41. This figure was used to determine pwf = 910 psig for a rate of 600 BPD through 2-in. tubing.................................................................................................................. .. 86 Fig. 42. This figure was used to determine Pwfs = 1080 psig for a rate of 800 BPD through 2-in. ID tubing. .............................................................................................................. 87 Fig. 43. This figure shows a tubing intake or outflow performance curve for a wellhead pressure of 100 psig..................................................................................................... 88 Fig. 44. Net payout at any time = Extra revenue from oil or gas production due to stimulation at any time, t - cost of stimulation. ............................................................... 88 Fig. 45. Effect of subsurface pumps of well pressure profile...................................................... 89 Fig. 46. Showing potential problems in a pumping well through IPR curves.............................. 90 Fig. 1. Possible pressure losses in the producing system for a flowing well.................................9 Fig. 2. Location of various nodes................................................................................................10 Fig. 3. A typical IPR curve. .........................................................................................................11 Fig. 4. IPR curve for the example problem. ................................................................................15 Fig. 5. Darcy's law for linear flow. ...............................................................................................17 Fig. 6. Positive skin ≈ damaged wellbore or reduced wellbore radius. .......................................19 Fig. 7. Well and zone of damaged or altered permeability..........................................................20 Fig. 8. Plots based on four point test. .........................................................................................23 Fig. 9. Evaluation of four point test data (after Jones, Blount, and Glaze)..................................23 Fig. 10. Typical phase diagram for black oil................................................................................29 Fig. 11. Different forms of inflow performance relationships IPR................................................30 Fig. 12. Vogel's composite IPR...................................................................................................31 Fig. 13. Standing's correlation for wells with FE values not equal to 1. ......................................32 Fig. 14. Flow after flow, normal sequence (after Fetkovich). ......................................................34 Fig. 15. Flow after flow, reverse sequence (after Fetkovich). .....................................................34 Fig. 16. Isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams. .........................................................36 Schlumberger Dowell MATRIX ENGINEERING MANUAL Well Performance Section 200 July 1998 Page 5 of 168 DOWELL CONFIDENTIAL Fig. 17. ( ) p p r wfs 2 2 − versus q for isochronal test......................................................................... 37 Fig. 18. Graph of log C versus log t for isochronal test. ............................................................. 37 Fig. 19. Modified isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams. .......................................... 38 Fig. 20. ( ) p p r wf 2 2 − versus q for isochronal test.......................................................................... 38 Fig. 21. Horizontal well drainage model. .................................................................................... 39 Fig. 22. Homogeneous reservoir type curve. ............................................................................. 43 Fig. 23. Constant rate type curve for finite-conductivity fracture−closed square system (xe /ye = 1)...................................................................................................................... 46 Fig. 24. Typical shaped charge. ................................................................................................. 48 Fig. 25a. Jet/slug formation........................................................................................................ 48 Fig. 25b. Approximate jet velocities and pressures. .................................................................. 48 Fig. 26. Flow into a perforation................................................................................................... 50 Fig. 27. Plot of flow rate versus pressure drop for varying shot densities. ................................. 52 Fig. 28. Perforation geometry..................................................................................................... 54 Fig. 29a. Gravel pack schematic................................................................................................ 60 Fig. 29b. Cross section of gravel pack across a perforation tunnel. .......................................... 60 Fig. 30. Pipe friction factors for turbulent flow (modified after Moody, L.F., Trans. ASME, 66, 671, 1944). ............................................................................................................. 65 Fig. 31a. Flow patterns for 20.09-cp viscosity, 0.851-specific gravity oil, and water mixtures in a 1.04-in. pipe based on observations of Govier, Sullivan and Wood, 1961.......... 74 Fig. 31b. Figure showing the liquid velocity profile in stratified flow. ......................................... 75 Fig. 32. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in vertical uphill flow......................................................................... 75 Fig. 33. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in uphill 30° flow................................................................................ 76 Fig. 34. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in horizontal flow. .............................................................................. 76 Fig. 35. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing bottomhole pressure......................... 79 Fig. 36. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure. ........................... 80 Fig. 37. Horizontal multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure. ....................... 81 Fig. 38. Vertical water injection: How to find discharge pressure............................................... 82 Fig. 39. Vertical flowing pressure gradients. .............................................................................. 84 Fig. 40. This figure was used to determine pwf = 800 psig for a rate of 400 BPD through 2-in. ID tubing. .............................................................................................................. 85 Fig. 41. This figure was used to determine pwf = 910 psig for a rate of 600 BPD through 2-in. tubing.................................................................................................................. .. 86 Fig. 42. This figure was used to determine Pwfs = 1080 psig for a rate of 800 BPD through 2-in. ID tubing. .............................................................................................................. 87 Fig. 43. This figure shows a tubing intake or outflow performance curve for a wellhead pressure of 100 psig..................................................................................................... 88 Fig. 44. Net payout at any time = Extra revenue from oil or gas production due to stimulation at any time, t - cost of stimulation. ............................................................... 88 Fig. 45. Effect of subsurface pumps of well pressure profile...................................................... 89 Fig. 46. Showing potential problems in a pumping well through IPR curves.............................. 90 Fig. 1. Possible pressure losses in the producing system for a flowing well.................................9 Fig. 2. Location of various nodes................................................................................................10 Fig. 3. A typical IPR curve. .........................................................................................................11 Fig. 4. IPR curve for the example problem. ................................................................................15 Fig. 5. Darcy's law for linear flow. ...............................................................................................17 Fig. 6. Positive skin ≈ damaged wellbore or reduced wellbore radius. .......................................19 Fig. 7. Well and zone of damaged or altered permeability..........................................................20 Fig. 8. Plots based on four point test. .........................................................................................23 Fig. 9. Evaluation of four point test data (after Jones, Blount, and Glaze)..................................23 Fig. 10. Typical phase diagram for black oil................................................................................29 Fig. 11. Different forms of inflow performance relationships IPR................................................30 Fig. 12. Vogel's composite IPR...................................................................................................31 Fig. 13. Standing's correlation for wells with FE values not equal to 1. ......................................32 Fig. 14. Flow after flow, normal sequence (after Fetkovich). ......................................................34 Fig. 15. Flow after flow, reverse sequence (after Fetkovich). .....................................................34 Fig. 16. Isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams. .........................................................36 Schlumberger Dowell MATRIX ENGINEERING MANUAL Well Performance Section 200 July 1998 Page 5 of 168 DOWELL CONFIDENTIAL Fig. 17. ( ) p p r wfs 2 2 − versus q for isochronal test......................................................................... 37 Fig. 18. Graph of log C versus log t for isochronal test. ............................................................. 37 Fig. 19. Modified isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams. .......................................... 38 Fig. 20. ( ) p p r wf 2 2 − versus q for isochronal test.......................................................................... 38 Fig. 21. Horizontal well drainage model. .................................................................................... 39 Fig. 22. Homogeneous reservoir type curve. ............................................................................. 43 Fig. 23. Constant rate type curve for finite-conductivity fracture−closed square system (xe /ye = 1)...................................................................................................................... 46 Fig. 24. Typical shaped charge. ................................................................................................. 48 Fig. 25a. Jet/slug formation........................................................................................................ 48 Fig. 25b. Approximate jet velocities and pressures. .................................................................. 48 Fig. 26. Flow into a perforation................................................................................................... 50 Fig. 27. Plot of flow rate versus pressure drop for varying shot densities. ................................. 52 Fig. 28. Perforation geometry..................................................................................................... 54 Fig. 29a. Gravel pack schematic................................................................................................ 60 Fig. 29b. Cross section of gravel pack across a perforation tunnel. .......................................... 60 Fig. 30. Pipe friction factors for turbulent flow (modified after Moody, L.F., Trans. ASME, 66, 671, 1944). ............................................................................................................. 65 Fig. 31a. Flow patterns for 20.09-cp viscosity, 0.851-specific gravity oil, and water mixtures in a 1.04-in. pipe based on observations of Govier, Sullivan and Wood, 1961.......... 74 Fig. 31b. Figure showing the liquid velocity profile in stratified flow. ......................................... 75 Fig. 32. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in vertical uphill flow......................................................................... 75 Fig. 33. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in uphill 30° flow................................................................................ 76 Fig. 34. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in horizontal flow. .............................................................................. 76 Fig. 35. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing bottomhole pressure......................... 79 Fig. 36. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure. ........................... 80 Fig. 37. Horizontal multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure. ....................... 81 Fig. 38. Vertical water injection: How to find discharge pressure............................................... 82 Fig. 39. Vertical flowing pressure gradients. .............................................................................. 84 Fig. 40. This figure was used to determine pwf = 800 psig for a rate of 400 BPD through 2-in. ID tubing. .............................................................................................................. 85 Fig. 41. This figure was used to determine pwf = 910 psig for a rate of 600 BPD through 2-in. tubing.................................................................................................................. .. 86 Fig. 42. This figure was used to determine Pwfs = 1080 psig for a rate of 800 BPD through 2-in. ID tubing. .............................................................................................................. 87 Fig. 43. This figure shows a tubing intake or outflow performance curve for a wellhead pressure of 100 psig..................................................................................................... 88 Fig. 44. Net payout at any time = Extra revenue from oil or gas production due to stimulation at any time, t - cost of stimulation. ............................................................... 88 Fig. 45. Effect of subsurface pumps of well pressure profile...................................................... 89 Fig. 46. Showing potential problems in a pumping well through IPR curves.............................. 90 Fig. 1. Possible pressure losses in the producing system for a flowing well.................................9 Fig. 2. Location of various nodes................................................................................................10 Fig. 3. A typical IPR curve. .........................................................................................................11 Fig. 4. IPR curve for the example problem. ................................................................................15 Fig. 5. Darcy's law for linear flow. ...............................................................................................17 Fig. 6. Positive skin ≈ damaged wellbore or reduced wellbore radius. .......................................19 Fig. 7. Well and zone of damaged or altered permeability..........................................................20 Fig. 8. Plots based on four point test. .........................................................................................23 Fig. 9. Evaluation of four point test data (after Jones, Blount, and Glaze)..................................23 Fig. 10. Typical phase diagram for black oil................................................................................29 Fig. 11. Different forms of inflow performance relationships IPR................................................30 Fig. 12. Vogel's composite IPR...................................................................................................31 Fig. 13. Standing's correlation for wells with FE values not equal to 1. ......................................32 Fig. 14. Flow after flow, normal sequence (after Fetkovich). ......................................................34 Fig. 15. Flow after flow, reverse sequence (after Fetkovich). .....................................................34 Fig. 16. Isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams. .........................................................36 Schlumberger Dowell MATRIX ENGINEERING MANUAL Well Performance Section 200 July 1998 Page 5 of 168 DOWELL CONFIDENTIAL Fig. 17. ( ) p p r wfs 2 2 − versus q for isochronal test......................................................................... 37 Fig. 18. Graph of log C versus log t for isochronal test. ............................................................. 37 Fig. 19. Modified isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams. .......................................... 38 Fig. 20. ( ) p p r wf 2 2 − versus q for isochronal test.......................................................................... 38 Fig. 21. Horizontal well drainage model. .................................................................................... 39 Fig. 22. Homogeneous reservoir type curve. ............................................................................. 43 Fig. 23. Constant rate type curve for finite-conductivity fracture−closed square system (xe /ye = 1)...................................................................................................................... 46 Fig. 24. Typical shaped charge. ................................................................................................. 48 Fig. 25a. Jet/slug formation........................................................................................................ 48 Fig. 25b. Approximate jet velocities and pressures. .................................................................. 48 Fig. 26. Flow into a perforation................................................................................................... 50 Fig. 27. Plot of flow rate versus pressure drop for varying shot densities. ................................. 52 Fig. 28. Perforation geometry..................................................................................................... 54 Fig. 29a. Gravel pack schematic................................................................................................ 60 Fig. 29b. Cross section of gravel pack across a perforation tunnel. .......................................... 60 Fig. 30. Pipe friction factors for turbulent flow (modified after Moody, L.F., Trans. ASME, 66, 671, 1944). ............................................................................................................. 65 Fig. 31a. Flow patterns for 20.09-cp viscosity, 0.851-specific gravity oil, and water mixtures in a 1.04-in. pipe based on observations of Govier, Sullivan and Wood, 1961.......... 74 Fig. 31b. Figure showing the liquid velocity profile in stratified flow. ......................................... 75 Fig. 32. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in vertical uphill flow......................................................................... 75 Fig. 33. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in uphill 30° flow................................................................................ 76 Fig. 34. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in horizontal flow. .............................................................................. 76 Fig. 35. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing bottomhole pressure......................... 79 Fig. 36. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure. ........................... 80 Fig. 37. Horizontal multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure. ....................... 81 Fig. 38. Vertical water injection: How to find discharge pressure............................................... 82 Fig. 39. Vertical flowing pressure gradients. .............................................................................. 84 Fig. 40. This figure was used to determine pwf = 800 psig for a rate of 400 BPD through 2-in. ID tubing. .............................................................................................................. 85 Fig. 41. This figure was used to determine pwf = 910 psig for a rate of 600 BPD through 2-in. tubing.................................................................................................................. .. 86 Fig. 42. This figure was used to determine Pwfs = 1080 psig for a rate of 800 BPD through 2-in. ID tubing. .............................................................................................................. 87 Fig. 43. This figure shows a tubing intake or outflow performance curve for a wellhead pressure of 100 psig..................................................................................................... 88 Fig. 44. Net payout at any time = Extra revenue from oil or gas production due to stimulation at any time, t - cost of stimulation. ............................................................... 88 Fig. 45. Effect of subsurface pumps of well pressure profile...................................................... 89 Fig. 46. Showing potential problems in a pumping well through IPR curves.............................. 90 Fig. 1. Possible pressure losses in the producing system for a flowing well.................................9 Fig. 2. Location of various nodes................................................................................................10 Fig. 3. A typical IPR curve. .........................................................................................................11 Fig. 4. IPR curve for the example problem. ................................................................................15 Fig. 5. Darcy's law for linear flow. ...............................................................................................17 Fig. 6. Positive skin ≈ damaged wellbore or reduced wellbore radius. .......................................19 Fig. 7. Well and zone of damaged or altered permeability..........................................................20 Fig. 8. Plots based on four point test. .........................................................................................23 Fig. 9. Evaluation of four point test data (after Jones, Blount, and Glaze)..................................23 Fig. 10. Typical phase diagram for black oil................................................................................29 Fig. 11. Different forms of inflow performance relationships IPR................................................30 Fig. 12. Vogel's composite IPR...................................................................................................31 Fig. 13. Standing's correlation for wells with FE values not equal to 1. ......................................32 Fig. 14. Flow after flow, normal sequence (after Fetkovich). ......................................................34 Fig. 15. Flow after flow, reverse sequence (after Fetkovich). .....................................................34 Fig. 16. Isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams. .........................................................36 Schlumberger Dowell MATRIX ENGINEERING MANUAL Well Performance Section 200 July 1998 Page 5 of 168 DOWELL CONFIDENTIAL Fig. 17. ( ) p p r wfs 2 2 − versus q for isochronal test......................................................................... 37 Fig. 18. Graph of log C versus log t for isochronal test. ............................................................. 37 Fig. 19. Modified isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams. .......................................... 38 Fig. 20. ( ) p p r wf 2 2 − versus q for isochronal test.......................................................................... 38 Fig. 21. Horizontal well drainage model. .................................................................................... 39 Fig. 22. Homogeneous reservoir type curve. ............................................................................. 43 Fig. 23. Constant rate type curve for finite-conductivity fracture−closed square system (xe /ye = 1)...................................................................................................................... 46 Fig. 24. Typical shaped charge. ................................................................................................. 48 Fig. 25a. Jet/slug formation........................................................................................................ 48 Fig. 25b. Approximate jet velocities and pressures. .................................................................. 48 Fig. 26. Flow into a perforation................................................................................................... 50 Fig. 27. Plot of flow rate versus pressure drop for varying shot densities. ................................. 52 Fig. 28. Perforation geometry..................................................................................................... 54 Fig. 29a. Gravel pack schematic................................................................................................ 60 Fig. 29b. Cross section of gravel pack across a perforation tunnel. .......................................... 60 Fig. 30. Pipe friction factors for turbulent flow (modified after Moody, L.F., Trans. ASME, 66, 671, 1944). ............................................................................................................. 65 Fig. 31a. Flow patterns for 20.09-cp viscosity, 0.851-specific gravity oil, and water mixtures in a 1.04-in. pipe based on observations of Govier, Sullivan and Wood, 1961.......... 74 Fig. 31b. Figure showing the liquid velocity profile in stratified flow. ......................................... 75 Fig. 32. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in vertical uphill flow......................................................................... 75 Fig. 33. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in uphill 30° flow................................................................................ 76 Fig. 34. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in horizontal flow. .............................................................................. 76 Fig. 35. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing bottomhole pressure......................... 79 Fig. 36. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure. ........................... 80 Fig. 37. Horizontal multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure. ....................... 81 Fig. 38. Vertical water injection: How to find discharge pressure............................................... 82 Fig. 39. Vertical flowing pressure gradients. .............................................................................. 84 Fig. 40. This figure was used to determine pwf = 800 psig for a rate of 400 BPD through 2-in. ID tubing. .............................................................................................................. 85 Fig. 41. This figure was used to determine pwf = 910 psig for a rate of 600 BPD through 2-in. tubing.................................................................................................................. .. 86 Fig. 42. This figure was used to determine Pwfs = 1080 psig for a rate of 800 BPD through 2-in. ID tubing. .............................................................................................................. 87 Fig. 43. This figure shows a tubing intake or outflow performance curve for a wellhead pressure of 100 psig..................................................................................................... 88 Fig. 44. Net payout at any time = Extra revenue from oil or gas production due to stimulation at any time, t - cost of stimulation. ............................................................... 88 Fig. 45. Effect of subsurface pumps of well pressure profile...................................................... 89 Fig. 46. Showing potential problems in a pumping well through IPR curves.............................. 90 Fig. 1. Possible pressure losses in the producing system for a flowing well.................................9 Fig. 2. Location of various nodes................................................................................................10 Fig. 3. A typical IPR curve. .........................................................................................................11 Fig. 4. IPR curve for the example problem. ................................................................................15 Fig. 5. Darcy's law for linear flow. ...............................................................................................17 Fig. 6. Positive skin ≈ damaged wellbore or reduced wellbore radius. .......................................19 Fig. 7. Well and zone of damaged or altered permeability..........................................................20 Fig. 8. Plots based on four point test. .........................................................................................23 Fig. 9. Evaluation of four point test data (after Jones, Blount, and Glaze)..................................23 Fig. 10. Typical phase diagram for black oil................................................................................29 Fig. 11. Different forms of inflow performance relationships IPR................................................30 Fig. 12. Vogel's composite IPR...................................................................................................31 Fig. 13. Standing's correlation for wells with FE values not equal to 1. ......................................32 Fig. 14. Flow after flow, normal sequence (after Fetkovich). ......................................................34 Fig. 15. Flow after flow, reverse sequence (after Fetkovich). .....................................................34 Fig. 16. Isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams. .........................................................36 Schlumberger Dowell MATRIX ENGINEERING MANUAL Well Performance Section 200 July 1998 Page 5 of 168 DOWELL CONFIDENTIAL Fig. 17. ( ) p p r wfs 2 2 − versus q for isochronal test......................................................................... 37 Fig. 18. Graph of log C versus log t for isochronal test. ............................................................. 37 Fig. 19. Modified isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams. .......................................... 38 Fig. 20. ( ) p p r wf 2 2 − versus q for isochronal test.......................................................................... 38 Fig. 21. Horizontal well drainage model. .................................................................................... 39 Fig. 22. Homogeneous reservoir type curve. ............................................................................. 43 Fig. 23. Constant rate type curve for finite-conductivity fracture−closed square system (xe /ye = 1)...................................................................................................................... 46 Fig. 24. Typical shaped charge. ................................................................................................. 48 Fig. 25a. Jet/slug formation........................................................................................................ 48 Fig. 25b. Approximate jet velocities and pressures. .................................................................. 48 Fig. 26. Flow into a perforation................................................................................................... 50 Fig. 27. Plot of flow rate versus pressure drop for varying shot densities. ................................. 52 Fig. 28. Perforation geometry..................................................................................................... 54 Fig. 29a. Gravel pack schematic................................................................................................ 60 Fig. 29b. Cross section of gravel pack across a perforation tunnel. .......................................... 60 Fig. 30. Pipe friction factors for turbulent flow (modified after Moody, L.F., Trans. ASME, 66, 671, 1944). ............................................................................................................. 65 Fig. 31a. Flow patterns for 20.09-cp viscosity, 0.851-specific gravity oil, and water mixtures in a 1.04-in. pipe based on observations of Govier, Sullivan and Wood, 1961.......... 74 Fig. 31b. Figure showing the liquid velocity profile in stratified flow. ......................................... 75 Fig. 32. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in vertical uphill flow......................................................................... 75 Fig. 33. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in uphill 30° flow................................................................................ 76 Fig. 34. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed flow pattern map for kerosene in horizontal flow. .............................................................................. 76 Fig. 35. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing bottomhole pressure......................... 79 Fig. 36. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure. ........................... 80 Fig. 37. Horizontal multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure. ....................... 81 Fig. 38. Vertical water injection: How to find discharge pressure............................................... 82 Fig. 39. Vertical flowing pressure gradients. .............................................................................. 84 Fig. 40. This figure was used to determine pwf = 800 psig for a rate of 400 BPD through 2-in. ID tubing. .............................................................................................................. 85 Fig. 41. This figure was used to determine pwf = 910 psig for a rate of 600 BPD through 2-in. tubing.................................................................................................................. .. 86 Fig. 42. This figure was used to determine Pwfs = 1080 psig for a rate of 800 BPD through 2-in. ID tubing. .............................................................................................................. 87 Fig. 43. This figure shows a tubing intake or outflow performance curve for a wellhead pressure of 100 psig..................................................................................................... 88 Fig. 44. Net payout at any time = Extra revenue from oil or gas production due to stimulation at any time, t - cost of stimulation. ............................................................... 88 Fig. 45. Effect of subsurface pumps of well pressure profile...................................................... 89 Fig. 46. Showing potential problems in a pumping well through IPR curves.............................. 90
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