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Possible Pressure Losses in The Producing

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
13 views54 pages

Possible Pressure Losses in The Producing

Uploaded by

sadegh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fig. 1.

Possible pressure losses in the producing system for a flowing


well.................................9
Fig. 2. Location of various
nodes................................................................................................10
Fig. 3. A typical IPR curve.
.........................................................................................................11
Fig. 4. IPR curve for the example problem.
................................................................................15
Fig. 5. Darcy's law for linear flow.
...............................................................................................17
Fig. 6. Positive skin ≈ damaged wellbore or reduced wellbore radius.
.......................................19
Fig. 7. Well and zone of damaged or altered
permeability..........................................................20
Fig. 8. Plots based on four point test.
.........................................................................................23
Fig. 9. Evaluation of four point test data (after Jones, Blount, and
Glaze)..................................23
Fig. 10. Typical phase diagram for black
oil................................................................................29
Fig. 11. Different forms of inflow performance relationships
IPR................................................30
Fig. 12. Vogel's composite
IPR...................................................................................................31
Fig. 13. Standing's correlation for wells with FE values not equal to 1.
......................................32
Fig. 14. Flow after flow, normal sequence (after Fetkovich).
......................................................34
Fig. 15. Flow after flow, reverse sequence (after Fetkovich).
.....................................................34
Fig. 16. Isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams.
.........................................................36
Schlumberger
Dowell
MATRIX ENGINEERING MANUAL
Well Performance
Section 200
July 1998
Page 5 of 168
DOWELL CONFIDENTIAL
Fig. 17. (
)
p
p
r
wfs
2
2

versus q for isochronal test......................................................................... 37
Fig. 18. Graph of log C versus log t for isochronal test.
............................................................. 37
Fig. 19. Modified isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams.
.......................................... 38
Fig. 20. (
)
p
p
r
wf
2
2

versus q for isochronal test.......................................................................... 38
Fig. 21. Horizontal well drainage model.
.................................................................................... 39
Fig. 22. Homogeneous reservoir type curve.
............................................................................. 43
Fig. 23. Constant rate type curve for finite-conductivity fracture−closed square
system
(xe /ye =
1)......................................................................................................................
46
Fig. 24. Typical shaped charge.
................................................................................................. 48
Fig. 25a. Jet/slug
formation........................................................................................................ 48
Fig. 25b. Approximate jet velocities and pressures.
.................................................................. 48
Fig. 26. Flow into a
perforation................................................................................................... 50
Fig. 27. Plot of flow rate versus pressure drop for varying shot densities.
................................. 52
Fig. 28. Perforation
geometry..................................................................................................... 54
Fig. 29a. Gravel pack
schematic................................................................................................ 60
Fig. 29b. Cross section of gravel pack across a perforation tunnel.
.......................................... 60
Fig. 30. Pipe friction factors for turbulent flow (modified after Moody, L.F.,
Trans. ASME,
66, 671, 1944).
............................................................................................................. 65
Fig. 31a. Flow patterns for 20.09-cp viscosity, 0.851-specific gravity oil, and
water mixtures
in a 1.04-in. pipe based on observations of Govier, Sullivan and Wood,
1961.......... 74
Fig. 31b. Figure showing the liquid velocity profile in stratified flow.
......................................... 75
Fig. 32. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in vertical uphill
flow......................................................................... 75
Fig. 33. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in uphill 30°
flow................................................................................ 76
Fig. 34. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in horizontal flow.
.............................................................................. 76
Fig. 35. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing bottomhole
pressure......................... 79
Fig. 36. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure.
........................... 80
Fig. 37. Horizontal multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure.
....................... 81
Fig. 38. Vertical water injection: How to find discharge
pressure............................................... 82
Fig. 39. Vertical flowing pressure gradients.
.............................................................................. 84
Fig. 40. This figure was used to determine pwf = 800 psig for a rate of 400
BPD through
2-in. ID tubing.
.............................................................................................................. 85
Fig. 41. This figure was used to determine pwf = 910 psig for a rate of 600
BPD through
2-in.
tubing..................................................................................................................
.. 86
Fig. 42. This figure was used to determine Pwfs = 1080 psig for a rate of 800
BPD through
2-in. ID tubing.
.............................................................................................................. 87
Fig. 43. This figure shows a tubing intake or outflow performance curve for a
wellhead
pressure of 100
psig..................................................................................................... 88
Fig. 44. Net payout at any time = Extra revenue from oil or gas production due
to
stimulation at any time, t - cost of stimulation.
............................................................... 88
Fig. 45. Effect of subsurface pumps of well pressure
profile...................................................... 89
Fig. 46. Showing potential problems in a pumping well through IPR
curves.............................. 90 Fig. 1. Possible pressure losses in the producing
system for a flowing well.................................9
Fig. 2. Location of various
nodes................................................................................................10
Fig. 3. A typical IPR curve.
.........................................................................................................11
Fig. 4. IPR curve for the example problem.
................................................................................15
Fig. 5. Darcy's law for linear flow.
...............................................................................................17
Fig. 6. Positive skin ≈ damaged wellbore or reduced wellbore radius.
.......................................19
Fig. 7. Well and zone of damaged or altered
permeability..........................................................20
Fig. 8. Plots based on four point test.
.........................................................................................23
Fig. 9. Evaluation of four point test data (after Jones, Blount, and
Glaze)..................................23
Fig. 10. Typical phase diagram for black
oil................................................................................29
Fig. 11. Different forms of inflow performance relationships
IPR................................................30
Fig. 12. Vogel's composite
IPR...................................................................................................31
Fig. 13. Standing's correlation for wells with FE values not equal to 1.
......................................32
Fig. 14. Flow after flow, normal sequence (after Fetkovich).
......................................................34
Fig. 15. Flow after flow, reverse sequence (after Fetkovich).
.....................................................34
Fig. 16. Isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams.
.........................................................36
Schlumberger
Dowell
MATRIX ENGINEERING MANUAL
Well Performance
Section 200
July 1998
Page 5 of 168
DOWELL CONFIDENTIAL
Fig. 17. (
)
p
p
r
wfs
2
2

versus q for isochronal test......................................................................... 37
Fig. 18. Graph of log C versus log t for isochronal test.
............................................................. 37
Fig. 19. Modified isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams.
.......................................... 38
Fig. 20. (
)
p
p
r
wf
2
2

versus q for isochronal test.......................................................................... 38
Fig. 21. Horizontal well drainage model.
.................................................................................... 39
Fig. 22. Homogeneous reservoir type curve.
............................................................................. 43
Fig. 23. Constant rate type curve for finite-conductivity fracture−closed square
system
(xe /ye =
1)......................................................................................................................
46
Fig. 24. Typical shaped charge.
................................................................................................. 48
Fig. 25a. Jet/slug
formation........................................................................................................ 48
Fig. 25b. Approximate jet velocities and pressures.
.................................................................. 48
Fig. 26. Flow into a
perforation................................................................................................... 50
Fig. 27. Plot of flow rate versus pressure drop for varying shot densities.
................................. 52
Fig. 28. Perforation
geometry..................................................................................................... 54
Fig. 29a. Gravel pack
schematic................................................................................................ 60
Fig. 29b. Cross section of gravel pack across a perforation tunnel.
.......................................... 60
Fig. 30. Pipe friction factors for turbulent flow (modified after Moody, L.F.,
Trans. ASME,
66, 671, 1944).
............................................................................................................. 65
Fig. 31a. Flow patterns for 20.09-cp viscosity, 0.851-specific gravity oil, and
water mixtures
in a 1.04-in. pipe based on observations of Govier, Sullivan and Wood,
1961.......... 74
Fig. 31b. Figure showing the liquid velocity profile in stratified flow.
......................................... 75
Fig. 32. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in vertical uphill
flow......................................................................... 75
Fig. 33. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in uphill 30°
flow................................................................................ 76
Fig. 34. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in horizontal flow.
.............................................................................. 76
Fig. 35. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing bottomhole
pressure......................... 79
Fig. 36. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure.
........................... 80
Fig. 37. Horizontal multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure.
....................... 81
Fig. 38. Vertical water injection: How to find discharge
pressure............................................... 82
Fig. 39. Vertical flowing pressure gradients.
.............................................................................. 84
Fig. 40. This figure was used to determine pwf = 800 psig for a rate of 400
BPD through
2-in. ID tubing.
.............................................................................................................. 85
Fig. 41. This figure was used to determine pwf = 910 psig for a rate of 600
BPD through
2-in.
tubing..................................................................................................................
.. 86
Fig. 42. This figure was used to determine Pwfs = 1080 psig for a rate of 800
BPD through
2-in. ID tubing.
.............................................................................................................. 87
Fig. 43. This figure shows a tubing intake or outflow performance curve for a
wellhead
pressure of 100
psig..................................................................................................... 88
Fig. 44. Net payout at any time = Extra revenue from oil or gas production due
to
stimulation at any time, t - cost of stimulation.
............................................................... 88
Fig. 45. Effect of subsurface pumps of well pressure
profile...................................................... 89
Fig. 46. Showing potential problems in a pumping well through IPR
curves.............................. 90 Fig. 1. Possible pressure losses in the producing
system for a flowing well.................................9
Fig. 2. Location of various
nodes................................................................................................10
Fig. 3. A typical IPR curve.
.........................................................................................................11
Fig. 4. IPR curve for the example problem.
................................................................................15
Fig. 5. Darcy's law for linear flow.
...............................................................................................17
Fig. 6. Positive skin ≈ damaged wellbore or reduced wellbore radius.
.......................................19
Fig. 7. Well and zone of damaged or altered
permeability..........................................................20
Fig. 8. Plots based on four point test.
.........................................................................................23
Fig. 9. Evaluation of four point test data (after Jones, Blount, and
Glaze)..................................23
Fig. 10. Typical phase diagram for black
oil................................................................................29
Fig. 11. Different forms of inflow performance relationships
IPR................................................30
Fig. 12. Vogel's composite
IPR...................................................................................................31
Fig. 13. Standing's correlation for wells with FE values not equal to 1.
......................................32
Fig. 14. Flow after flow, normal sequence (after Fetkovich).
......................................................34
Fig. 15. Flow after flow, reverse sequence (after Fetkovich).
.....................................................34
Fig. 16. Isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams.
.........................................................36
Schlumberger
Dowell
MATRIX ENGINEERING MANUAL
Well Performance
Section 200
July 1998
Page 5 of 168
DOWELL CONFIDENTIAL
Fig. 17. (
)
p
p
r
wfs
2
2

versus q for isochronal test......................................................................... 37
Fig. 18. Graph of log C versus log t for isochronal test.
............................................................. 37
Fig. 19. Modified isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams.
.......................................... 38
Fig. 20. (
)
p
p
r
wf
2
2

versus q for isochronal test.......................................................................... 38
Fig. 21. Horizontal well drainage model.
.................................................................................... 39
Fig. 22. Homogeneous reservoir type curve.
............................................................................. 43
Fig. 23. Constant rate type curve for finite-conductivity fracture−closed square
system
(xe /ye =
1)......................................................................................................................
46
Fig. 24. Typical shaped charge.
................................................................................................. 48
Fig. 25a. Jet/slug
formation........................................................................................................ 48
Fig. 25b. Approximate jet velocities and pressures.
.................................................................. 48
Fig. 26. Flow into a
perforation................................................................................................... 50
Fig. 27. Plot of flow rate versus pressure drop for varying shot densities.
................................. 52
Fig. 28. Perforation
geometry..................................................................................................... 54
Fig. 29a. Gravel pack
schematic................................................................................................ 60
Fig. 29b. Cross section of gravel pack across a perforation tunnel.
.......................................... 60
Fig. 30. Pipe friction factors for turbulent flow (modified after Moody, L.F.,
Trans. ASME,
66, 671, 1944).
............................................................................................................. 65
Fig. 31a. Flow patterns for 20.09-cp viscosity, 0.851-specific gravity oil, and
water mixtures
in a 1.04-in. pipe based on observations of Govier, Sullivan and Wood,
1961.......... 74
Fig. 31b. Figure showing the liquid velocity profile in stratified flow.
......................................... 75
Fig. 32. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in vertical uphill
flow......................................................................... 75
Fig. 33. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in uphill 30°
flow................................................................................ 76
Fig. 34. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in horizontal flow.
.............................................................................. 76
Fig. 35. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing bottomhole
pressure......................... 79
Fig. 36. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure.
........................... 80
Fig. 37. Horizontal multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure.
....................... 81
Fig. 38. Vertical water injection: How to find discharge
pressure............................................... 82
Fig. 39. Vertical flowing pressure gradients.
.............................................................................. 84
Fig. 40. This figure was used to determine pwf = 800 psig for a rate of 400
BPD through
2-in. ID tubing.
.............................................................................................................. 85
Fig. 41. This figure was used to determine pwf = 910 psig for a rate of 600
BPD through
2-in.
tubing..................................................................................................................
.. 86
Fig. 42. This figure was used to determine Pwfs = 1080 psig for a rate of 800
BPD through
2-in. ID tubing.
.............................................................................................................. 87
Fig. 43. This figure shows a tubing intake or outflow performance curve for a
wellhead
pressure of 100
psig..................................................................................................... 88
Fig. 44. Net payout at any time = Extra revenue from oil or gas production due
to
stimulation at any time, t - cost of stimulation.
............................................................... 88
Fig. 45. Effect of subsurface pumps of well pressure
profile...................................................... 89
Fig. 46. Showing potential problems in a pumping well through IPR
curves.............................. 90 Fig. 1. Possible pressure losses in the producing
system for a flowing well.................................9
Fig. 2. Location of various
nodes................................................................................................10
Fig. 3. A typical IPR curve.
.........................................................................................................11
Fig. 4. IPR curve for the example problem.
................................................................................15
Fig. 5. Darcy's law for linear flow.
...............................................................................................17
Fig. 6. Positive skin ≈ damaged wellbore or reduced wellbore radius.
.......................................19
Fig. 7. Well and zone of damaged or altered
permeability..........................................................20
Fig. 8. Plots based on four point test.
.........................................................................................23
Fig. 9. Evaluation of four point test data (after Jones, Blount, and
Glaze)..................................23
Fig. 10. Typical phase diagram for black
oil................................................................................29
Fig. 11. Different forms of inflow performance relationships
IPR................................................30
Fig. 12. Vogel's composite
IPR...................................................................................................31
Fig. 13. Standing's correlation for wells with FE values not equal to 1.
......................................32
Fig. 14. Flow after flow, normal sequence (after Fetkovich).
......................................................34
Fig. 15. Flow after flow, reverse sequence (after Fetkovich).
.....................................................34
Fig. 16. Isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams.
.........................................................36
Schlumberger
Dowell
MATRIX ENGINEERING MANUAL
Well Performance
Section 200
July 1998
Page 5 of 168
DOWELL CONFIDENTIAL
Fig. 17. (
)
p
p
r
wfs
2
2

versus q for isochronal test......................................................................... 37
Fig. 18. Graph of log C versus log t for isochronal test.
............................................................. 37
Fig. 19. Modified isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams.
.......................................... 38
Fig. 20. (
)
p
p
r
wf
2
2

versus q for isochronal test.......................................................................... 38
Fig. 21. Horizontal well drainage model.
.................................................................................... 39
Fig. 22. Homogeneous reservoir type curve.
............................................................................. 43
Fig. 23. Constant rate type curve for finite-conductivity fracture−closed square
system
(xe /ye =
1)......................................................................................................................
46
Fig. 24. Typical shaped charge.
................................................................................................. 48
Fig. 25a. Jet/slug
formation........................................................................................................ 48
Fig. 25b. Approximate jet velocities and pressures.
.................................................................. 48
Fig. 26. Flow into a
perforation................................................................................................... 50
Fig. 27. Plot of flow rate versus pressure drop for varying shot densities.
................................. 52
Fig. 28. Perforation
geometry..................................................................................................... 54
Fig. 29a. Gravel pack
schematic................................................................................................ 60
Fig. 29b. Cross section of gravel pack across a perforation tunnel.
.......................................... 60
Fig. 30. Pipe friction factors for turbulent flow (modified after Moody, L.F.,
Trans. ASME,
66, 671, 1944).
............................................................................................................. 65
Fig. 31a. Flow patterns for 20.09-cp viscosity, 0.851-specific gravity oil, and
water mixtures
in a 1.04-in. pipe based on observations of Govier, Sullivan and Wood,
1961.......... 74
Fig. 31b. Figure showing the liquid velocity profile in stratified flow.
......................................... 75
Fig. 32. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in vertical uphill
flow......................................................................... 75
Fig. 33. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in uphill 30°
flow................................................................................ 76
Fig. 34. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in horizontal flow.
.............................................................................. 76
Fig. 35. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing bottomhole
pressure......................... 79
Fig. 36. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure.
........................... 80
Fig. 37. Horizontal multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure.
....................... 81
Fig. 38. Vertical water injection: How to find discharge
pressure............................................... 82
Fig. 39. Vertical flowing pressure gradients.
.............................................................................. 84
Fig. 40. This figure was used to determine pwf = 800 psig for a rate of 400
BPD through
2-in. ID tubing.
.............................................................................................................. 85
Fig. 41. This figure was used to determine pwf = 910 psig for a rate of 600
BPD through
2-in.
tubing..................................................................................................................
.. 86
Fig. 42. This figure was used to determine Pwfs = 1080 psig for a rate of 800
BPD through
2-in. ID tubing.
.............................................................................................................. 87
Fig. 43. This figure shows a tubing intake or outflow performance curve for a
wellhead
pressure of 100
psig..................................................................................................... 88
Fig. 44. Net payout at any time = Extra revenue from oil or gas production due
to
stimulation at any time, t - cost of stimulation.
............................................................... 88
Fig. 45. Effect of subsurface pumps of well pressure
profile...................................................... 89
Fig. 46. Showing potential problems in a pumping well through IPR
curves.............................. 90 Fig. 1. Possible pressure losses in the producing
system for a flowing well.................................9
Fig. 2. Location of various
nodes................................................................................................10
Fig. 3. A typical IPR curve.
.........................................................................................................11
Fig. 4. IPR curve for the example problem.
................................................................................15
Fig. 5. Darcy's law for linear flow.
...............................................................................................17
Fig. 6. Positive skin ≈ damaged wellbore or reduced wellbore radius.
.......................................19
Fig. 7. Well and zone of damaged or altered
permeability..........................................................20
Fig. 8. Plots based on four point test.
.........................................................................................23
Fig. 9. Evaluation of four point test data (after Jones, Blount, and
Glaze)..................................23
Fig. 10. Typical phase diagram for black
oil................................................................................29
Fig. 11. Different forms of inflow performance relationships
IPR................................................30
Fig. 12. Vogel's composite
IPR...................................................................................................31
Fig. 13. Standing's correlation for wells with FE values not equal to 1.
......................................32
Fig. 14. Flow after flow, normal sequence (after Fetkovich).
......................................................34
Fig. 15. Flow after flow, reverse sequence (after Fetkovich).
.....................................................34
Fig. 16. Isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams.
.........................................................36
Schlumberger
Dowell
MATRIX ENGINEERING MANUAL
Well Performance
Section 200
July 1998
Page 5 of 168
DOWELL CONFIDENTIAL
Fig. 17. (
)
p
p
r
wfs
2
2

versus q for isochronal test......................................................................... 37
Fig. 18. Graph of log C versus log t for isochronal test.
............................................................. 37
Fig. 19. Modified isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams.
.......................................... 38
Fig. 20. (
)
p
p
r
wf
2
2

versus q for isochronal test.......................................................................... 38
Fig. 21. Horizontal well drainage model.
.................................................................................... 39
Fig. 22. Homogeneous reservoir type curve.
............................................................................. 43
Fig. 23. Constant rate type curve for finite-conductivity fracture−closed square
system
(xe /ye =
1)......................................................................................................................
46
Fig. 24. Typical shaped charge.
................................................................................................. 48
Fig. 25a. Jet/slug
formation........................................................................................................ 48
Fig. 25b. Approximate jet velocities and pressures.
.................................................................. 48
Fig. 26. Flow into a
perforation................................................................................................... 50
Fig. 27. Plot of flow rate versus pressure drop for varying shot densities.
................................. 52
Fig. 28. Perforation
geometry..................................................................................................... 54
Fig. 29a. Gravel pack
schematic................................................................................................ 60
Fig. 29b. Cross section of gravel pack across a perforation tunnel.
.......................................... 60
Fig. 30. Pipe friction factors for turbulent flow (modified after Moody, L.F.,
Trans. ASME,
66, 671, 1944).
............................................................................................................. 65
Fig. 31a. Flow patterns for 20.09-cp viscosity, 0.851-specific gravity oil, and
water mixtures
in a 1.04-in. pipe based on observations of Govier, Sullivan and Wood,
1961.......... 74
Fig. 31b. Figure showing the liquid velocity profile in stratified flow.
......................................... 75
Fig. 32. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in vertical uphill
flow......................................................................... 75
Fig. 33. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in uphill 30°
flow................................................................................ 76
Fig. 34. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in horizontal flow.
.............................................................................. 76
Fig. 35. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing bottomhole
pressure......................... 79
Fig. 36. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure.
........................... 80
Fig. 37. Horizontal multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure.
....................... 81
Fig. 38. Vertical water injection: How to find discharge
pressure............................................... 82
Fig. 39. Vertical flowing pressure gradients.
.............................................................................. 84
Fig. 40. This figure was used to determine pwf = 800 psig for a rate of 400
BPD through
2-in. ID tubing.
.............................................................................................................. 85
Fig. 41. This figure was used to determine pwf = 910 psig for a rate of 600
BPD through
2-in.
tubing..................................................................................................................
.. 86
Fig. 42. This figure was used to determine Pwfs = 1080 psig for a rate of 800
BPD through
2-in. ID tubing.
.............................................................................................................. 87
Fig. 43. This figure shows a tubing intake or outflow performance curve for a
wellhead
pressure of 100
psig..................................................................................................... 88
Fig. 44. Net payout at any time = Extra revenue from oil or gas production due
to
stimulation at any time, t - cost of stimulation.
............................................................... 88
Fig. 45. Effect of subsurface pumps of well pressure
profile...................................................... 89
Fig. 46. Showing potential problems in a pumping well through IPR
curves.............................. 90 Fig. 1. Possible pressure losses in the producing
system for a flowing well.................................9
Fig. 2. Location of various
nodes................................................................................................10
Fig. 3. A typical IPR curve.
.........................................................................................................11
Fig. 4. IPR curve for the example problem.
................................................................................15
Fig. 5. Darcy's law for linear flow.
...............................................................................................17
Fig. 6. Positive skin ≈ damaged wellbore or reduced wellbore radius.
.......................................19
Fig. 7. Well and zone of damaged or altered
permeability..........................................................20
Fig. 8. Plots based on four point test.
.........................................................................................23
Fig. 9. Evaluation of four point test data (after Jones, Blount, and
Glaze)..................................23
Fig. 10. Typical phase diagram for black
oil................................................................................29
Fig. 11. Different forms of inflow performance relationships
IPR................................................30
Fig. 12. Vogel's composite
IPR...................................................................................................31
Fig. 13. Standing's correlation for wells with FE values not equal to 1.
......................................32
Fig. 14. Flow after flow, normal sequence (after Fetkovich).
......................................................34
Fig. 15. Flow after flow, reverse sequence (after Fetkovich).
.....................................................34
Fig. 16. Isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams.
.........................................................36
Schlumberger
Dowell
MATRIX ENGINEERING MANUAL
Well Performance
Section 200
July 1998
Page 5 of 168
DOWELL CONFIDENTIAL
Fig. 17. (
)
p
p
r
wfs
2
2

versus q for isochronal test......................................................................... 37
Fig. 18. Graph of log C versus log t for isochronal test.
............................................................. 37
Fig. 19. Modified isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams.
.......................................... 38
Fig. 20. (
)
p
p
r
wf
2
2

versus q for isochronal test.......................................................................... 38
Fig. 21. Horizontal well drainage model.
.................................................................................... 39
Fig. 22. Homogeneous reservoir type curve.
............................................................................. 43
Fig. 23. Constant rate type curve for finite-conductivity fracture−closed square
system
(xe /ye =
1)......................................................................................................................
46
Fig. 24. Typical shaped charge.
................................................................................................. 48
Fig. 25a. Jet/slug
formation........................................................................................................ 48
Fig. 25b. Approximate jet velocities and pressures.
.................................................................. 48
Fig. 26. Flow into a
perforation................................................................................................... 50
Fig. 27. Plot of flow rate versus pressure drop for varying shot densities.
................................. 52
Fig. 28. Perforation
geometry..................................................................................................... 54
Fig. 29a. Gravel pack
schematic................................................................................................ 60
Fig. 29b. Cross section of gravel pack across a perforation tunnel.
.......................................... 60
Fig. 30. Pipe friction factors for turbulent flow (modified after Moody, L.F.,
Trans. ASME,
66, 671, 1944).
............................................................................................................. 65
Fig. 31a. Flow patterns for 20.09-cp viscosity, 0.851-specific gravity oil, and
water mixtures
in a 1.04-in. pipe based on observations of Govier, Sullivan and Wood,
1961.......... 74
Fig. 31b. Figure showing the liquid velocity profile in stratified flow.
......................................... 75
Fig. 32. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in vertical uphill
flow......................................................................... 75
Fig. 33. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in uphill 30°
flow................................................................................ 76
Fig. 34. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in horizontal flow.
.............................................................................. 76
Fig. 35. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing bottomhole
pressure......................... 79
Fig. 36. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure.
........................... 80
Fig. 37. Horizontal multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure.
....................... 81
Fig. 38. Vertical water injection: How to find discharge
pressure............................................... 82
Fig. 39. Vertical flowing pressure gradients.
.............................................................................. 84
Fig. 40. This figure was used to determine pwf = 800 psig for a rate of 400
BPD through
2-in. ID tubing.
.............................................................................................................. 85
Fig. 41. This figure was used to determine pwf = 910 psig for a rate of 600
BPD through
2-in.
tubing..................................................................................................................
.. 86
Fig. 42. This figure was used to determine Pwfs = 1080 psig for a rate of 800
BPD through
2-in. ID tubing.
.............................................................................................................. 87
Fig. 43. This figure shows a tubing intake or outflow performance curve for a
wellhead
pressure of 100
psig..................................................................................................... 88
Fig. 44. Net payout at any time = Extra revenue from oil or gas production due
to
stimulation at any time, t - cost of stimulation.
............................................................... 88
Fig. 45. Effect of subsurface pumps of well pressure
profile...................................................... 89
Fig. 46. Showing potential problems in a pumping well through IPR
curves.............................. 90 Fig. 1. Possible pressure losses in the producing
system for a flowing well.................................9
Fig. 2. Location of various
nodes................................................................................................10
Fig. 3. A typical IPR curve.
.........................................................................................................11
Fig. 4. IPR curve for the example problem.
................................................................................15
Fig. 5. Darcy's law for linear flow.
...............................................................................................17
Fig. 6. Positive skin ≈ damaged wellbore or reduced wellbore radius.
.......................................19
Fig. 7. Well and zone of damaged or altered
permeability..........................................................20
Fig. 8. Plots based on four point test.
.........................................................................................23
Fig. 9. Evaluation of four point test data (after Jones, Blount, and
Glaze)..................................23
Fig. 10. Typical phase diagram for black
oil................................................................................29
Fig. 11. Different forms of inflow performance relationships
IPR................................................30
Fig. 12. Vogel's composite
IPR...................................................................................................31
Fig. 13. Standing's correlation for wells with FE values not equal to 1.
......................................32
Fig. 14. Flow after flow, normal sequence (after Fetkovich).
......................................................34
Fig. 15. Flow after flow, reverse sequence (after Fetkovich).
.....................................................34
Fig. 16. Isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams.
.........................................................36
Schlumberger
Dowell
MATRIX ENGINEERING MANUAL
Well Performance
Section 200
July 1998
Page 5 of 168
DOWELL CONFIDENTIAL
Fig. 17. (
)
p
p
r
wfs
2
2

versus q for isochronal test......................................................................... 37
Fig. 18. Graph of log C versus log t for isochronal test.
............................................................. 37
Fig. 19. Modified isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams.
.......................................... 38
Fig. 20. (
)
p
p
r
wf
2
2

versus q for isochronal test.......................................................................... 38
Fig. 21. Horizontal well drainage model.
.................................................................................... 39
Fig. 22. Homogeneous reservoir type curve.
............................................................................. 43
Fig. 23. Constant rate type curve for finite-conductivity fracture−closed square
system
(xe /ye =
1)......................................................................................................................
46
Fig. 24. Typical shaped charge.
................................................................................................. 48
Fig. 25a. Jet/slug
formation........................................................................................................ 48
Fig. 25b. Approximate jet velocities and pressures.
.................................................................. 48
Fig. 26. Flow into a
perforation................................................................................................... 50
Fig. 27. Plot of flow rate versus pressure drop for varying shot densities.
................................. 52
Fig. 28. Perforation
geometry..................................................................................................... 54
Fig. 29a. Gravel pack
schematic................................................................................................ 60
Fig. 29b. Cross section of gravel pack across a perforation tunnel.
.......................................... 60
Fig. 30. Pipe friction factors for turbulent flow (modified after Moody, L.F.,
Trans. ASME,
66, 671, 1944).
............................................................................................................. 65
Fig. 31a. Flow patterns for 20.09-cp viscosity, 0.851-specific gravity oil, and
water mixtures
in a 1.04-in. pipe based on observations of Govier, Sullivan and Wood,
1961.......... 74
Fig. 31b. Figure showing the liquid velocity profile in stratified flow.
......................................... 75
Fig. 32. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in vertical uphill
flow......................................................................... 75
Fig. 33. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in uphill 30°
flow................................................................................ 76
Fig. 34. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in horizontal flow.
.............................................................................. 76
Fig. 35. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing bottomhole
pressure......................... 79
Fig. 36. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure.
........................... 80
Fig. 37. Horizontal multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure.
....................... 81
Fig. 38. Vertical water injection: How to find discharge
pressure............................................... 82
Fig. 39. Vertical flowing pressure gradients.
.............................................................................. 84
Fig. 40. This figure was used to determine pwf = 800 psig for a rate of 400
BPD through
2-in. ID tubing.
.............................................................................................................. 85
Fig. 41. This figure was used to determine pwf = 910 psig for a rate of 600
BPD through
2-in.
tubing..................................................................................................................
.. 86
Fig. 42. This figure was used to determine Pwfs = 1080 psig for a rate of 800
BPD through
2-in. ID tubing.
.............................................................................................................. 87
Fig. 43. This figure shows a tubing intake or outflow performance curve for a
wellhead
pressure of 100
psig..................................................................................................... 88
Fig. 44. Net payout at any time = Extra revenue from oil or gas production due
to
stimulation at any time, t - cost of stimulation.
............................................................... 88
Fig. 45. Effect of subsurface pumps of well pressure
profile...................................................... 89
Fig. 46. Showing potential problems in a pumping well through IPR
curves.............................. 90 Fig. 1. Possible pressure losses in the producing
system for a flowing well.................................9
Fig. 2. Location of various
nodes................................................................................................10
Fig. 3. A typical IPR curve.
.........................................................................................................11
Fig. 4. IPR curve for the example problem.
................................................................................15
Fig. 5. Darcy's law for linear flow.
...............................................................................................17
Fig. 6. Positive skin ≈ damaged wellbore or reduced wellbore radius.
.......................................19
Fig. 7. Well and zone of damaged or altered
permeability..........................................................20
Fig. 8. Plots based on four point test.
.........................................................................................23
Fig. 9. Evaluation of four point test data (after Jones, Blount, and
Glaze)..................................23
Fig. 10. Typical phase diagram for black
oil................................................................................29
Fig. 11. Different forms of inflow performance relationships
IPR................................................30
Fig. 12. Vogel's composite
IPR...................................................................................................31
Fig. 13. Standing's correlation for wells with FE values not equal to 1.
......................................32
Fig. 14. Flow after flow, normal sequence (after Fetkovich).
......................................................34
Fig. 15. Flow after flow, reverse sequence (after Fetkovich).
.....................................................34
Fig. 16. Isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams.
.........................................................36
Schlumberger
Dowell
MATRIX ENGINEERING MANUAL
Well Performance
Section 200
July 1998
Page 5 of 168
DOWELL CONFIDENTIAL
Fig. 17. (
)
p
p
r
wfs
2
2

versus q for isochronal test......................................................................... 37
Fig. 18. Graph of log C versus log t for isochronal test.
............................................................. 37
Fig. 19. Modified isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams.
.......................................... 38
Fig. 20. (
)
p
p
r
wf
2
2

versus q for isochronal test.......................................................................... 38
Fig. 21. Horizontal well drainage model.
.................................................................................... 39
Fig. 22. Homogeneous reservoir type curve.
............................................................................. 43
Fig. 23. Constant rate type curve for finite-conductivity fracture−closed square
system
(xe /ye =
1)......................................................................................................................
46
Fig. 24. Typical shaped charge.
................................................................................................. 48
Fig. 25a. Jet/slug
formation........................................................................................................ 48
Fig. 25b. Approximate jet velocities and pressures.
.................................................................. 48
Fig. 26. Flow into a
perforation................................................................................................... 50
Fig. 27. Plot of flow rate versus pressure drop for varying shot densities.
................................. 52
Fig. 28. Perforation
geometry..................................................................................................... 54
Fig. 29a. Gravel pack
schematic................................................................................................ 60
Fig. 29b. Cross section of gravel pack across a perforation tunnel.
.......................................... 60
Fig. 30. Pipe friction factors for turbulent flow (modified after Moody, L.F.,
Trans. ASME,
66, 671, 1944).
............................................................................................................. 65
Fig. 31a. Flow patterns for 20.09-cp viscosity, 0.851-specific gravity oil, and
water mixtures
in a 1.04-in. pipe based on observations of Govier, Sullivan and Wood,
1961.......... 74
Fig. 31b. Figure showing the liquid velocity profile in stratified flow.
......................................... 75
Fig. 32. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in vertical uphill
flow......................................................................... 75
Fig. 33. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in uphill 30°
flow................................................................................ 76
Fig. 34. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in horizontal flow.
.............................................................................. 76
Fig. 35. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing bottomhole
pressure......................... 79
Fig. 36. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure.
........................... 80
Fig. 37. Horizontal multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure.
....................... 81
Fig. 38. Vertical water injection: How to find discharge
pressure............................................... 82
Fig. 39. Vertical flowing pressure gradients.
.............................................................................. 84
Fig. 40. This figure was used to determine pwf = 800 psig for a rate of 400
BPD through
2-in. ID tubing.
.............................................................................................................. 85
Fig. 41. This figure was used to determine pwf = 910 psig for a rate of 600
BPD through
2-in.
tubing..................................................................................................................
.. 86
Fig. 42. This figure was used to determine Pwfs = 1080 psig for a rate of 800
BPD through
2-in. ID tubing.
.............................................................................................................. 87
Fig. 43. This figure shows a tubing intake or outflow performance curve for a
wellhead
pressure of 100
psig..................................................................................................... 88
Fig. 44. Net payout at any time = Extra revenue from oil or gas production due
to
stimulation at any time, t - cost of stimulation.
............................................................... 88
Fig. 45. Effect of subsurface pumps of well pressure
profile...................................................... 89
Fig. 46. Showing potential problems in a pumping well through IPR
curves.............................. 90 Fig. 1. Possible pressure losses in the producing
system for a flowing well.................................9
Fig. 2. Location of various
nodes................................................................................................10
Fig. 3. A typical IPR curve.
.........................................................................................................11
Fig. 4. IPR curve for the example problem.
................................................................................15
Fig. 5. Darcy's law for linear flow.
...............................................................................................17
Fig. 6. Positive skin ≈ damaged wellbore or reduced wellbore radius.
.......................................19
Fig. 7. Well and zone of damaged or altered
permeability..........................................................20
Fig. 8. Plots based on four point test.
.........................................................................................23
Fig. 9. Evaluation of four point test data (after Jones, Blount, and
Glaze)..................................23
Fig. 10. Typical phase diagram for black
oil................................................................................29
Fig. 11. Different forms of inflow performance relationships
IPR................................................30
Fig. 12. Vogel's composite
IPR...................................................................................................31
Fig. 13. Standing's correlation for wells with FE values not equal to 1.
......................................32
Fig. 14. Flow after flow, normal sequence (after Fetkovich).
......................................................34
Fig. 15. Flow after flow, reverse sequence (after Fetkovich).
.....................................................34
Fig. 16. Isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams.
.........................................................36
Schlumberger
Dowell
MATRIX ENGINEERING MANUAL
Well Performance
Section 200
July 1998
Page 5 of 168
DOWELL CONFIDENTIAL
Fig. 17. (
)
p
p
r
wfs
2
2

versus q for isochronal test......................................................................... 37
Fig. 18. Graph of log C versus log t for isochronal test.
............................................................. 37
Fig. 19. Modified isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams.
.......................................... 38
Fig. 20. (
)
p
p
r
wf
2
2

versus q for isochronal test.......................................................................... 38
Fig. 21. Horizontal well drainage model.
.................................................................................... 39
Fig. 22. Homogeneous reservoir type curve.
............................................................................. 43
Fig. 23. Constant rate type curve for finite-conductivity fracture−closed square
system
(xe /ye =
1)......................................................................................................................
46
Fig. 24. Typical shaped charge.
................................................................................................. 48
Fig. 25a. Jet/slug
formation........................................................................................................ 48
Fig. 25b. Approximate jet velocities and pressures.
.................................................................. 48
Fig. 26. Flow into a
perforation................................................................................................... 50
Fig. 27. Plot of flow rate versus pressure drop for varying shot densities.
................................. 52
Fig. 28. Perforation
geometry..................................................................................................... 54
Fig. 29a. Gravel pack
schematic................................................................................................ 60
Fig. 29b. Cross section of gravel pack across a perforation tunnel.
.......................................... 60
Fig. 30. Pipe friction factors for turbulent flow (modified after Moody, L.F.,
Trans. ASME,
66, 671, 1944).
............................................................................................................. 65
Fig. 31a. Flow patterns for 20.09-cp viscosity, 0.851-specific gravity oil, and
water mixtures
in a 1.04-in. pipe based on observations of Govier, Sullivan and Wood,
1961.......... 74
Fig. 31b. Figure showing the liquid velocity profile in stratified flow.
......................................... 75
Fig. 32. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in vertical uphill
flow......................................................................... 75
Fig. 33. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in uphill 30°
flow................................................................................ 76
Fig. 34. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in horizontal flow.
.............................................................................. 76
Fig. 35. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing bottomhole
pressure......................... 79
Fig. 36. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure.
........................... 80
Fig. 37. Horizontal multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure.
....................... 81
Fig. 38. Vertical water injection: How to find discharge
pressure............................................... 82
Fig. 39. Vertical flowing pressure gradients.
.............................................................................. 84
Fig. 40. This figure was used to determine pwf = 800 psig for a rate of 400
BPD through
2-in. ID tubing.
.............................................................................................................. 85
Fig. 41. This figure was used to determine pwf = 910 psig for a rate of 600
BPD through
2-in.
tubing..................................................................................................................
.. 86
Fig. 42. This figure was used to determine Pwfs = 1080 psig for a rate of 800
BPD through
2-in. ID tubing.
.............................................................................................................. 87
Fig. 43. This figure shows a tubing intake or outflow performance curve for a
wellhead
pressure of 100
psig..................................................................................................... 88
Fig. 44. Net payout at any time = Extra revenue from oil or gas production due
to
stimulation at any time, t - cost of stimulation.
............................................................... 88
Fig. 45. Effect of subsurface pumps of well pressure
profile...................................................... 89
Fig. 46. Showing potential problems in a pumping well through IPR
curves.............................. 90 Fig. 1. Possible pressure losses in the producing
system for a flowing well.................................9
Fig. 2. Location of various
nodes................................................................................................10
Fig. 3. A typical IPR curve.
.........................................................................................................11
Fig. 4. IPR curve for the example problem.
................................................................................15
Fig. 5. Darcy's law for linear flow.
...............................................................................................17
Fig. 6. Positive skin ≈ damaged wellbore or reduced wellbore radius.
.......................................19
Fig. 7. Well and zone of damaged or altered
permeability..........................................................20
Fig. 8. Plots based on four point test.
.........................................................................................23
Fig. 9. Evaluation of four point test data (after Jones, Blount, and
Glaze)..................................23
Fig. 10. Typical phase diagram for black
oil................................................................................29
Fig. 11. Different forms of inflow performance relationships
IPR................................................30
Fig. 12. Vogel's composite
IPR...................................................................................................31
Fig. 13. Standing's correlation for wells with FE values not equal to 1.
......................................32
Fig. 14. Flow after flow, normal sequence (after Fetkovich).
......................................................34
Fig. 15. Flow after flow, reverse sequence (after Fetkovich).
.....................................................34
Fig. 16. Isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams.
.........................................................36
Schlumberger
Dowell
MATRIX ENGINEERING MANUAL
Well Performance
Section 200
July 1998
Page 5 of 168
DOWELL CONFIDENTIAL
Fig. 17. (
)
p
p
r
wfs
2
2

versus q for isochronal test......................................................................... 37
Fig. 18. Graph of log C versus log t for isochronal test.
............................................................. 37
Fig. 19. Modified isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams.
.......................................... 38
Fig. 20. (
)
p
p
r
wf
2
2

versus q for isochronal test.......................................................................... 38
Fig. 21. Horizontal well drainage model.
.................................................................................... 39
Fig. 22. Homogeneous reservoir type curve.
............................................................................. 43
Fig. 23. Constant rate type curve for finite-conductivity fracture−closed square
system
(xe /ye =
1)......................................................................................................................
46
Fig. 24. Typical shaped charge.
................................................................................................. 48
Fig. 25a. Jet/slug
formation........................................................................................................ 48
Fig. 25b. Approximate jet velocities and pressures.
.................................................................. 48
Fig. 26. Flow into a
perforation................................................................................................... 50
Fig. 27. Plot of flow rate versus pressure drop for varying shot densities.
................................. 52
Fig. 28. Perforation
geometry..................................................................................................... 54
Fig. 29a. Gravel pack
schematic................................................................................................ 60
Fig. 29b. Cross section of gravel pack across a perforation tunnel.
.......................................... 60
Fig. 30. Pipe friction factors for turbulent flow (modified after Moody, L.F.,
Trans. ASME,
66, 671, 1944).
............................................................................................................. 65
Fig. 31a. Flow patterns for 20.09-cp viscosity, 0.851-specific gravity oil, and
water mixtures
in a 1.04-in. pipe based on observations of Govier, Sullivan and Wood,
1961.......... 74
Fig. 31b. Figure showing the liquid velocity profile in stratified flow.
......................................... 75
Fig. 32. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in vertical uphill
flow......................................................................... 75
Fig. 33. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in uphill 30°
flow................................................................................ 76
Fig. 34. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in horizontal flow.
.............................................................................. 76
Fig. 35. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing bottomhole
pressure......................... 79
Fig. 36. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure.
........................... 80
Fig. 37. Horizontal multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure.
....................... 81
Fig. 38. Vertical water injection: How to find discharge
pressure............................................... 82
Fig. 39. Vertical flowing pressure gradients.
.............................................................................. 84
Fig. 40. This figure was used to determine pwf = 800 psig for a rate of 400
BPD through
2-in. ID tubing.
.............................................................................................................. 85
Fig. 41. This figure was used to determine pwf = 910 psig for a rate of 600
BPD through
2-in.
tubing..................................................................................................................
.. 86
Fig. 42. This figure was used to determine Pwfs = 1080 psig for a rate of 800
BPD through
2-in. ID tubing.
.............................................................................................................. 87
Fig. 43. This figure shows a tubing intake or outflow performance curve for a
wellhead
pressure of 100
psig..................................................................................................... 88
Fig. 44. Net payout at any time = Extra revenue from oil or gas production due
to
stimulation at any time, t - cost of stimulation.
............................................................... 88
Fig. 45. Effect of subsurface pumps of well pressure
profile...................................................... 89
Fig. 46. Showing potential problems in a pumping well through IPR
curves.............................. 90 Fig. 1. Possible pressure losses in the producing
system for a flowing well.................................9
Fig. 2. Location of various
nodes................................................................................................10
Fig. 3. A typical IPR curve.
.........................................................................................................11
Fig. 4. IPR curve for the example problem.
................................................................................15
Fig. 5. Darcy's law for linear flow.
...............................................................................................17
Fig. 6. Positive skin ≈ damaged wellbore or reduced wellbore radius.
.......................................19
Fig. 7. Well and zone of damaged or altered
permeability..........................................................20
Fig. 8. Plots based on four point test.
.........................................................................................23
Fig. 9. Evaluation of four point test data (after Jones, Blount, and
Glaze)..................................23
Fig. 10. Typical phase diagram for black
oil................................................................................29
Fig. 11. Different forms of inflow performance relationships
IPR................................................30
Fig. 12. Vogel's composite
IPR...................................................................................................31
Fig. 13. Standing's correlation for wells with FE values not equal to 1.
......................................32
Fig. 14. Flow after flow, normal sequence (after Fetkovich).
......................................................34
Fig. 15. Flow after flow, reverse sequence (after Fetkovich).
.....................................................34
Fig. 16. Isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams.
.........................................................36
Schlumberger
Dowell
MATRIX ENGINEERING MANUAL
Well Performance
Section 200
July 1998
Page 5 of 168
DOWELL CONFIDENTIAL
Fig. 17. (
)
p
p
r
wfs
2
2

versus q for isochronal test......................................................................... 37
Fig. 18. Graph of log C versus log t for isochronal test.
............................................................. 37
Fig. 19. Modified isochronal test, flow rate and pressure diagrams.
.......................................... 38
Fig. 20. (
)
p
p
r
wf
2
2

versus q for isochronal test.......................................................................... 38
Fig. 21. Horizontal well drainage model.
.................................................................................... 39
Fig. 22. Homogeneous reservoir type curve.
............................................................................. 43
Fig. 23. Constant rate type curve for finite-conductivity fracture−closed square
system
(xe /ye =
1)......................................................................................................................
46
Fig. 24. Typical shaped charge.
................................................................................................. 48
Fig. 25a. Jet/slug
formation........................................................................................................ 48
Fig. 25b. Approximate jet velocities and pressures.
.................................................................. 48
Fig. 26. Flow into a
perforation................................................................................................... 50
Fig. 27. Plot of flow rate versus pressure drop for varying shot densities.
................................. 52
Fig. 28. Perforation
geometry..................................................................................................... 54
Fig. 29a. Gravel pack
schematic................................................................................................ 60
Fig. 29b. Cross section of gravel pack across a perforation tunnel.
.......................................... 60
Fig. 30. Pipe friction factors for turbulent flow (modified after Moody, L.F.,
Trans. ASME,
66, 671, 1944).
............................................................................................................. 65
Fig. 31a. Flow patterns for 20.09-cp viscosity, 0.851-specific gravity oil, and
water mixtures
in a 1.04-in. pipe based on observations of Govier, Sullivan and Wood,
1961.......... 74
Fig. 31b. Figure showing the liquid velocity profile in stratified flow.
......................................... 75
Fig. 32. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in vertical uphill
flow......................................................................... 75
Fig. 33. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in uphill 30°
flow................................................................................ 76
Fig. 34. Predicted flow pattern transition lines superimposed on the observed
flow pattern
map for kerosene in horizontal flow.
.............................................................................. 76
Fig. 35. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing bottomhole
pressure......................... 79
Fig. 36. Vertical multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure.
........................... 80
Fig. 37. Horizontal multiphase flow: How to find the flowing wellhead pressure.
....................... 81
Fig. 38. Vertical water injection: How to find discharge
pressure............................................... 82
Fig. 39. Vertical flowing pressure gradients.
.............................................................................. 84
Fig. 40. This figure was used to determine pwf = 800 psig for a rate of 400
BPD through
2-in. ID tubing.
.............................................................................................................. 85
Fig. 41. This figure was used to determine pwf = 910 psig for a rate of 600
BPD through
2-in.
tubing..................................................................................................................
.. 86
Fig. 42. This figure was used to determine Pwfs = 1080 psig for a rate of 800
BPD through
2-in. ID tubing.
.............................................................................................................. 87
Fig. 43. This figure shows a tubing intake or outflow performance curve for a
wellhead
pressure of 100
psig..................................................................................................... 88
Fig. 44. Net payout at any time = Extra revenue from oil or gas production due
to
stimulation at any time, t - cost of stimulation.
............................................................... 88
Fig. 45. Effect of subsurface pumps of well pressure
profile...................................................... 89
Fig. 46. Showing potential problems in a pumping well through IPR
curves.............................. 90

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