AP* U.S.

HISTORY
. . . . . . . . . . .Flash
. . . . . . . . . . . review
.............

N EW Y ORK

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 The content in this book has been
reviewed and updated by the
LearningExpress Team in 2018.
Copyright © 2013 LearningExpress, LLC.
All rights reserved under International and Pan
American Copyright Conventions. Published in the
United States by LearningExpress, LLC, New York.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
AP U.S. history flash review.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-1-57685-919-3
1. United States—History—Examinations—Study
guides. 2. United States—History—Examinations,
questions, etc. 3. Advanced placement programs
(Education)—Study guides. 4. College entrance
achievement tests—Study guides. I. LearningExpress
(Organization) II. Title: U.S. history flash review.
E178.25.A68 2013
973.076—dc23
2012032762
Printed in the United States of America
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
First Edition
ISBN-13: 978-1-57685-919-3
For more information or to place an order, contact
LearningExpress at:
2 Rector Street
26th Floor
New York, NY 10006
Or visit us at:
www.learningexpressllc.com

*AP is a registered trademark of the College Board, which was not

involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

ST_00_FM_i-x.indd 2 12/24/12 9:3

 Contents

introDUCtion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . �v

Part i: 1492–1789 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Part ii: 1790–1913 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Part iii: 1914–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

[ iii ]

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ST_00_FM_i-x.indd 4 12/24/12 9:3
 introDUCtion

AP U.S. History Flash Review includes 600 names,

places, events, and definitions for the AP U.S. His­
tory exam. While the subject of the exam is the
past, succeeding at the test is great for your future!
A good score can improve your chances of being
accepted by your top-choice universities.An excel­
lent score may allow you to skip required history
courses in college. Studying the key terms in this
book is an essential step toward mastering the exam
and enjoying all the advantages of your success.

about the aP U .s . history exam

The AP U.S. History exam is slightly more than
three hours long. You will be given 55 minutes
to complete the first section, which consists of
80 multiple-choice questions, and 130 minutes to
finish the free-response (essay) section. Each sec­
tion is worth half of your total score for the exam.
The multiple-choice section isn’t simply about
being able to remember facts.These questions will
require you to apply knowledge and analyze in­
formation. It is important to know, for example,
that Woodrow Wilson was president during World
War I. Still, you must also have a general sense of
his beliefs about American involvement in the war,
some of the policies he instituted to lead America
during the crisis, and how he believed the peace
treaty should be negotiated.
[v]

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 Each multiple-choice question has five answer
choices. There are four types of multiple-choice
questions:

■■■ The first type of question will ask you to

determine the cause of a historical event.
Some of these questions will name an
event with several causes and then ask you
to choose the answer that did not cause the
event to occur.
■■■ The second type of question will ask you

to interpret a map. Such questions might

show two maps of the same area but from
different time periods. Then you might have
to determine, for example, what happened
to cause any changes you observe between
the maps.
■■■ A third type of question will ask you to

analyze a photo or an illustration. The AP

U.S. History exam often features questions
with political cartoons.You might be
asked to choose the answer that is the best
interpretation of the cartoon.
■■■ A fourth question type will display a chart

or graph.You will be presented with data

and be asked to draw a conclusion. For
example, if a question offers a graph that
shows a region’s population increasing
sharply over several years, you might be
asked to choose the correct reason for the
population spike.
[ vi ]

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 The second section of the exam is the free-response,
also known as the essay section.You will have a lit­
tle bit more than two hours to answer three essays.
The first essay section is called the Document-
Based Question (DBQ). The DBQ will offer an
essay prompt and then ask you to consider several
primary-source documents in writing an essay re­
sponse. For example, the DBQ might suggest that
the United States had economic reasons for fight­
ing the Spanish-American War. Then you might
have to read newspaper editorials from the time,
presidential addresses, letters from political leaders,
or testimony from the floor of Congress in order
to argue whether this statement is correct. For the
DBQ, remember to cite evidence from as many of
the documents as you can.
The next two essay sections will each ask you to
answer one of two standard free-response questions.
For both the DBQ and the two standard essays,
remember:

1. Develop a thesis. Have an argument and de­

fend it with evidence.The argument should
not be your personal opinion but an in­
formed thesis based on facts that you gather
from your historical knowledge.
2. Analyze and interpret—do not summarize.
The goal of the essay is to test your ability to
recognize concepts and themes in American
history, not just your ability to identify facts
and summarize events.

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 3. Address all aspects of the question. The es­
say prompt, for example, may ask you to
consider the economic, social, and political
implications of the Monroe Doctrine. Do
not write an essay only about the doctrine’s
effects on the American economy.

The AP U.S. History exam is administered by The

College Board, and you can find more information
about the test at their website: http://www.college
board.com/student/testing/ap/sub_ushist.html.

about this Book

The 600 names, events, terms, and concepts chosen
for this book reflect the essential information you’ll
need to know for your exam. Like the exam, they
cover the period from the first European settle­
ments in North America through the present day.
Don’t worry about events in today’s news—the
exam focuses primarily on events in the nineteenth
and twentieth centuries (1800–2000). About 20%
of the exam will cover events before 1790.
You will notice that this book is divided into
three sections.The first covers events before 1789,
the second focuses on 1790 through 1913, and
the third section covers the rest of the twentieth
century. Studying terms in roughly chronological
order will help you get a sense of your strengths
and also what eras you need to study more.
Each page in this book includes three terms that
you’ll need to know for the AP U.S. History exam.
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 On the reverse side of each page is that term’s
description. If the term is the name of a person,
location, law, or government agency, then the de­
scription will include important biographical in­
formation or the term’s historical significance. For
events, you’ll find descriptions that include causes
and consequences as well as key dates.
The content of this book reflects the relative
percentages of the themes covered on the exam:

■■■ Political and government institutions, po­

litical behavior, and public policy: 35%
■■■ Cultural events and social change: 40%

■■■ U.S. diplomacy and international

relations: 15%
■■■ Economic history and technological devel­

opments: 10%

how to Use this Book

There’s no substitute for reading your textbook.
Still, it’s essential to be able to instantly recall basic
information about people, events, and ideas from
American history. Quizzing yourself with this
book won’t help you to learn all there is to know
about each term, but you’ll certainly be less likely
to come across a term on the exam that is com­
pletely unfamiliar.
Create a study schedule for yourself. Dedicate
30 minutes each day to reviewing this book, or
set a goal by choosing a number of terms to learn
each day. Challenge yourself: Add more terms to
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 your daily goal if you’re remembering all the key
details. Whenever you come across an especially
tricky concept or a name that still seems unfamil­
iar, go back to your textbook.
Don’t get frustrated! You already have the skills
to succeed at studying American history. Look at
the word history. Notice the word within the word:
“story.”Think of the brief story of our country as
the plot of your favorite book or TV series. New
characters appear. Old characters change, and last
season’s subplots fade away.Yet, because the charac­
ters shared experiences, passions, and ideas, the story
builds on itself.That’s why you can’t stop watching:
All the episodes or chapters are connected. And if
you look away, you might miss something amazing.
American history is closer to you than any novel or
TV show because history tells your story.
Think of this book as your guide to the char­
acters, settings, and key plot points of the story of
our nation. Maybe you skipped a few chapters in
your textbook or missed class because of the flu.
Now’s your chance to catch up! Once you learn
as many of the 600 terms in this book as you can
remember, the seemingly long, complicated story
of the United States will start to make a lot more
sense. These simple facts will help to connect
one era to another. And you’ll know more than
facts—you’ll be able to interpret events just as the
multiple-choice section will ask you to do. And
when it’s time to pick up your pen to begin the
essay, you’ll be ready.You also have a story to tell.

[x]

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 Part I

1492–1789

AP* U.S . HIS T ORY FLA S H REV I EW

[1]

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Blank Page
 1492–1789

PART
I
CHRISTOPHER COLUmbUS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

JUAn POnCE dE LEOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

AzTECS And InCAS

[3]

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 1492–1789

An Italian explorer sailing for the Spanish

crown whose explorations of the Caribbean
made Europeans aware of the Americas,
prompting further exploration and settlement.

A Spanish explorer who explored Florida on

two trips to the New World (1513 and 1521)
seeking gold; he established Florida as a Span­
ish colony.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Powerful civilizations in Central and South

America conquered by Spanish conquistadors
in the early 1500s.

[4]

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 1492–1789

PART
I
COnqUISTAdORS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

EnCOmIEndA

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

COLUmbIAn ExCHAngE

[5]

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 1492–1789

Spanish mercenaries who invaded Central and

South America during the 1500s and con­
quered the native Inca and Aztec civilizations.

A Spanish policy dictating that a Spaniard

given land in the New World was responsible
for the natives, who essentially became that
landowner’s property.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Modern term referring to the exchange of

plants, animals, and people between the
Old and New World as a result of exploration,
colonization, and slavery. European explorers
brought back new crops and livestock while
tragically bringing European diseases to
the New World, which decimated Indian
populations.

[6]

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 1492–1789

PART
I
THE IROqUOIS COnFEdERACY

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

mAgnA CARTA

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ROAnOkE

[7]

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 1492–1789

A military alliance of Indian tribes in the Ameri­

can northeast including Mohawks, Oneidas,
Cayugas, and Senecas founded in the late
1500s. As the French and British squabbled
over land and trading rights, the confederacy
sided with whichever side offered more
advantages.

A medieval English document that limited the

power of the monarchy, it was a notable influ­
ence on colonial government and American
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

constitutional principles.

The colony founded in present-day Virginia

in 1585 by Sir Walter Raleigh; all its citizens
mysteriously vanished.

[8]

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 1492–1789

PART
I
HEnRY HUdSOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

VIRgInIA COmPAnY

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

JOHn SmITH

[9]

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 1492–1789

The British explorer who navigated what is

now New York while sailing on behalf of the
Dutch in 1609. His goal was to find a pas­
sage to East Asia for Dutch merchants, but he
instead discovered what became the Dutch
colony of New Amsterdam.

The company established in England in 1607

to establish a permanent colony in America.
The result was the founding of Jamestown by
Captain John Smith.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Chosen by the Virginia Company to lead the

Jamestown Colony in America in 1607.

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 1492–1789

PART
I
PROTESTAnT REFORmATIOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

gLORIOUS REVOLUTIOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PILgRImS

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 1492–1789

German monk Martin Luther protested the

Catholic Church’s insistence that only obey­
ing Church sacraments and doing good works
leads to salvation. Luther proposed that faith
alone could redeem believers. His protests
planted the seeds of the Protestant
Reformation.

The revolution in England that saw Queen

Mary and William of Orange replace King
James II, whose repression of the Puritans
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

inspired their emigration to the Americas.

A group within the Puritan sect who wished to

form a new Protestant church (as opposed to
reforming the Church of England from within,
which nonseparatist Puritans hoped to do).

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 1492–1789

PART
I
PURITAnS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

mAYFLOWER COmPACT

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

JOHn WInTHROP

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 1492–1789

An Anglican sect that sought to reform the

Church of England by ridding it of the trap­
pings of Catholicism. The Pilgrims were a sect
within this group who wished to form a new
Protestant church.

Written by the Pilgrims on their journey to

the New World, this agreement established
a secular body to govern their new colony.
The compact became the basis for the sepa­
ration of church and state in the American
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

constitution.

First governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony

from 1630–1649, Winthrop opposed democra­
cy in favor of a more authoritarian government
run by religious leaders.

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 1492–1789

PART
I
nEW EngLAnd
COnFEdERATIOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

mERCAnTILISm

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PLAnTATIOn SYSTEm

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 1492–1789

A military alliance formed in 1643 between the

English colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth,
Connecticut, and New Haven in case of Indian
attack.

The theory that colonies exist only to supply

raw materials to the mother country and to be
a market for exported goods.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

A system of agricultural mass production in­

volving large farms (plantations) and crops like
cotton that require processing after harvest.
The plantation system in the Americas de­
pended on slave labor for its success.

[ 16 ]

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 1492–1789

PART
I
JOHn CALVIn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

JOHn LOCkE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

AdAm SmITH

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 1492–1789

A French-born intellectual who preached

a form of Protestantism that espoused the
inherent wickedness of human nature. Calvin­
ists believe that only strict leadership keeps
people from sin.

An English philosopher of the Enlightenment

era, his writings on religious tolerance and the
social contract between state and citizen gave
birth to modern liberalism and influenced the
American founders.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

A Scottish Enlightenment philosopher who

promoted laissez-faire economics, free mar­
kets, and supply-and-demand in his treatise
Wealth of Nations.

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 1492–1789

PART
I
THOmAS HObbES

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ROgER WILLIAmS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ACT OF TOLERATIOn

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 1492–1789

A British philosopher who believed that peo­

ple are motivated primarily by self-interest and
fear, and thus they need a strong government
to control them—especially a king who could
claim divine right to power.

A New England minister who preached that

conscience stood above church and state laws.
He also spoke against colonists living on ter­
ritory seized unlawfully from Indians. Williams
was banished from the Massachusetts Bay
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Colony and founded Providence, which would

eventually become the colony of Rhode Island.

This 1649 document permitted the practice of

all Christian religions in Maryland, which made
the colony a haven for Catholics in the New
World.

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 1492–1789

PART
I
ROYAL CHARTER

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

nAVIgATIOn LAWS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

SALEm WITCH TRIALS

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 1492–1789

A British royal act granting permission to

establish a colony. Some charters provided for
a king’s direct rule of the colony, while others
appointed a selected leader or corporation to
manage the colony.

These royal decrees in the 1660s prevented

English colonies from trading with any country
other than England.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Trials in 1692–1693 that resulted in the execu­

tion of 18 people accused of witchcraft in
Salem, Massachusetts. An example of religious
mass hysteria in the colonies.

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 1492–1789

PART
I
bACOn’S REbELLIOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

TRIAngULAR TRAdE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

IndEnTUREd SERVAnTS

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 1492–1789

A rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon in Virginia

during 1676 over the abuse of indentured
servants. The incident brought to light social
divisions in the colony and ultimately increased
calls for African slaves.

A trading scheme largely unauthorized by the

British crown by which New England colonists
exchanged goods with Caribbean colonists for
molasses used to make rum; the rum was then
exchanged for African slaves.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

To encourage immigration to the American

colonies, the indentured servitude system
guaranteed 50 acres of land to anyone willing
to pay for an Englishman’s passage from
Europe to the colonies. That sponsored
Englishman was obliged to serve his spon­
sor for a period (usually seven years) before
gaining the freedom to seek his own land and
employment.

[ 24 ]

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 1492–1789

PART
I
qUAkERS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

AnnE HUTCHInSOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

AnTInOmIAnISm

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 1492–1789

A Protestant sect whose members believed

that clergy was unnecessary for worship, the
Quakers were banished from the Massachu­
setts Bay Colony and found a haven in William
Penn’s colony, eventually called Pennsylvania.

Accused of heresy by Puritans for preaching

antinomianism and claiming she was divinely
inspired, Hutchinson was banished from the
Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1638.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

The idea that faith alone is necessary for salva­

tion, not obedience to religious law.

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 1492–1789

PART
I
SLAVE TRAdE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

mIddLE PASSAgE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

dEISm

[ 27 ]

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 1492–1789

The trade of enslaved Africans by the British,

Dutch, French, and Portuguese for labor in
European colonies in the New World. Over
several centuries, more than 12 million people
were transported to the Americas as slaves.

The transatlantic journey of slaves from Africa

to the New World; millions died along the way
due to horrific slave ship conditions.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

A religious philosophy held by several Found­

ing Fathers, it espouses that rational observa­
tion (and not organized religion) can determine
the existence, nature, and proper worship
of God.

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 1492–1789

PART
I
THE EnLIgHTEnmEnT

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

mOLASSES ACT

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

SUgAR ACT

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 1492–1789

A European philosophical movement in the

eighteenth century that emphasized liberal
government, ethics, and science, rather than
imagination, emotions, or religion. Many
Enlightenment thinkers rejected traditional reli­
gious beliefs in favor of Deism, which purports
that natural laws govern the world instead of
God’s intervention.

In an effort to fight the Triangular trade, the

British taxed all molasses and sugar imported
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

to the colonies from non-British countries and

colonies. Largely ignored or avoided through
smuggling, the 1733 tax nonetheless outraged
colonists.

In 1764, the British issued another tax on sugar

products imported to the colonies that they
hoped would be easier to enforce than the
Molasses Act. Britain’s intensified effort to re­
strain colonial trade pushed the colonies closer
to revolution.

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 1492–1789

PART
I
FREnCH And IndIAn WAR

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PEACE OF PARIS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

bOSTOn mASSACRE

[ 31 ]

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 1492–1789

A war fought from 1754 to 1763 between

France and England in their American colo­
nies. The British sought to end French pres­
ence in the Americas and through their victory
gained French Canada. By removing the
French threat, American colonists had less
need for English protection.

The 1763 treaty that ended the French and

Indian War in the Americas and the Seven
Years War in Europe—England gained control
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

of Quebec from France.

In 1770, British soldiers slaughtered Bosto­

nians who were throwing rocks at a custom
house in protest of recent royal acts to control
the colonies.

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 1492–1789

PART
I
TOWn mEETIngS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PATRICk HEnRY

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

STAmP ACT

[ 33 ]

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 1492–1789

An example of participatory democracy com­

mon in the colonies; citizens and local gov­
ernment would meet yearly to elect officers,
determine taxes, and pass laws.

A notable early voice for independence, this

Virginian drew up a list of resolutions in 1765
to resist British oppression. Henry famously
said, “Give me liberty or give me death.”
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

A 1765 tax requiring colonists to pay for a

stamp on every essential document such as a
deed or a mortgage—even playing cards. So
severe was the colonists’ objection that they
organized the Stamp Act Congress, which in­
stituted a boycott of British goods. Eventually
Parliament repealed the Stamp Act.

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 1492–1789

PART
I
qUARTERIng ACT

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

dECLARATORY ACT

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

TOWnSHEnd ACTS

[ 35 ]

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 1492–1789

English act of 1765 requiring colonists to

provide shelter to English soldiers stationed in
the Americas.

In repealing the Stamp Act in 1766, Britain de­

clared that Parliament had the same authority
in the colonies as in England, which insinuated
to American colonists that further acts and
restrictions were coming.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

To raise revenue and punish the colonists for

resisting earlier taxes, the 1767 Townshend
Acts taxed several popular imports to the
colonies, including tea. The colonists were
outraged, yet Britain maintained its right to tax
them without their consent.

[ 36 ]

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 1492–1789

PART
I
COERCIVE ACTS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

InTERnAL VERSUS ExTERnAL

TAxATIOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

gREAT AWAkEnIng

[ 37 ]

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 1492–1789

In response to colonial protests, England

passed these acts to close Boston Harbor and
revoke the colonial charter of Massachusetts.
Also known as the Intolerable Acts, these
decrees inspired the colonists to hold the First
Continental Congress.

Like the Stamp Act of 1765, an internal tax

taxed goods made and sold within the colo­
nies. The colonists preferred external taxa­
tion, like the 1764 Sugar Act, which meant
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

merchants were responsible for paying taxes

applied to imports.

A religious revival in the colonies during the

1770s that saw a wave of preachers deliver­
ing passionate sermons very different than
the typically unemotional Calvinist worship.
The Great Awakening led to the births of the
Baptist and Methodists sects.

[ 38 ]

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 1492–1789

PART
I
JOnATHAn EdWARdS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

TEA ACT

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

SOnS OF LIbERTY

[ 39 ]

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 1492–1789

A Puritan minister of the First Great Awaken­

ing, Edwards led revivals and preached imme­
diate repentance.

The 1773 British decree that required the

colonies to only buy tea from the East India
company, a British monopoly.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

A group of American patriots including Samuel

Adams who organized protests of Parliamen­
tary acts. Their most famous scheme is the
Boston Tea Party.

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 1492–1789

PART
I
bOSTOn TEA PARTY

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

THOmAS PAInE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

mARqUIS dE LAFAYETTE

[ 41 ]

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 1492–1789

When England passed the 1773 Tea Act,

protesters in Boston dressed as Indians and
stormed a British ship and dumped the tea
overboard.

Author of Common Sense, a pamphlet urging

the colonies to seek independence. Paine
wrote against the abuses of the British govern­
ment and was instrumental in turning public
opinion in favor of the Revolution.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

A French general who aided the colonies dur­

ing the American Revolution by training and
advising the colonial militia.

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 1492–1789

PART
I
JOHn dICkInSOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

gASPEE AFFAIR

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

COmmITTEES OF
CORRESPOndEnCE

[ 43 ]

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 1492–1789

One of the celebrated writers of American in­

dependence, this Pennsylvania lawyer crafted
a declaration of colonial rights and grievances
in protest of the Townshend Acts. Nonethe­
less, he refused to sign the Declaration of
Independence, believing that the colonies
should first complete the Articles of
Confederation.

When the British customs ship Gaspee ran

aground in 1772, colonists boarded the ship
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

and destroyed it. Britain demanded that the

perpetrators be tried not in a colonial court
but in England. This shocking demand
inspired the colonists to form Committees
of Correspondence.

Secret governments organized by American

colonies to supersede colonial legislatures and
British officials. These committees spread news
of colonial resistance and helped communities
organize against British loyalists and merchants
who complied with oppressive taxation.

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 1492–1789

PART
I
FIRST COnTInEnTAL COngRESS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

SECOnd COnTInEnTAL
COngRESS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

LExIngTOn And COnCORd

[ 45 ]

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 1492–1789

The 1774 convention in Philadelphia where 12

of the 13 colonies met to draft a Declaration of
Rights and Grievances to King George III. The
colonies at this point still acknowledged the
right of the British Parliament to regulate trade
in the Americas.

The 1775 convention where colonial repre­

sentatives prepared for the inevitable war with
England; the convention elected Virginian
George Washington to lead the Continental
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Army.

First battles of the American Revolution.

American colonists surprised British soldiers
seeking to arrest colonial leaders and capture
a weapons cache.

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 1492–1789

PART
I
PAUL REVERE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

VIRTUAL REPRESEnTATIOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

OLIVE bRAnCH PETITIOn

[ 47 ]

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 1492–1789

Famous for riding to warn colonial militiamen

about the advance of British soldiers toward
Lexington and Concord.

As opposed to actual representation in gov­

ernment by elected officials, virtual representa­
tion features unelected representatives such as
the colonial agents sent to Parliament.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

The last ditch attempt by the Continental Con­

gress to avoid war with England in 1775. The
petition affirmed the loyalty of the colonies to
the king and requested that he address their
complaints. The petition was refused.

[ 48 ]

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 1492–1789

PART
I
dECLARATIOn OF
IndEPEndEnCE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

bEnEdICT ARnOLd

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

HESSIAnS

[ 49 ]

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 1492–1789

On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental

Congress signed the document that declared
the United States an independent nation. Writ­
ten primarily by Thomas Jefferson, it famously
claims: “We hold these truths to be self-
evident, that all men are created equal, that
they are endowed by their Creator with certain
unalienable Rights, that among these are Life,
Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”

A general in the Continental army who was

AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

caught plotting to surrender to the British in

1778 in exchange for a position in the British
military.

German soldiers hired by the British during the

American Revolution. Some loyalists turned
against Britain because of the use of foreign
mercenaries against English citizens.

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 1492–1789

PART
I
bATTLE OF TREnTOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

bATTLE OF SARATOgA

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

FREnCH ALLIAnCE

[ 51 ]

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 1492–1789

After several defeats in New York, the colonial

army surprised a Hessian brigade in Trenton,
New Jersey. General George Washington
crossed the Delaware River with his army on
Christmas night in 1776 to achieve the surprise
attack, a much-needed victory for colonial
forces.

This October 1777 victory for the colonial army

in upstate New York led to the surrender of the
army of British General John Burgoyne. News
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

of the British defeat compelled France to form

a military alliance with the colonists.

France declared itself an American ally when

the Battle of Saratoga offered hope of defeat­
ing Britain, their longtime enemy in many
European wars.

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 1492–1789

PART
I
bATTLE OF YORkTOWn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ARTICLES OF COnFEdERATIOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

nORTHWEST ORdInAnCE

[ 53 ]

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 1492–1789

The decisive battle of the American Revolu­

tion. Colonial forces and the French navy
surrounded British commander Lord Cornwallis
at Yorktown, Virginia in 1781. When Cornwallis
surrendered, the war was all but won for the
colonial army.

This founding document (before the Constitu­

tion) delegated powers (taxation, trade, and
military) to individual states, but left the federal
government to handle foreign policy and cur­
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

rency. This left the federal government weak

and ineffectual, which would later be resolved
in a stronger federal Constitution.

Included in the Articles of Confederation in

1787, this clause created a framework govern­
ment for the Northwest territory and outlawed
slavery in those future states.

[ 54 ]

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 1492–1789

PART
I
ALExAndER HAmILTOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

SHAY’S REbELLIOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

FREnCH REVOLUTIOn

[ 55 ]

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 1492–1789

Hamilton served as the first secretary of the

treasury. He established the national bank
and an economic plan including a tariff, the
assumption of state debts, and an excise tax
on whiskey (among other goods). He believed
industry and manufacturing would strengthen
the new nation, as opposed to Jefferson’s
agrarian vision.

A 1786 rebellion in Massachusetts protesting

high taxes, debtors’ prisons, and the lack of
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

valuable currency. The uprising was quickly

quelled, yet it underscored that the lack of a
federal constitution prevented the states from
protecting the rights of citizens.

Inspired in part by the American Revolution,

the French overthrew the monarchy of Louis
XVII in 1789. What followed was a bloody
purge of the nation’s aristocracy and several
failed democratic governments before Napo­
leon seized power in 1799.

[ 56 ]

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 1492–1789

PART
I
IndUSTRIAL REVOLUTIOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

SEPARATIOn OF POWERS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

JUdICIAL bRAnCH

[ 57 ]

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 1492–1789

Refers to the mechanization of labor and the

rise of the factory system. What began in
England during the 1750s with advanced tex­
tile machines came to American shores soon
thereafter, primarily in the Northeast, where
there existed many seaports for receiving raw
materials and shipping manufactured goods,
as well as rivers to power factories.

The system of checks and balances by which

the Constitution divides the government into
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

separate and independent branches. Each has

distinct powers and responsibilities so that
none has more influence than the others. The
three branches are the judicial, executive, and
legislative branches.

The judiciary, specifically the Supreme Court, is

the final authority on interpreting the Constitu­
tion, as well as the constitutionality of state
laws. Supreme Court justices are appointed by
the President and confirmed by the Senate.

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 1492–1789

PART
I
LEgISLATIVE bRAnCH

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ExECUTIVE bRAnCH

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ELECTORAL COLLEgE

[ 59 ]

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 1492–1789

The bicameral (two-chambered) American

legislature is the Congress, consisting of the
House of Representatives and the Senate.
Each state elects two senators and also House
representatives according to districts based
on population. All congressmen and congress­
women are elected by popular vote.

The president of the United States is the na­

tion’s chief executive. The president is elected
every four years by the electoral college, a
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

delegate system based on population.

For fear that an uneducated mob would elect

an unfit American president in a direct elec­
tion, the electoral college was created as a
body of delegates who cast votes on behalf of
citizens.

[ 60 ]

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 1492–1789

PART
I
FEdERALISTS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

AnTI-FEdERALISTS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

mObOCRACY

[ 61 ]

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 1492–1789

Those during the debate over the American

Constitution who favored a strong federal
government; Federalists often had strong ties
to the Northeast and international trade.

Those during the debate over the American

Constitution who favored states’ rights; Anti-
Federalists were in general from the agrarian
South or western homesteads.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

During the Constitutional Convention, del­

egates feared that the uneducated would elect
an unsuitable president in a direct election.
The Electoral College was born from this fear
of rule by the mob.

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 1492–1789

PART
I
LOOSE InTERPRETATIOn OF
THE COnSTITUTIOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

STRICT InTERPRETATIOn OF
THE COnSTITUTIOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

THREE-FIFTHS COmPROmISE

[ 63 ]

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 1492–1789

Loose interpretation refers to the theory that

the government may do what the Constitution
does not specifically forbid. President Jef­
ferson justified the Louisiana Purchase by this
logic, as the Constitution doesn’t permit or
prevent the president to purchase territory.

Strict interpretation contends that the gov­

ernment may only do what the Constitution
specifically allows.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Delegates to the Constitutional Convention

agreed to allow the Southern slave trade to
continue for at least 20 years after ratification
and that slaves would count as three-fifths
of one person in determining a state’s
population.

[ 64 ]

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 1492–1789

PART
I
The FederalisT PaPers

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

FIRST AmEndmEnT

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

SECOnd AmEndmEnT

[ 65 ]

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 1492–1789

A series of essays published by John Jay,

Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison that
urged ratification of the federal Constitution.

Prohibits the establishment of a state religion

and guarantees freedom of speech, freedom
to assemble, and freedom of the press.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Established the right of the American people

to keep and bear arms.

[ 66 ]

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 Part II

1790–1913

AP* U.S . HIS T ORY FLA S H REV I EW

[ 67 ]

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Blank Page
 1790–1913

gEORgE WASHIngTOn

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

WASHIngTOn’S FAREWELL
AddRESS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

JOHn AdAmS

[ 69 ]

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 1790–1913

Military leader of the American Revolution

and the first American president (1789–1797).
Washington led the foundation of a stable
American government by presiding over the
drafting of the Constitution. He also kept the
young nation out of a war with England by
avoiding foreign alliances.

Printed in newspapers in 1796; the first outgo­

ing president warned America to avoid foreign
alliances (perhaps referring to Jefferson’s
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

desire to ally with France) and to refrain from

forming political parties.

Second president of the United States (1797–

1801); coauthor of the Declaration of Inde­
pendence; negotiated peace with England
after the American Revolution; a Federalist
who faced fierce opposition from political op­
ponents during his presidency; kept America
at peace despite foreign threats.

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 1790–1913

QUASI-WAR

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

dEmOcRATIc-REPUbLIcAnS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

nATURAL RIgHTS
VERSUS LEgAL RIgHTS

[ 71 ]

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 1790–1913

An undeclared 1798–1800 naval war between

the United States and France when the Adams
administration refused to repay war debts to
the new French republic and instead sought
trade agreements with England.

Political party founded in 1791 by Jefferson

and James Madison to oppose the Federalists
and Alexander Hamilton’s economic policies.
The Democratic-Republicans favored states’
rights and grew powerful in the South among
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

yeoman farmers and plantation owners.

The founders of the United States drew an

important distinction between natural rights,
inalienable rights granted to all men, and legal
rights, laws passed by governments or mon­
archs that could change.

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 1790–1913

THOmAS JEFFERSOn

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

FUgITIVE SLAVE LAW

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

WHISkEY REbELLIOn

[ 73 ]

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 1790–1913

Third president (1801–1809); author of the

Declaration of Independence; doubled the size
of the nation with Louisiana Purchase; pursued
aggressive economic policies against England;
a Virginia plantation owner with hundreds of
slaves who privately struggled with the moral
and political implications of slavery.

A 1793 law providing for the return of escaped

slaves to their owners, the law was strength­
ened in 1850 to account for the abolitionist
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

movement and the success of the Under­

ground Railroad.

A 1794 farmers’ rebellion in Pennsylvania

against an excise tax on whiskey. When riot­
ers killed federal officers attempting to arrest
them, the colonial army intervened. The
rebellion demonstrated that the Constitution
allowed for a swifter and more authoritative
military response than Shay’s Rebellion.

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 1790–1913

JAY TREATY

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

XYZ AFFAIR

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

bAnk OF THE UnITEd STATES

[ 75 ]

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 1790–1913

Treaty ratified in 1793 that avoided conflict

between England and the United States.
Removed British troops from the Americas and
established trading rights for the United States
with England and her colonies.

When Franco-American relations soured in

1800, President Adams sent envoys to France
who were secretly told they could only meet
with the French foreign minister if they paid a
bribe. Adams was outraged and publicized the
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

bribe request.

Alexander Hamilton created the first national

bank in 1791, and its charter was renewed in
1816. Believing that a national bank favored
wealthy interests, President Jackson vetoed
the act to renew the bank’s charter in 1836,
which would compel the government to store
money in state banks.

[ 76 ]

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 1790–1913

bURR cOnSPIRAcY

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

mIdnIgHT JUdgES

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ALIEn And SEdITIOn AcTS

[ 77 ]

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 1790–1913

After killing Alexander Hamilton in a duel,

former vice president Aaron Burr joined a
mercenary gang in the Louisiana territory. He
was captured and accused of seeking Mexican
aid for a secession movement in the territories.
The Supreme Court acquitted Burr of accusa­
tions of treason.

On his last night in office in 1801, President

John Adams stayed up until midnight appoint­
ing Federalist judges to federal court posts so
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

that his party might maintain influence in the

new Democratic-Republican government led
by Thomas Jefferson.

Passed by Congress and President Adams

in 1798, these laws lengthened the waiting
period for citizenship, empowered the gov­
ernment to arrest dangerous foreigners, and
made it illegal to publish defamatory state­
ments about the government. A response to
the XYZ Affair, these laws were largely ineffec­
tual and unenforced.

[ 78 ]

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 1790–1913

SEcOnd gREAT AWAkEnIng

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

II
LOUISIAnA PURcHASE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

LEWIS And cLARk

[ 79 ]

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 1790–1913

Starting around 1801, this religious revival led

by Baptist and Methodist sects preached toler­
ance of new Protestant faiths and drew more
participation from women, blacks, and Indians.

President Jefferson purchased the land from

the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains
from French emperor Napoleon in 1803, which
doubled the size of the United States, pro­
vided valuable shipping lanes, and gave the
growing nation room to expand.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Two explorers who embarked on the first major

exploration of the American west in 1804–
1806. Traveling from the Missouri River to the
Pacific, they mapped the region and collected
valuable information about resources they
discovered in the new Louisiana Purchase.

[ 80 ]

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 1790–1913

Marbury v. Madison

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

JOHn mARSHALL

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ELASTIc cLAUSE

[ 81 ]

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 1790–1913

An 1803 Supreme Court case that helped to

define the constitutional boundary between
the judicial and executive branches of gov­
ernment. The case increased the power of
the courts by establishing that the judiciary
interprets what the Constitution allows, which
is called judicial review.

Chief Justice of the United States from 1801

to 1835, Marshall was hugely influential in
establishing the Supreme Court as a branch of
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

government equal to the legislature and the

executive branch. Marshall’s opinions are the
foundation for much American constitutional
law and established judicial review, which al­
lows the Court to decide the constitutionality
of laws.

The Constitution states that Congress has the

ability “to make all laws which shall be neces­
sary and proper for carrying into execution
the foregoing powers.” This so-called “elastic
clause” gives unspecified or implied powers to
Congress, which has been the source of much
debate over the extent of the legislature’s
authority.

[ 82 ]

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 1790–1913

TRIPOLITAn WAR

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

RObERT FULTOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

FIRST PARTY SYSTEm

[ 83 ]

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 1790–1913

A small naval war launched against Tripoli

and Algeria in 1801 to stop pirate attacks on
American ships. Neither the United States nor
its opponents were truly victorious, and the
United States continued to pay the tribute de­
manded by the North African states to protect
American ships.

Fulton constructed the first steamboat in the

United States in 1807 and also designed the
first practical submarine.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Describes the first American political party

structure from 1792 to 1824, when the Fed­
eralists and Democratic-Republicans vied for
power. Federalists controlled government until
1800, but Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans
held sway after his election.

[ 84 ]

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 1790–1913

JAmES mAdISOn

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

II
TEcUmSEH

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

JAmES mOnROE

[ 85 ]

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 1790–1913

Fourth president (1809–1817); a Federalist

Papers writer; principal author of the Bill of
Rights and Constitution; led the United States
into the War of 1812.

A Shawnee chief who united the Northwest­

ern Indian tribes against invading settlers,
Tecumseh was defeated by an American army
led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of
Tippecanoe in 1811.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Fifth president (1817–1825); remembered for

the Monroe Doctrine to keep Europe from
intervening in American affairs; presided over
a relatively peaceful period but for the Panic
of 1819.

[ 86 ]

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 1790–1913

JOHn QUIncY AdAmS

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

nAPOLEOnIc WARS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

THE WAR OF 1812

[ 87 ]

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 1790–1913

The sixth president (1825–1829); son of John

Adams; expert diplomat who negotiated
peace after the War of 1812 and oversaw an­
nexation of Florida; author of Monroe Doc­
trine; the only president to serve in Congress
after leaving office; became a fierce political
opponent of slavery.

The wars declared by several European coali­

tions against Napoleon’s French empire be­
tween 1803 and 1815. The War of 1812 is seen
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

as an extension of these wars in the Americas.

War between the United States and England

over British trade restrictions for American
goods, as well as British seizure of American
ships. The defeated British signed the Treaty of
Ghent in 1814, which allowed for free Ameri­
can trade in Europe.

[ 88 ]

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 1790–1913

ImPRESSmEnT

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

HARTFORd cOnVEnTIOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ESSEX JUnTO

[ 89 ]

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 1790–1913

One of the causes of the War of 1812; British

naval ships would capture American merchant
marine vessels searching for deserters. The
British would force anyone who could not
prove he was an American citizen into service
of the British navy.

New England merchants who opposed trade

restriction and the War of 1812 met in Hart­
ford in 1814 to advocate for the right of states
to nullify federal laws. The convention also
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

discussed seceding from the United States if

these demands were not met, which turned
public sentiment against the Federalist Party.

Extreme Federalist critics of the War of 1812

who advocated the secession of New England
from the United States.

[ 90 ]

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 1790–1913

nATIOnALISm

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ERA OF gOOd FEELIngS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

TARIFF

[ 91 ]

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 1790–1913

A belief that loyalty to the nation is of utmost

political importance. After the American vic­
tory in the War of 1812, more people referred
to themselves as Americans rather than citizens
of their state or region.

After the War of 1812, a lull in political conflict

as well as a burst of nationalism and economic
growth, which seemed markedly different than
earlier years of war and partisan strife.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

A federal government-imposed tax on im­

ported goods to protect domestic manufactur­
ers. Also referred to as “customs.”

[ 92 ]

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 1790–1913

TARIFF OF 1816

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
II
SEmInOLE IndIAnS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

THE PAnIc OF 1819

[ 93 ]

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 1790–1913

By raising the price of higher-quality yet often

cheaper British imported goods, this protec­
tive tariff boosted American manufacturing.

Indian tribe in Florida encouraged by the

Spanish to raid American settlements in 1817.
President John Quincy Adams sent Andrew
Jackson to lead a military operation against
the Seminoles, and his success helped con­
vince the Spanish to cede the territory to the
United States.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Blame for this economic depression fell on the

national bank, though economists now see the
panic as caused by overproduction following
the War of 1812.

[ 94 ]

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 1790–1913

FRAncIS cAbOT LOWELL

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

II
JOHn JAcOb ASTOR

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

TALLmAdgE AmEndmEnT

[ 95 ]

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 1790–1913

Introduced the mechanized textile industry to

the United States at his Massachusetts facto­
ries, a key early step in the American Industrial
Revolution.

Fur-trading magnate who helped finance the

War of 1812, Astor was the nation’s first
multimillionaire.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Preceding the 1820 compromise on slavery

in the new state of Missouri, the Tallmadge
Amendment would have admitted Missouri
with its existing slave population but would
free all slave children at age 25. The proposal
was rejected.

[ 96 ]

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 1790–1913

mISSOURI cOmPROmISE

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

mOnROE dOcTRInE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ERIE cAnAL

[ 97 ]

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 1790–1913

A compromise between pro- and anti-slavery

factions, Missouri was admitted as a slave state
in 1820 while Maine would enter the union as
a free state (no slavery). The compromise also
declared that slavery would be illegal in all
territory north of the 36°30” latitude and legal
to the south.

President James Monroe’s address to Con­

gress in 1823 that warned European powers
to stay out of the Americas and demanded
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

nonintervention in current European colonies

in Latin America.

Opened in 1825, the Erie Canal created a

key shipping lane between New York and the
Great Lakes and helped further western
expansion.

[ 98 ]

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 1790–1913

HEnRY cLAY

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

JOHn c. cALHOUn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

AndREW JAckSOn

[ 99 ]

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 1790–1913

Kentucky Senator who proposed the Missouri

Compromise, which admitted Missouri as a
slave state and Maine as a free state, so long
as slavery would be illegal thereafter in all
states north of an appointed line of latitude.

Jackson’s vice president and South Carolina

senator who argued that the North should not
interfere with slavery where it already existed.
Calhoun was a tireless advocate of states’
rights.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Seventh president (1829–1837), Jackson had

humble beginnings. Orphaned at 14 and never
formerly educated, he nonetheless became a
formidable general and politician. Jacksonian
democracy refers to the increased political
involvement of the common man in govern­
ment, captured in the election of 1828, which
swept Jackson into office with the largest ever
popular vote at the time.

[ 100 ]

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 1790–1913

JAckSOnIAn dEmOcRAcY

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

TARIFF OF AbOmInATIOnS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

nULLIFIcATIOn

[ 101 ]

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 1790–1913

Refers to the sociopolitical changes inspired by

the election of Andrew Jackson, who opposed
monopolies and the privileged class of society
and urged increased popular participation in
government and greater opportunity for the
common man.

Southern term for the tariff of 1828, a tax on

imported manufactured goods. Southerners
felt the tax passed due to the influence of New
England mercantile interests, and the debate
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

led to calls for nullification.

In response to the tariff of 1828, Vice President

Calhoun anonymously published an essay
proposing that states had the right to nullify an
unconstitutional act of Congress. This policy,
Calhoun thought, would quiet calls for seces­
sion from South Carolina over the hated tariff.

[ 102 ]

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 1790–1913

dAnIEL WEbSTER

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Gibbons v. oGden

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ELI WHITnEY

[ 103 ]

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 1790–1913

A powerful orator, this Massachusetts senator

was one of the most influential men in Con­
gress before the Civil War. A father of Ameri­
can conservatism, Webster argued vociferously
against the rise of Jacksonian democracy and
strove to protect the interests of New England
shipping and merchants as well as banking and
industrialization.

Landmark Supreme Court ruling in 1824 that

affirmed federal authority to regulate interstate
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

commerce. Daniel Webster argued for the win­

ning cause.

Inventor of the cotton gin in 1793, a device

that mechanized the painstaking process of
removing seeds from cotton. It allowed for a
boom in cotton production and thus bolstered
the need for African slaves.

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 1790–1913

cYRUS mccORmIck

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
cLIPPER SHIPS

II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

AnTI-mASOnS

[ 105 ]

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 1790–1913

Inventor of the mechanical reaper, which revo­

lutionized American agriculture in 1831.

These American ships built during the 1840s

were fast and maneuverable and boosted
American trade, especially with China.

When a prominent Freemason was murdered

AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

after he left the secret society, this party

formed as an anti-elitist effort to oppose the
supposed influence of the Masons in govern­
ment. As the first major American third party,
the Anti-Masons ran presidential candidates
in 1832 and 1836 and introduced nominating
conventions and the concept of party plat­
forms to American politics.

[ 106 ]

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 1790–1913

nIcOLAS bIddLE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
II
PET bAnk

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

kITcHEn cAbInET

[ 107 ]

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 1790–1913

The corrupt president of the national bank who

issued loans as bribes, which inspired Presi­
dent Jackson to turn against the bank.

In vetoing the charter renewal for the Bank of

the United States in 1836, Jackson deposited
federal funds into state banks (referred to as
his “pet banks”) because he claimed a national
bank catered to wealthy and foreign interests.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

The dismissive name for the friends and advi­

sors from whom President Jackson sought
advice instead of consulting his cabinet.

[ 108 ]

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 1790–1913

SPEcIE cIRcULAR

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

THE PAnIc OF 1837

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

mARTIn VAn bUREn

[ 109 ]

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 1790–1913

This 1836 act stated that all public lands must

be purchased with gold or silver currency due
to the failure of the national bank and the
devaluation of paper currency. The subsequent
run on gold and silver spurned the Panic of
1837.

When President Jackson declared that pay­

ment for federal lands must be in gold or silver
instead of currency from the national bank, the
bank failed, prices of commodities like cotton
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

plummeted, and businesses went bankrupt.

Eighth president (1837–1841), the first born

an American citizen; presided over strained
relations with England and the Panic of 1837,
which tainted his legacy.

[ 110 ]

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 1790–1913

WILLIAm HEnRY HARRISOn

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

JOHn TYLER

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

mAnIFEST dESTInY

[ 111 ]

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 1790–1913

Ninth president (1841); a military hero for

defeating Tecumseh at the Battle of Tippe­
canoe, his death in office after a month as
president sparked a constitutional crisis about
succession.

Tenth president (1841–1845); a Virginian aris­

tocrat who sided with the confederacy later in
life, as president he endeavored to annex the
Republic of Texas.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

The concept that the destiny of the United

States was to expand across the continent
to the Pacific. Used as justification for the
Mexican-American War.

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 1790–1913

OREgOn TRAIL

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

II
ALEXIS dE TOcQUEVILLE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

WHIgS

[ 113 ]

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 1790–1913

The main route in the Oregon territory, which

was swarmed by easterners and midwestern­
ers in the 1840s seeking free land and a fresh
start.

Author of a two-part book on American

democracy, this Frenchmen traveling in the
United States observed the advantages of
American democracy and offered a revealing
look at the developing nation’s character.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

A largely conservative party favored by the

upper class, the Whigs emerged from the Na­
tional Republican Party and Federalists in the
1830s. They won many votes from supporters
of the national bank and southern plantation
owners for their support of industry and tariffs.
Prominent Whigs included Henry Clay and
Daniel Webster.

[ 114 ]

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 1790–1913

dOROTHEA dIX

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

II
HORAcE mAnn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

AmERIcAn TEmPERAncE
SOcIETY

[ 115 ]

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 1790–1913

A reformer responsible for improving condi­

tions in jails, poorhouses, and insane asylums,
Dix began in the 1820s to lobby for states to
assume care of the mentally ill.

Using Prussian military academies as a model,

this New England education reformer started
the American public school movement in
Massachusetts, where he instituted a school
system that became the envy of the nation.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

A society to promote abstinence from alcohol

that spread quickly after its founding in 1826
to promote awareness of the evils of drinking.

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 1790–1913

mAInE LAW

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

JOSEPH SmITH

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

bRIgHAm YOUng

[ 117 ]

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 1790–1913

The first major legislative success for the

Temperance Movement; Maine outlawed the
sale of alcohol except for medical and religious
purposes in 1851. The law was unpopular and
repealed five years later.

Founder of the Latter-day Saints movement

and author of the Book of Mormon, Smith
developed the faith that became Mormonism
and led his followers as they were expelled
from settlements in Ohio and Missouri. He was
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

killed during mob violence before he could

reach his vision of establishing a theocratic set­
tlement outside of U.S. government control.

Leader of the Latter-day Saints movement,

Young led the Mormons to what he called their
Promised Land in Utah, where he founded
Salt Lake City and became the territory’s first
governor.

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 1790–1913

IndIAn REmOVAL AcT

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

II
TRAIL OF TEARS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Cherokee nation v. GeorGia

[ 119 ]

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 1790–1913

This 1830 law signed by Andrew Jackson

forcibly relocated over 100,000 American
Indians from their land to areas designated by
the government.

When the U.S. Army relocated Georgia’s

Cherokee Indians to Oklahoma Indian terri­
tory, many died under harsh conditions on the
forced march. The 1838–1839 incident became
a symbol of the abuse of American Indians.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

In 1831, the Cherokee Nation sued Georgia

for depriving them of territorial rights, but the
Supreme Court refused to rule, saying “the
relationship of the tribes to the United States
resembles that of a ‘ward to its guardian.’”

[ 120 ]

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 1790–1913

TRAnScEndEnTALISTS

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

HEnRY dAVId THOREAU

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

“On cIVIL dISObEdIEncE”

[ 121 ]

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 1790–1913

Thinkers and artists who emphasized a spir­

itual philosophy centered on the connection
between mankind and nature, the transcen­
dentalists encouraged self-reliance and
discouraged materialism. Henry David Thoreau
(author of Walden) and Ralph Waldo Emerson
captured this movement in writing.

Massachusetts writer and notable figure in the

transcendentalist movement, Thoreau is re­
membered for his essay on civil disobedience,
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

which encourages resistance against an unjust

government.

Henry David Thoreau’s 1849 essay that intro­

duced the concept of passive resistance. In
protest of the Mexican-American War, Thoreau
refused to pay taxes and was sent to jail. He
urged readers to fight unjust laws simply by
disobeying them.

[ 122 ]

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 1790–1913

nATHAnIEL HAWTHORnE

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

WALT WHITmAn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

HORAcE gREELEY

[ 123 ]

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 1790–1913

Rejecting the transcendentalist views of

many fellow writers of his era, Hawthorne is
best known as author of The Scarlet Letter.
This novel seems to criticize the sanctimoni­
ous streak in American religion by portraying
the cruelty of Puritans against an adulterous
woman, who they force to wear a scarlet A.

American poet who democratized poetry by

using colloquial language, Whitman’s “Leaves
of Grass” (1855) was banned for celebrating
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

bodily pleasures, which many found immoral.

In the newspaper he founded, the New York

Tribune, Greely popularized the notion that
poor men on the East Coast could make their
fortunes by going west to seek opportunity on
the frontier.

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 1790–1913

OnEIdA cOmmUnE

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

II
SEnEcA FALLS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

SUFFRAgE

[ 125 ]

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 1790–1913

A socioreligious movement based in New

York. The members were polygamous, shared
property communally, and collectively raised
their children.

Site of the 1848 women’s rights convention

where Elizabeth Cady Stanton issued a decla­
ration recounting the discrimination of women
and urging women’s suffrage.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

The right to vote. Originally granted only

to white male Americans, this constitutional
right was extended to black men in 1870 and
women in 1920.

[ 126 ]

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 1790–1913

ELIZAbETH cAdY STAnTOn

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

SUSAn b. AnTHOnY

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

cULT OF dOmESTIcITY

[ 127 ]

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 1790–1913

A prominent early advocate for a women’s

suffrage movement, she organized the 1848
convention at Seneca Falls for women’s rights
and edited the first feminist newspaper, The
Revolution.

Social activist and cofounder of the Women’s

Temperance Movement, she was a tireless
advocate for women’s rights to be recognized
by the U.S. government and owner of The
Revolution.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

A cultural credo of the mid-nineteenth century

that glorified women as pious, respectful, and
virtuous keepers of a domestic sanctuary for
husbands and children. This concept restricted
women to the home and insisted that women
and men live in separate spheres.

[ 128 ]

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 1790–1913

FORTY-nInERS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
II
JAmES knOX POLk

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ZAcHARY TAYLOR

[ 129 ]

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 1790–1913

Americans from the East who flocked to Cali­

fornia in 1849 when gold was discovered.

Eleventh president (1845–1849); led the na­

tion into Mexican-American War, gaining what
would become the current southwest states,
and also settled a dispute with England over
Oregon Territory.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Twelfth president (1849–1850), military hero

of the War of 1812, the Mexican-American
War and Indian campaigns; a slave owner who
nonetheless accepted new slavery-free states
and presided over the Compromise of 1850.
Died in office.

[ 130 ]

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 1790–1913

REPUbLIc OF TEXAS

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

II
STEPHEn AUSTIn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

THE ALAmO

[ 131 ]

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 1790–1913

Texas declared itself a sovereign nation in

1836. Economic and territorial strife forced
Texas to seek annexation into the United
States in 1845.

Founder of the first American settlement in

Texas in 1822, Austin negotiated Texan
independence from Mexico and eventually
led the Texas Revolution for the territory’s
independence.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

When the Mexican army attacked this Texas

fort in 1836 and killed every American
resister after a 13-day standoff, “Remember
the Alamo!” became a battle cry in the Texas
Republic’s struggle for independence.

[ 132 ]

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 1790–1913

SAnTA AnnA

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

SAm HOUSTOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

mEXIcAn WAR

[ 133 ]

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 1790–1913

Mexican military and political leader who de­

feated Texan forces at the Alamo in 1836, he
was later defeated and forced to sign a treaty
allowing the Republic of Texas to declare itself
independent, paving the way for Texas to
eventually become an American territory.

First commander of the Texas army, Houston

served as the territory’s president and advo­
cated Texas joining the Union in 1845. He was
ousted as governor of Texas in 1861 for refus­
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

ing to allow Texas to join the Confederacy.

When the United States annexed Texas in

1845, Mexico declared war, claiming right
to the territory. The victorious United States
won not only Texas but also Utah, California,
Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico.

[ 134 ]

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 1790–1913

TREATY OF gUAdALUPE
HIdALgO

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

WILmOT PROVISO

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

OSTEnd mAnIFESTO

[ 135 ]

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 1790–1913

This treaty ended the Mexican War in 1848

and granted the United States the rights to
Texas, California, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, and
New Mexico for the cost of $18 million. The
treaty also drew the border of the United
States and Mexico at the Rio Grande.

Congress failed to pass this furiously debated

1846 act that would have outlawed slavery in
any territory America won during the Mexican
War. It became a symbol of the intensity of the
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

abolition debate.

Diplomatic memo in 1854 urging the annexa­

tion of Cuba that inflamed debate over Ameri­
can expansionism and the spread of slavery.

[ 136 ]

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 1790–1913

POPULAR SOVEREIgnTY

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

kAnSAS-nEbRASkA AcT

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

mILLARd FILLmORE

[ 137 ]

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 1790–1913

A term meaning that citizens of each state had

the right to decide their own laws by voting.
Popular sovereignty was important during the
debate over slavery, which was often declared
legal or illegal for particular states by federal
decree.

Act that created the territories of Kansas and

Nebraska in 1854 but overturned the Missouri
Compromise by allowing voters in the new ter­
ritories to determine via popular sovereignty
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

whether to allow slavery.

Thirteenth president (1850–1853); pursued

trade with Japan and China; after leaving the
White House later ran for president again for
the nativist Know-Nothing Party.

[ 138 ]

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 1790–1913

FRAnkLIn PIERcE

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

gAdSdEn PURcHASE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

gERmAn And IRISH

ImmIgRATIOn

[ 139 ]

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 1790–1913

Fourteenth president (1853–1857); responsible

for unpopular decisions like the Kansas-
Nebraska Act and the Ostend Manifesto,
which inflamed sectional politics and the
divide over slavery.

A purchase from Mexico in 1853 of important

stagecoach routes in the Southwest, which
included large portions of what became New
Mexico and Arizona.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

The first wave of immigrants to the United

States during the nineteenth century came
from Germany and Ireland. Driven by the
Great Famine, Irish immigration peaked after
1845. Germans came in large numbers after
1850, with peak years in the 1880s.

[ 140 ]

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 1790–1913

nATIVISTS

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

II
knOW-nOTHIng PARTY

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

AnTEbELLUm

[ 141 ]

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 1790–1913

Those who were disturbed by the influx of

foreigners moving to the United States during
the nineteenth century and favored restrictions
on immigration.

A secretive party of anti-foreign and anti-

Catholic nativists who nominated the former
president Millard Fillmore in 1865. Their
slogan: “Americans must rule America!”
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Literally meaning “before the war,” this term

refers to the period from the 1790s to the
Civil War.

[ 142 ]

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 1790–1913

nAT TURnER’S REbELLIOn

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

SOJOURnER TRUTH

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

THE UndERgROUnd RAILROAd

[ 143 ]

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 1790–1913

The 1831 slave uprising led by Nat Turner,

who believed he was divinely chosen to free
other slaves. The rebellion killed 60 whites in
Virginia. A violent manhunt ensued to kill the
perpetrators, and southern states strength­
ened their demand for stronger fugitive slave
laws and other restrictions against blacks.

Born a slave in New York around 1797, So­

journer Truth went on to become one of the
most powerful abolitionist voices as well as
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

a voice of the nascent women’s rights move­

ment. She is also remembered as one of the
first black women to win a court case against a
white man.

A secretive network of abolitionists who

organized escape routes for runaway slaves to
get to free states in the North.

[ 144 ]

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 1790–1913

HARRIET TUbmAn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
II
FREdRIck dOUgLASS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

WILLIAm LLOYd gARRISOn

[ 145 ]

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 1790–1913

Tubman, herself an escaped slave, helped hun­

dreds of slaves escape bondage as a leader of
the Underground Railroad.

Born a slave, Douglass educated himself and

escaped slavery in 1838 to become one of the
abolitionist movement’s best-known orators.
He edited the abolitionist newspaper called
The North Star.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Militant abolitionist and publisher of a radical

anti-slavery newspaper in Boston who urged
Northern secession from the United States in
protest of slavery.

[ 146 ]

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 1790–1913

FREE-SOIL PARTY

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
II
cOmPROmISE OF 1850

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

HARRIET bEEcHER STOWE

[ 147 ]

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 1790–1913

Party founded in 1847 opposing the existence

of slavery in any new American state or
territory.

Compromise that avoided Southern secession

temporarily, admitted California as a free state,
abolished slavery in the District of Columbia,
allowed the New Mexico and Utah territories
to decide slavery via popular sovereignty, and
toughened fugitive slave laws.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Author of the abolitionist novel Uncle Tom’s

Cabin (1852), which some call an inspiration
for the Civil War by so effectively capturing the
divide over slavery.

[ 148 ]

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 1790–1913

bLEEdIng kAnSAS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
II
dred sCott v. sandford

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

JOHn bROWn

[ 149 ]

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 1790–1913

A four-year skirmish during the 1850s between

pro-slavery Kansans and abolitionists in Mis­
souri along the border between these states.

Scott, a Missouri slave, sued for his freedom

in 1857, claiming that he was free by virtue of
having lived for a time in the northern portion
of the Louisiana Territory made free land by
the Missouri Compromise. The U.S. Supreme
Court ruled he couldn’t sue in federal court
because he was not a citizen but property.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

A militant abolitionist who seized the military

arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, in 1859,
Brown plotted to end slavery by murdering
slave owners and freeing their slaves.

[ 150 ]

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 1790–1913

HARPER’S FERRY

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
II
STEPHEn dOUgLAS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

cRITTEndEn cOmPROmISE

[ 151 ]

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 1790–1913

Virginia site of the military arsenal captured in

1859 by militant abolitionist John Brown, who
plotted to murder slave owners.

Politician famous for his debates on slavery

with Abraham Lincoln, Douglas advocated
annexation of Mexico and supported the Com­
promise of 1850.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

An 1860 proposal to avoid civil war by creating

a constitutional amendment guaranteeing slav­
ery’s existence in the South and noninterfer­
ence by Congress in current slave states. The
Republicans refused to ratify it.

[ 152 ]

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 1790–1913

JAmES bUcHAnAn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
II
AbRAHAm LIncOLn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

EmAncIPATIOn
PROcLAmATIOn

[ 153 ]

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 1790–1913

Fifteenth president (1857–1861), he could not

settle the deep divides that had been building
for decades between the North and South.

Sixteenth president (1861–1865); led the na­

tion through the Civil War and ended slavery.
An eloquent speaker and author of the Get­
tysburg Address, a brilliant and open-minded
statesman who surrounded himself with op­
posing viewpoints, and a shrewd commander­
in-chief who oversaw a successful campaign
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

to end the Confederacy. First president to be

assassinated, in 1865.

President Lincoln issued this proclamation in

1862, which freed all slaves in territories that
had not seceded from the United States.

[ 154 ]

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 1790–1913

JEFFERSOn dAVIS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
RObERT E. LEE

II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

cOnFEdERATE STATES OF
AmERIcA

[ 155 ]

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 1790–1913

President of the Confederate States of Ameri­

ca, which he led from 1861 to 1865.

The leader of the army of the Confederate

States of America.

Eleven slave states that seceded from the Un­

ion in 1861 formed a new nation with Jefferson
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Davis as acting president. No foreign nation

recognized the legitimacy of the Confederacy
as an independent state.

[ 156 ]

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 1790–1913

cOPPERHEAdS

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

II
FORT SUmTER

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

bULL RUn

[ 157 ]

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 1790–1913

Lincoln’s term for antiwar Northern Democrats,

whom he believed to be traitors waiting for
an opportunity to strike against him—like a
poisonous copperhead snake.

Site of the opening battle of the Civil War,

this Union-controlled South Carolina fort was
besieged by Confederate forces in 1861. The
attack forced Congress to declare war on the
Confederate States of America.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

The first major battle of the Civil War began at

Bull Run when Confederate soldiers surprised
Union soldiers en route to Richmond, Virginia,
and forced them to retreat to Washington.

[ 158 ]

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 1790–1913

AnTIETAm

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

gETTYSbURg

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ULYSSES S. gRAnT

[ 159 ]

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 1790–1913

The aftermath of this Civil War victory for

Union forces in 1862 was significant: The Con­
federate campaign to invade Maryland was
ended, Lincoln felt confident enough to issue
the Emancipation Proclamation, and Britain
and France decided against recognizing the
Confederate States of America.

The turning point of the Civil War, Robert

E. Lee’s invasion of the North in 1863 was
rebuffed at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, where
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Lincoln later paid tribute to fallen Union sol­

diers in his Gettysburg Address.

Eighteenth president (1869–1877), command­

er of the Union Army during the Civil War.
Despite his initial sympathy for Radical Repub­
licans, Grant could not prevent conservatives
from regaining political control of the South.

[ 160 ]

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 1790–1913

cLARA bARTOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
II
dRAFT RIOTS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

THIRTEEnTH AmEndmEnT

[ 161 ]

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 1790–1913

The Civil War nurse who later founded the

American Red Cross.

The United States enforced a compulsory draft

for the Union Army, and poor Americans were
disproportionately forced to serve, which led
to riots around the nation. The largest riots in
New York led to over 70 deaths in 1863.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Ratified in 1865, this amendment abolished

slavery.

[ 162 ]

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 1790–1913

WILLIAm TEcUmSEH SHERmAn

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

II
JOHn WILkES bOOTH

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

REcOnSTRUcTIOn

[ 163 ]

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 1790–1913

Union general who drove his army through

Georgia and South Carolina, destroying key
infrastructure and crops in order to break the
Confederacy’s morale.

An actor by trade, Booth assassinated Abra­

ham Lincoln in Washington’s Ford Theater
as the president watched a play. Booth was
captured and killed several days later.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

The period from 1865 to1877 during which

the federal government administered the
rebuilding of civil structures and equal society
in the South. The effort is largely considered
a failure, as racist institutions replaced slavery
and widespread poverty afflicted southerners
of all races.

[ 164 ]

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 1790–1913

AndREW JOHnSOn

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

FREEdmEn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

FREEdmAn’S bUREAU

[ 165 ]

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 1790–1913

Seventeenth president (1865–1869); presided

over Reconstruction; considered too concilia­
tory toward the former Confederate states
and did little to protect the civil rights of
former slaves; impeached by the House of
Representatives.

A term referring to former slaves, especially

after the Civil War ended American slavery.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

This agency provided food and clothing to

impoverished former slaves and helped them
to adjust to life as freedmen.

[ 166 ]

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 1790–1913

FOURTEEnTH AmEndmEnT

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

II
cARPETbAggERS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ScALAWAgS

[ 167 ]

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 1790–1913

Grants full citizenship to all native-born

and naturalized immigrants, as well as
former slaves. Ratified in 1868 as part of
Reconstruction.

A pejorative term for northerners who came

to the South during Reconstruction to gain
wealth by buying land from desperate south­
erners and manipulating black voters to obtain
government contracts.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

A pejorative term for southerners who coop­

erated with the North to purchase land from
desperate southerners during Reconstruction.

[ 168 ]

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 1790–1913

FIFTEEnTH AmEndmEnT

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

SHAREcROPPERS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

RAdIcAL REPUbLIcAnS

[ 169 ]

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 1790–1913

This 1870 amendment to the Constitution

denied states the right to change their own
constitutions to limit black suffrage. It guaran­
teed the right to vote for all Americans regard­
less of race.

Hardly better than slavery for blacks after the

Civil War, sharecropping was an exploitative
system. Plantation owners would grant land to
former slaves in exchange for a share of the
freedmen’s crops.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

A northern political faction whose members

believed that moderate Republicans were not
harsh enough with former Confederate states.
The radicals favored punitive policies against
Confederate leaders and full civil rights for
former slaves.

[ 170 ]

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 1790–1913

THAddEUS STEVEnS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
II
REcOnSTRUcTIOn AcTS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

cOmPROmISE OF 1877

[ 171 ]

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 1790–1913

Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress

who argued for harsh punishments for the
South after the Civil War.

Despite a veto by President Andrew Johnson,

Radical Republicans pushed through these acts
which divided the former Confederacy into
military districts controlled by a general.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Alleged agreement between members of Con­

gress to decide the 1876 election. The deal
awarded Republican Rutherford B. Hayes the
electoral votes he needed to win the presi­
dency so long as he agreed to remove federal
troops from southern states, effectively ending
Reconstruction.

[ 172 ]

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 1790–1913

RUTHERFORd b. HAYES

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

mARk TWAIn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

SAmUEL F.b. mORSE

[ 173 ]

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 1790–1913

Nineteenth president (1877–1891); elected

controversially as he lost the popular vote but
was awarded 20 electoral votes as part of an
agreement to remove federal troops occupy­
ing former Confederate capitols; quelled the
Railroad Strike of 1877 and instituted civil
service reform.

Author of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain’s
humorous and often satirical tales captured the
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

language and lives of ordinary Americans.

Inventor who designed the telegraph system

and Morse code, which was adopted world­
wide in the mid-1800s to send telegraph
messages, the first real-time communications
technology.

[ 174 ]

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 1790–1913

TRAnSATLAnTIc TELEgRAPH
cAbLE

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

II
cOmmOdORE PERRY

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

POnY EXPRESS

[ 175 ]

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 1790–1913

Finished in 1858, this undersea cable between

Canada and Ireland enabled the first near-
instant communication between Europe and
the Americas.

U.S. naval commander who forcefully con­

vinced Japan to open its ports to trade with
the United States in 1853.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Mail service started in 1860 to deliver letters

from Missouri to California, a 2,000-mile trip
that the fastest riders could finish in 10 days.

[ 176 ]

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 1790–1913

TRAnScOnTInEnTAL RAILROAd

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
II
HOmESTEAd AcT

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PAnIc OF 1873

[ 177 ]

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 1790–1913

In May 1869, the Union Pacific and Central

Pacific railroads met in Utah, and a railway
spanning the entire continent was complete.

The 1862 decree meant to encourage western

migration by offering free land for settlers in
the western territories.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Overspeculation in railroads and an interna­

tional drop in the value of silver led to a huge
financial collapse. Banks shut down and the
New York Stock Exchange temporarily closed.
Unemployment reached 14%.

[ 178 ]

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 1790–1913

gREEnbAckS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
II
gREEnbAck PARTY

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

FREdERIck JAckSOn TURnER

[ 179 ]

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 1790–1913

Paper currency issued by the Union during the

Civil War that was not backed by silver or gold.

Antimonopoly, pro-union party active in the

1870s and 1880s, they rejected the shift from
paper money back to gold- or silver-based
currency because they believed that banks and
corporations would have the power to deter­
mine the value of goods and labor.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

This historian’s frontier thesis held that civiliza­

tion would advance so long as there was ter­
ritory to explore, as new frontiers provide op­
portunities for homeless or otherwise unsettled
men who are the causes of social problems.

[ 180 ]

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 1790–1913

IndIAn APPROPRIATIOnS AcT

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
II
cHIEF JOSEPH

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

bATTLE OF LITTLE bIgHORn

[ 181 ]

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 1790–1913

Federal reorganization of Indian land in 1851

that created the reservation system.

Leader of Nez Perce tribe, which battled the

U.S. military during attempts to relocate them
to an Idaho reservation in 1870.

1876 battle in which a coalition of Sioux and

AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Cheyenne Indians led by a chief called Sit­

ting Bull wiped out General George Custer’s
troops.

[ 182 ]

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 1790–1913

dAWES AcT

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

II
WOUndEd knEE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

WILLIAm SEWARd

[ 183 ]

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 1790–1913

Legislation in 1887 meant to assimilate Indi­

ans by encouraging them to purchase tribal
land from the government to maintain their
autonomy.

South Dakota site of the 1890 massacre of

several hundred Lakota Sioux Indians.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Secretary of State Seward, a passionate ex­

pansionist, urged the purchase of Alaska from
Russia in 1886. The Alaska acquisition was
called “Seward’s folly,” yet turned out to be a
valuable territory supplying timber, gold,
and oil.

[ 184 ]

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 1790–1913

cIVIL RIgHTS AcT OF 1875

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

II
JIm cROW LAWS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

gRAndFATHER cLAUSES

[ 185 ]

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 1790–1913

The Supreme Court decided this act was

unconstitutional; its purpose was to outlaw
Jim Crow laws and make public discrimination
against blacks illegal.

State laws that created racial segregation in

the South by restricting voting rights for black
Americans and segregated public facilities.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

A scheme to deny voting rights to blacks,

these local rules in the South allowed a citizen
to vote only if his grandfather had been able
to vote. As freed slaves or the sons of freed­
men, blacks had no ancestors who could vote
and were thus disenfranchised.

[ 186 ]

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 1790–1913

W.E.b. dUbOIS

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

THE ATLAnTA cOmPROmISE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

LYncHIng

[ 187 ]

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 1790–1913

A founder of the National Association for the

Advancement of Colored People (NAACP),
DuBois was a fiery orator who opposed com­
promise on race relations and demanded full
civil rights for blacks long before the concept
seemed reasonable even to many blacks them­
selves. He opposed the Atlanta Compromise.

An 1895 accord between black leaders and

southern political figures that offered a com­
promise on race relations: Southern blacks
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

would submit to white political rule and end

calls for integration, while southern whites
would guarantee basic education and legal
due process for blacks.

A frighteningly common exercise in mob jus­

tice, lynching describes the execution (usually
by hanging) of an alleged lawbreaker without
due process. Blacks who seemed to disobey or
insult whites in the South were often the victim
of lynch mobs.

[ 188 ]

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 1790–1913

TUSkEgEE InSTITUTE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
II
plessy v. ferGuson

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

WilliaMs v. Mississippi

[ 189 ]

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 1790–1913

The first formal school for blacks, founded by

Booker T. Washington in 1885.

This 1896 Supreme Court decision allowed for

racial segregation, legalizing “separate but
equal” facilities, which was a way of life in the
South for nearly 60 years.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

The 1898 Supreme Court case that upheld the

legality of poll taxes and literacy tests, which
were designed to deprive blacks of the right
to vote.

[ 190 ]

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 1790–1913

cHInESE EXcLUSIOn AcT

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

mUgWUmPS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

gOLd bUgS

[ 191 ]

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 1790–1913

1882 law to effectively end Chinese immigra­

tion in response to nativist sentiment that Chi­
nese immigrants—who had come to California
in droves during the Gold Rush and built the
transcontinental railroad—drove down wages
for unskilled labor.

A derogatory term for Republican Party activ­

ists who objected to their 1884 presidential
candidate’s corrupt reputation and voted for
Democrat Grover Cleveland. Mugwump came
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

to refer to a political figure who deserts his

party.

Turn-of-the-century term for a supporter of

the gold standard for currency (as opposed to
the silver standard or currency valuated by the
government).

[ 192 ]

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 1790–1913

JAmES gILLESPIE bLAInE

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

II
POPULIST PARTY

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

OmAHA PLATFORm

[ 193 ]

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 1790–1913

Republican presidential candidate in 1884, he

lost the election by saying that Irish Catholics
were people of “rum, Romanism, and
rebellion.”

Party formed in 1891 to represent the interests

of farmers in the South and Midwest. Their
agrarian platform opposed the interests of
banks, railroads, and corporations. They ran
William Jennings Bryan for president in 1896,
who the Democrats also endorsed as their
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

candidate.

The Populist Party platform for the 1892 elec­

tion and their candidate James Weaver: na­
tional income tax, direct election of senators,
railroad regulation, and free coinage of silver.

[ 194 ]

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 1790–1913

FREE SILVER

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
II
PAnIc OF 1893

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

JAmES A. gARFIELd

[ 195 ]

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 1790–1913

Movement to adopt silver as the basis for

American currency that was never adopted
because other nations use the gold standard.

A severe depression caused by railroad over-

speculation and bank runs that left the federal
gold supply so low that President Cleveland
had to borrow gold from financier J.P. Morgan.
Cleveland’s Democrats were blamed for the
depression, and voters swept in Republican
candidates who presided over the Progres-
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

sive Era.

Twentieth president (1881); assassinated short­

ly after taking office, his civil service reform
efforts would be completed by his successor.

[ 196 ]

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 1790–1913

HALF-bREEdS

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

POLITIcAL mAcHInES

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

TAmmAnY HALL

[ 197 ]

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 1790–1913

Republican political faction of the late 1800s,

the party’s moderate wing that favored
eliminating a patronage system that awarded
federal appointments to political allies in favor
of a merit-based system. The Half-Breeds, who
included President Garfield and Maine senator
James G. Blaine, passed the Pendleton Civil
Service Reform Act in 1883.

Political organizations led by a party boss or

group that commands enough votes (often
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

through graft and intimidation) to hold political

and administrative control in a city or state.
One of the most famous in American history is
New York’s Tammany Hall.

Democratic political machine controlling New

York City politics for much of the late 1800s
and early 1900s. Tammany had wide (and
often corrupting) influence in city political
nominations, public contracts, and jobs, earn­
ing political capital through popularity among
immigrants, especially the Irish.

[ 198 ]

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 1790–1913

STALWARTS

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

cHESTER A. ARTHUR

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

cREdIT mObILIER

[ 199 ]

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 1790–1913

Republicans during the late 1800s who favored

a machine-politics system of patronage for
federal appointments, thereby awarding gov­
ernment jobs to supporters, as opposed to a
merit-based system for these positions.

Twenty-first president (1881–1885); Republi­

cans passed the Pendleton Civil Service
Reform Act despite his alliance with pro-
patronage. Arthur’s predecessor, President
James A. Garfield, had been assassinated by a
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

deranged office seeker.

Stockholders of the Union Pacific Railroad

owned this construction company and used it
to charge the federal government twice the
actual cost of the work. When the scheme was
discovered, the company tried to bribe gov­
ernment officials to stop the investigation.

[ 200 ]

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 1790–1913

gROVER cLEVELAnd

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

WILLIAm JEnnIngS bRYAn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

gOLd STAndARd AcT

[ 201 ]

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 1790–1913

The only president to serve nonconsecutive

terms, he was the 22nd and 24th president
(1885–1889 and 1893–1897). A principled
reformer who battled corruption and patron­
age, his second presidency was undone by
the Panic of 1893 and the resulting political
divide in his own Democratic Party. Cleveland
intervened in the Pullman Strike and strongly
favored the gold standard.

A repeat Democratic candidate for president,

AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Bryan was an ardent opponent of the gold

standard. A deeply religious man, he served as
prosecutor in the Scopes Monkey Trial.

This 1900 act held that American paper cur­

rency would be backed only by gold. Silver
coinage was eliminated and the government
was forced to hold gold reserves to exchange
for paper currency.

[ 202 ]

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 1790–1913

ALEXAndER gRAHAm bELL

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
THOmAS EdISOn

II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

WOmEn’S cHRISTIAn
TEmPERAncE UnIOn

[ 203 ]

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 1790–1913

Invented the telephone in 1876.

A prolific inventor, Edison created or devel­

oped practical versions of the electric light
bulb, the phonograph, the mimeograph, and
other innovations of the modern electrical
system and telecommunications.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

A women’s organization urging laws against

the sale of alcohol and promoting total
abstinence.

[ 204 ]

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 1790–1913

gRAngER mOVEmEnT

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

gILdEd AgE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

cHARLES dARWIn

[ 205 ]

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 1790–1913

Agrarian organizations seeking political and

economic power for farmers, they opposed
corrupt business practices and monopolies.
Small grange organizations eventually com­
bined with labor unions to form the Progres­
sive Party.

Term for the late 1800s due to the rapid

growth of industrial wealth and the luxurious
lifestyles of the new captains of industry. The
phrase, coined by Mark Twain, was ironic in
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

that economic progress masked widespread

poverty and corruption.

British scientist whose theory of evolution

caused an uproar for suggesting that people
and animals were not created but simply part
of an ongoing natural process of mutation and
adaptation.

[ 206 ]

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 1790–1913

SOcIAL dARWInISm

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

bESSEmER PROcESS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

LAISSEZ-FAIRE EcOnOmIcS

[ 207 ]

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 1790–1913

Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” concept came

to be used in the 1870s to defend social or po­
litical policies that didn’t favor disadvantaged
people or businesses. The ideology fell out of
favor when it was adopted to justify imperial­
ism and theories of racial inferiority.

A process refined in 1855 to make possible

the mass production of steel that enabled
the construction of large steel structures like
skyscrapers.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

This concept postulates that an economy

thrives when government does not regulate
business.

[ 208 ]

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 1790–1913

nOUVEAU RIcHE

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

II
RObbER bAROnS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

JOHn d. ROckEFELLER

[ 209 ]

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 1790–1913

French phrase meaning “new rich” used to

distinguish those who became wealthy through
industry from those whose family wealth
spanned generations.

Popular name for big business owners who got

rich by swindling the government or forming
illegal business combinations.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Owner of the Standard Oil Company and one

of the nation’s wealthiest and most powerful
businessmen.

[ 210 ]

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 1790–1913

AndREW cARnEgIE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
cORnELIUS VAndERbILT

II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

gUSTAVUS SWIFT

[ 211 ]

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 1790–1913

Steel industry magnate and philanthropist.

Controlled the New York Central railroad; a

powerful and influential businessman.

Meat industry magnate who grew to power

with the development of refrigerated railcars
for transporting meat and the industrial uses of
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

many meat by-products.

[ 212 ]

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 1790–1913

nATIOnAL LAbOR UnIOn

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

knIgHTS OF LAbOR

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

cOLLEcTIVE bARgAInIng

[ 213 ]

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 1790–1913

The first national labor federation founded in

1866 and responsible for the eight-hour
workday. The NLU dissolved quickly but laid
the foundation for more successful labor
federations.

Unlike other labor organizations, the Knights

survived the depression of the 1870s. They
used increasingly radical measures to advo­
cate for equal pay for men and women, laws
against child labor, and sanitation and safety
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

requirements in the workplace.

A demand of labor unions, collective bargain­

ing is the right of laborers to negotiate hours,
wages, and labor conditions with employers.

[ 214 ]

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 1790–1913

YELLOW dOg cOnTRAcT

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
II
AmERIcAn FEdERATIOn
OF LAbOR

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

SAmUEL gOmPERS

[ 215 ]

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 1790–1913

A contract between labor and management by

which workers agree not to join unions while
they work for a particular company.

Largest federation of labor unions in the nation

for decades after its inception, the AFL was
less radical than other federations.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Founder of the American Federation of Labor

in 1886, Gompers united unions and en­
couraged them to elect supportive political
candidates.

[ 216 ]

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 1790–1913

HAYmARkET SQUARE RIOT

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PInkERTOnS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

mOTHER JOnES

[ 217 ]

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 1790–1913

After Chicago police shot laborers protesting

for a shorter workday in 1886, over 100,000
rallied in the city’s Haymarket Square. During
the rally, a German immigrant detonated a
bomb that killed a policeman. The event (and
the trial that followed) stirred xenophobia.

A select squad of Chicago policemen often

used to disrupt strikes.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

A labor organizer who brought the issues of

child labor and unequal pay for women to the
attention of political leaders; also a founder of
the Industrial Workers of the World.

[ 218 ]

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 1790–1913

HORATIO ALgER

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PULLmAn STRIkE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

SHERmAn AnTITRUST AcT

[ 219 ]

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 1790–1913

Gilded Age author who wrote rags-to-riches

tales of poor young men who find success
through hard work and perseverance. These
stories defined the American dream for gen­
erations to come.

Strike of railroad employees in 1894. Social­

ist leader Eugene Debs led a labor boycott of
Pullman railcars. The protests turned violent,
and President Cleveland declared the strike
was illegal according to the Sherman Act, as it
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

disrupted mail delivery.

Enacted in 1890, the first federal antitrust act.

It opposed monopolies and other corporate
combinations that constrain trade or competi­
tion. Later amended by the Clayton Act.

[ 220 ]

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 1790–1913

TRUST

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
II
HORIZOnTAL cOnSOLIdATIOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

VERTIcAL cOnSOLIdATIOn

[ 221 ]

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 1790–1913

A combination of two or more companies in

the same industry for the purpose of reducing
competition and controlling prices.

A type of monopoly that occurs when a com­

pany controls one aspect of a manufacturing
process.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

A type of monopoly occurring when a com­

pany controls every step of the manufacturing
process for a particular product, including raw
materials, suppliers, and distribution.

[ 222 ]

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 1790–1913

united states v. e.C. kniGht

CoMpany

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

II
bEnJAmIn HARRISOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

LILIUOkALAnI

[ 223 ]

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 1790–1913

The Supreme Court decided in 1895 that a

sugar company’s monopoly had no direct
effect on commerce and thus couldn’t be regu­
lated by the government.

Twenty-third president (1889–1893); grandson

of William Henry Harrison; passed the land­
mark Sherman Antitrust Act and the protec­
tionist McKinley Tariff.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Queen of Hawaii deposed by American forces

in 1893. The island kingdom become first a
protectorate and eventually an American state,
as Hawaii offered a valuable naval outpost in
the Pacific.

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 1790–1913

bOXER REbELLIOn

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

OPEn dOOR POLIcY

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

WILLIAm mckInLEY

[ 225 ]

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 1790–1913

The Boxer Rebellion of the 1890s was started

by Chinese nationalists opposed to Western
imperialism and the presence of Christian
missionaries in China. The group massacred
thousands of foreigners and Chinese who
converted to Christianity. It took armies from
the United States, Great Britain, France, Italy,
and Japan to stop the rebellion, which came to
a halt in August 1900.

Secretary of State John Hull’s phrase for equal

AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

trade among imperialist nations trading in

China.

Twenty-fifth president (1897–1901); presided

over rapid economic growth and America’s first
imperialist venture after the Spanish-American
War; he also annexed Hawaii. McKinley was
assassinated shortly after beginning his second
term by the anarchist Leon Czolgosz.

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 1790–1913

JOSEPH PULITZER

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

WILLIAm RAndOLPH HEARST

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

USS Maine

[ 227 ]

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 1790–1913

Publisher of the New York World newspaper,

he changed American journalism by publishing
human-interest stories, scandal, and sensation­
alism to compete for readers with William Ran­
dolph Hearst. He crusaded against corporate
greed and corruption.

Powerful newspaper magnate whose political

influence was said to have rallied support for
the Spanish-American War.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Battleship sunk in Havana harbor under myste­

rious circumstances. Still, inflammatory news­
papers blamed Spain, and the Maine’s sinking
precipitated the Spanish-American War.

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 1790–1913

JIngOISm

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
II
ImPERIALISm

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

YELLOW JOURnALISm

[ 229 ]

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 1790–1913

A form of extreme nationalism that advocates

the use of threats or military force against for­
eign countries to protect national interests.

Describes a powerful nation conquering or

controlling a weaker nation’s politics and
economy.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

The style of late nineteenth- and early

twentieth-century journalists and newspapers
who used sensationalistic headlines to grab
attention. Stories were often untrue or biased
in a way to influence the reading audience at a
time when newspapers were the only source of
information.

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 1790–1913

SPAnISH-AmERIcAn WAR

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ROUgH RIdERS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

TREATY OF PARIS

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 1790–1913

War between Spain and the United States

in 1898 stemming from Cuba’s war for inde­
pendence. The belligerents fought on another
front in the Philippines. The conflict ultimately
led to American victory and possession of
former Spanish colonies Guam, Cuba, the
Philippines, and Puerto Rico.

This volunteer battalion recruited by Theodore

Roosevelt made him famous after they won a
key 1898 battle against Spain at San Juan Hill
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

in Santiago, Cuba.

Ended the Spanish-American War in 1898 and

awarded the territories of Guam, Cuba, Puerto
Rico, and the Philippines to the United States.

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 1790–1913

PROTEcTORATE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
II
PHILIPPInE InSURREcTIOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PORTSmOUTH TREATY

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 1790–1913

A small country under the protection of a more

powerful nation, such as Cuba to the United
States after the Spanish-American War.

A Filipino rebellion against U.S. colonization

beginning in 1899. This conflict is also known
for guerilla warfare, a tactic of the Filipinos.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Document signed by the Russians and Japa­

nese that ended the Russo-Japanese War in
1905. For negotiating the treaty, President
Theodore Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace
Prize.

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 1790–1913

HAY-PAUncEFOTE TREATY

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PAnAmA cAnAL

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

THEOdORE ROOSEVELT

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 1790–1913

Signed by the United States and United King­

dom in 1901, this agreement stated that the
United States would have sole rights in con­
structing and controlling the Panama Canal.
Both countries later agreed that such a canal
should not be controlled by just one nation.

Roughly 50 miles in length, the Panama Canal

was constructed by the United States between
1904 and 1914. It allowed faster access be­
tween the Atlantic and Pacific, and continues
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

to be an important conduit for international

trade and travel.

Twenty-sixth president (1901–1909); icon of

the Progressive Era; promised “a Square Deal”
for Americans and delivered by breaking
up trusts and pushing for social reforms. His
robust foreign policy included pushing for the
Panama Canal and negotiating an end to the
Russo-Japanese War.

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 1790–1913

ROOSEVELT cOROLLARY

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

bIg STIck POLIcY

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

nORTHERn SEcURITIES
cOmPAnY

[ 237 ]

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 1790–1913

In an attempt to block further European

expansion into the Western Hemisphere, this
corollary to the Monroe Doctrine stated that
the United States might intervene if a Latin
American country was experiencing large
debts or civil unrest.

President Theodore Roosevelt said of his

foreign policy, “speak softly and carry a big
stick.” This political ideology was more about
intimidation than actual military force.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

A railroad trust formed in 1902. Theodore

Roosevelt sued the company according to the
Sherman Antitrust Act for creating a monopoly.
The Supreme Court ruled against the com­
pany, which was dissolved, a major victory for
Roosevelt and antitrust activists.

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 1790–1913

PROgRESSIVE ERA

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

mUckRAkERS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

JAnE AddAmS

[ 239 ]

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 1790–1913

An era of social activism and political reform

from the 1890s to the 1920s. Reformers at the
national and local levels attempted to end cor­
porate and government corruption and solve
social ills such as alcoholism, poverty, and
illiteracy. The movement involved women to a
greater extent than previous political eras.

A term used to describe Progressive Era

investigative journalists who wrote exposés
on economic and political corruption, as well
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

as social problems in an increasingly industrial

society.

Social reformer for the working class, she

opened Chicago’s Hull House, the nation’s first
private social welfare organization.

[ 240 ]

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 1790–1913

TEnEmEnTS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
II
SEcOnd WAVE OF
ImmIgRATIOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

SOcIAL gOSPEL mOVEmEnT

[ 241 ]

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 1790–1913

Urban housing for factory laborers (later for

immigrants), often overcrowded and poorly
constructed.

Second wave of immigrants from Eastern and

Southern Europe, including many Jews and
Italians, from 1865 to 1910.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

A turn-of-the-century movement that promot­

ed social responsibility as a means of spiritual
salvation.

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 1790–1913

FUndAmEnTALISTS

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

mARgARET SAngER

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

FRAnk LLOYd WRIgHT

[ 243 ]

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 1790–1913

Refers to a broad Protestant movement to

defend Christian ideals from more liberal
religious philosophies or secularism. Some
fundamentalist theologies hold that the Bible
is the literal truth.

After serving as a nurse in New York slums,

Sanger saw the suffering caused by unwanted
pregnancy. She led the movement to legalize
birth control and opened the nation’s first birth
control clinic.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

America’s greatest architect, he designed not

only notable public buildings like New York’s
Guggenheim museum, but also revolutionized
the design and layout of the American home.

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 1790–1913

TRIAngLE SHIRTWAIST
cOmPAnY FIRE

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

II
UPTOn SIncLAIR

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PURE FOOd And dRUg AcT

[ 245 ]

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 1790–1913

A 1911 fire in a New York City factory that

killed 146 people (mostly women) due to
unsafe working conditions. The tragedy led to
federal acts to protect workers.

Writer best known for his 1906 muckraking

novel, The Jungle, which exposed unsani­
tary conditions in the Chicago meat-packing
industry. His work led to a federal investigation
under President Roosevelt and eventually, the
1906 Pure Food and Drug Act.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Enacted in 1906 by the federal government

to protect the American consumer, the law
provided for mandated inspection of meat
products. It also sought to stop the mislabe­
ling of “quack medicines,” pharmaceuticals
promoted as healthful that had no scientific
evidence to back up advertised claims.

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 1790–1913

JAcOb RIIS

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

IdA TARbELL

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

EUgEnE dEbS

[ 247 ]

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 1790–1913

Muckraking photojournalist best known for his

1890 book How the Other Half Lives, which
documented and exposed the difficult lives
and squalid living conditions of the impover­
ished lower-class living in the slums of New
York City.

Muckraking female journalist who wrote for

McClure’s magazine. She is best known for
her exposé “The History of the Standard Oil
Company” (1904).
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Socialist Party candidate in the 1908 and 1912

elections, Debs was imprisoned according to
the Sedition Act during World War I.

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 1790–1913

nIAgARA mOVEmEnT

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

nATIOnAL ASSOcIATIOn FOR

THE AdVAncEmEnT OF
cOLOREd PEOPLE (nAAcP)

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

bULL mOOSE PARTY

[ 249 ]

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 1790–1913

African-American civil rights organization that

met near Niagara Falls, NY in 1905 to author a
Declaration of Principles. These included racial
equality, women’s suffrage, and full civil liber­
ties for black Americans. Later absorbed into
the NAACP.

A civil rights organization founded in 1909 to

preserve equality for African Americans and
eliminate racism. The NAACP was a driving
force to overturn Jim Crow laws.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Nickname for the Progressive Party, which

ran Theodore Roosevelt for president in the
election of 1912. Roosevelt’s third party was
so popular that he split the Republican vote,
which allowed Woodrow Wilson to win the
election.

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 1790–1913

nEW nATIOnALISm

PART
II
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

WILLIAm HOWARd TAFT

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

dOLLAR dIPLOmAcY

[ 251 ]

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 1790–1913

Theodore Roosevelt’s 1912 Progressive party

platform, this plan endorsed a more active
social and economic role for government,
continued antitrust regulation, and women’s
suffrage and social welfare programs.

Twenty-seventh president (1909–1913);

trust-busting Republican who passed the first
federal income tax law.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Refers to the United States guaranteeing loans

made to Latin American countries to maintain
stable governments and protect American in­
terests in the region. The practice is part of the
Roosevelt Corollary, allowing the United States
to intervene if neighboring nations seem eco­
nomically vulnerable to European creditors.

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 1790–1913

SIXTEEnTH AmEndmEnT

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

II
cLAYTOn AnTITRUST AcT

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

FEdERAL RESERVE AcT

[ 253 ]

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 1790–1913

Ratified in 1913, it allowed Congress to collect

income taxes. Very much a product of the
Progressive Era, income taxes shifted more of
the tax burden to the wealthy.

The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 added to the

scope of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890.
Individuals from one company were no longer
allowed to have a directorship on the board of
a competing company. In addition, changes
were made to laws on mergers & acquisitions.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Companies were not allowed to merge if the

result was a monopoly.

This 1913 act created a banking regulatory

agency controlled by the Federal Reserve
Board. The Federal Reserve controls money in
circulation through reserves and interest rates.
In contrast to laissez-faire economics, this act
was meant to help small banks stay afloat.

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 Part III

1914–2001

AP* U.S . HIS T ORY FLA S H REV I EW

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Blank Page
 1914–2001

FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSIOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

MOnOPOLY

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

LOUIS D. BRAnDEIS

[ 257 ]

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 1914–2001

Federal agency established in 1914 to ensure

a free consumer marketplace by regulating
certain aspects of commerce. It investigates
accusations of unfair trade practices and
monopolies.

When a specific person or company exclu­

sively controls a particular commodity. As a
result of having total control of the market, the
company can manipulate and control pricing,
which can negatively impact the economy and
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

competitive marketplace.

Attorney who pushed for banking reform and

laws protecting women in the workplace,
Brandeis was nominated for the Supreme
Court in 1916 and became the first Jewish
American to serve as a justice.

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 1914–2001

WOODROW WILSOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

nEW FREEDOM

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ZIMMERMAn nOTE

[ 259 ]

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 1914–2001

Twenty-eighth president (1913–1921); prolific

Progressive domestic agenda included the
Clayton Antitrust Act and creating the Fed­
eral Trade Commission and Federal Reserve.
He also advocated for women’s suffrage and
against child labor, led the nation into World
War I, and his Fourteen Points were a postwar
vision for a world without war.

Wilson’s political platform advancing entrepre­

neurship and markets with few regulations but
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

no monopolies.

A major impetus for the United States to enter

World War I, this secret telegram written by
the German foreign secretary was discov­
ered to contain a proposed German-Mexican
alliance in the coming global conflict with
promises for Mexico to regain American land
in the Southwest.

[ 260 ]

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 1914–2001

LUSITAnIA

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
WORLD WAR I

III

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

REPARATIOnS

[ 261 ]

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 1914–2001

A British transatlantic liner torpedoed by the

Germans on May 7, 1915. Over 1,000 people
died. This unprovoked attack is considered
to be the strongest contributing factor for the
United States to enter World War I.

When the territorial ambitions of Europe’s em­

pires exploded into war, the entire continent
was drawn into the conflict via alliances—the
United Kingdom, France and Russia versus
Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. The Great
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

War, as it came to be known, took over nine

million lives through gruesome trench warfare
and new mechanized weapons. The result was
a new Europe: the end of empires in Germany,
Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey.

Payments or services provided by a perpetra­

tor to a victim to account for property damage
or other loss. After World War I, the victors
forced Germany to accept responsibility for
the war and pay reparations to its opponents.

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 1914–2001

TREATY OF VERSAILLES

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
FOURTEEn POInTS

III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

LEAgUE OF nATIOnS

[ 263 ]

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 1914–2001

This treaty ended World War I though it did

little to change the prewar power structure
in Europe or prevent future conflict. Within
decades, the treaty was widely ridiculed for
ineffectiveness and creating conditions in
Germany that may have encouraged the rise
of Nazism.

President Wilson’s World War I peace plan

designed to prevent future conflicts, which
included free trade, open peace treaties, and a
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

world government. Wilson was forced to com­

promise each point at the Paris Peace Confer­
ence except for the founding of a League of
Nations.

President Wilson’s vision for an intergovern­

mental organization came to reality after World
War I. Dedicated to maintaining world peace,
the League dissolved in the 1930s when it
failed to prevent fascist powers in Europe from
attacking their neighbors.

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 1914–2001

UnITED STATES REFUSES

LEAgUE OF nATIOnS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

U-BOATS

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

III
BOLSHEVIkS

[ 265 ]

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 1914–2001

Congress voted against joining the League

of Nations, claiming the League would limit
American self-determinism, including the right
of Congress to declare war.

German submarines used in World War I and

World War II to attack other military vessels,
supply ships, and even civilian boats for the
purpose of intimidation.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Russian socialists led by Lenin in 1917 who

organized a revolution to overthrow the tsar.
They became a symbol of the possibilities of
socialist revolution around the world.

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 1914–2001

BLACk MIgRATIOn TO
THE nORTH

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

MARCUS gARVEY

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
III
HARLEM REnAISSAnCE

[ 267 ]

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 1914–2001

Due to increased industrial jobs to support

the war and the growth of northern factories,
blacks left the South in droves during World
War I to seek better economic opportunities.

Radical black leader who proclaimed that

blacks would get no justice in white nations
and urged his people to move back to Africa.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

During the first half of the 1900s, Harlem

became a center for black writers, musicians,
and intellectuals, from jazz musicians like Duke
Ellington to writers like Langston Hughes.

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 1914–2001

PROPAgAnDA

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ESPIOnAgE AnD SEDITIOn

ACTS

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

III
FIRST RED SCARE

[ 269 ]

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 1914–2001

Mass-marketed messages intended to in­

fluence public thought. The United States
engaged in propaganda in World War I, for
example, to rally popular support for the war.

To spurn nationalism and maintain support for

America’s involvement in World War I, these
acts were largely used to prosecute antiwar
socialists and radical labor union members.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Widespread fear during the 1920s that com­

munism would come to the United States.
Businesses exploited this fear in order to
control labor unions.

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 1914–2001

PALMER RAIDS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

SACCO AnD VAnZETTI

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

kU kLUx kLAn

[ 271 ]

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 1914–2001

Red Scare crackdown on suspected commu­

nists in 1919 and 1920 resulting in hundreds of
arrests, mainly targeting immigrants.

Two Italian immigrants convicted of murder

on flimsy evidence in 1927 and sentenced to
death. Xenophobia (fear of foreigners) may
have played a role in their conviction, as well
as their alleged affiliation with anarchist and
union organizations.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

A racist organization that grew in the 1920s,

the Klan threatened violence toward anyone
in the United States who was not from a white,
Protestant background.

[ 272 ]

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 1914–2001

HEnRY CABOT LODgE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

EMERgEnCY QUOTA ACT

OF 1921

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

III
IMMIgRATIOn QUOTA ACT
OF 1924

[ 273 ]

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 1914–2001

An outspoken Massachusetts senator who

introduced a bill to limit immigration through
literacy tests. Lodge also led Republicans
against American involvement in the League of
Nations.

This act limited immigration to 3% of each

nationality already within the United States ac­
cording to the 1910 census.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

This act reduced quotas for immigration from

3% to 2% of the total U.S. population for that
nationality in order to preserve the country’s
racial composition.

[ 274 ]

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 1914–2001

ROBERT LA FOLLETTE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

F. SCOTT FITZgERALD

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
EIgHTEEnTH AMEnDMEnT III

[ 275 ]

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 1914–2001

Wisconsin senator and 1924 Progressive Party

presidential candidate who called for govern­
ment ownership of the railroads and relief for
farmers.

Author of The Great Gatsby, which depicts

American society’s increasing glorification of
wealth and achievement.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Outlawed the manufacture and sale of “intoxi­

cating liquors.” It was ratified in 1919, though
the Volstead Act, which enforced the amend­
ment, did not begin until 1920. The Twenty-
First Amendment repealed the Eighteenth
Amendment in 1933. This is the only amend­
ment to be repealed in its entirety.

[ 276 ]

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 1914–2001

PROHIBITIOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

VOLSTEAD ACT

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

III
nInETEEnTH AMEnDMEnT

[ 277 ]

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 1914–2001

Prohibition was a federal ban on the manu­

facture and sale of alcohol from 1920 through
1933.

Also known as the National Prohibition Act,

the Volstead Act was written to provide en­
forcement of the Eighteenth Amendment to
the Constitution, which had begun the period
of U.S. Prohibition.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Ratified in 1920, this amendment gave women

the right to vote.

[ 278 ]

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 1914–2001

FLAPPERS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

JOHn T. SCOPES

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

CLAREnCE DARROW

[ 279 ]

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 1914–2001

A term for young women of the 1920s who

many considered to be immodest for their fast
lifestyles and bold new fashions such as short
skirts and bobbed hairstyles.

Defendant in the 1925 trial centered on teach­

ing evolution. Scopes was indicted for teach­
ing Darwin’s theory in Tennessee. Though he
was convicted and had to pay a petty fine,
Clarence Darrow’s sharp-witted defense of
Scopes made his fundamentalist accusers look
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

foolish.

The famed criminal defense lawyer at “the

Scopes Monkey Trial” whose clever defense
of evolution embarrassed William Jennings
Bryan, considered to be one of the great
American orators.

[ 280 ]

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 1914–2001

The Jazz Singer

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

CHARLES LInDBERgH

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

III
HEnRY FORD

[ 281 ]

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 1914–2001

The first motion picture with sound in 1927,

it starred Al Jolson, a white man, portraying a
black jazz singer.

Lindbergh became a national hero in 1927

when he became the first person to fly solo
across the Atlantic Ocean. A staunch isolation­
ist, he was a notable public voice against the
United States entering World War II.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Revolutionized the auto industry through

assembly line manufacturing and made cars
affordable for many Americans.

[ 282 ]

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 1914–2001

WARREn g. HARDIng

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

CALVIn COOLIDgE

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

III
TEAPOT DOME SCAnDAL

[ 283 ]

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 1914–2001

Twenty-ninth president (1921–1923); remem­

bered less for economic success during his
presidency than scandals and corruption in his
administration, including the Teapot Dome
Scandal. Died in office.

Thirtieth president (1923–1929); presided over

economic growth and general prosperity and
reduced the size of the federal government.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Several Cabinet members were forced to re­

sign in 1929 when it was discovered they had
taken bribes from oil companies to manage
the naval oil reserves.

[ 284 ]

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 1914–2001

HERBERT HOOVER

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

BLACk TUESDAY

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

HOOVERVILLE

[ 285 ]

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 1914–2001

Thirty-first president (1929–1933). The stock

market crashed only weeks into his presidency,
and Hoover is remembered as being unable to
prevent the Great Depression, though some
of his early efforts (including public works
projects like Hoover Dam) inspired New Deal
programs.

The largest stock market crash in American

history, on October 29, 1929, that began the
Great Depression.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Ironic name for the shantytowns created on

vacant lots and public land during the Depres­
sion, which reflected widespread blame for
Hoover’s inaction or ineffectiveness to heal the
economy.

[ 286 ]

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 1914–2001

SMOOT–HAWLEY TARIFF ACT

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

TWEnTY-FIRST AMEnDMEnT

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
III
FRAnkLIn D. ROOSEVELT

[ 287 ]

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 1914–2001

A 1930 act that raised the tariff on imported

agricultural and industrial goods that some say
exacerbated the Depression.

Ended Prohibition in 1933 after a government

commission determined that banning alcohol
had actually led to an increase in crime.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Thirty-second president (1933–1945); only

president elected to four terms; led America
through the Depression with the New Deal
programs that extended the reach of the fed­
eral government to address the crisis; also led
the nation during World War II.

[ 288 ]

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 1914–2001

gREAT DEPRESSIOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

BOnUS ARMY

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

DUST BOWL

[ 289 ]

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 1914–2001

A combination of economic factors led to

the crash: In the United States, inflated stock
prices, excessive debt, and industrial overpro­
duction; in Europe, when Germany defaulted
on World War I reparations, several European
banks failed.

Veterans of World War I hit hard by the De­

pression who marched on Washington to de­
mand aid to alleviate their economic suffering.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Term for the drought-afflicted prairie territory

in the Southeast during the Depression. Many
Texas and Oklahoma farmers abandoned their
land and traveled west in search of new
opportunities.

[ 290 ]

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 1914–2001

nEW DEAL

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

nEW DEAL COALITIOn

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

JOHn MAYnARD kEYnES

[ 291 ]

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 1914–2001

Franklin Roosevelt’s plan to heal the economy

focused on relief, recovery, and reform.
Roosevelt pushed through programs to
increase employment, increase the minimum
wage, and reform many other social issues.

Roosevelt united factions of voters who sel­

dom agreed, creating a broad base of support
for his New Deal among ethnic minorities,
southern whites, and organized labor.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

British economist who believed that increasing

government spending could pull an economy
out of depression by creating jobs and em­
powering consumers. These theories were the
basis for FDR’s economic programs.

[ 292 ]

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 1914–2001

BAnk RUn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

gLASS-STEAgALL ACT

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

BAnk HOLIDAY

[ 293 ]

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 1914–2001

Occurs when citizens or investors withdraw

substantial amounts from banks to hold their
money privately or exchange currency for
gold; a major cause of several economic pan­
ics, including the Great Depression.

This 1933 act allowed defaulted banks to

reopen and gave the government power to
regulate banking transactions and foreign
exchange. The act created the Federal Deposit
Insurance Corporation, which insures the ac­
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

counts of depositors of its member banks. The

act also outlawed banks investing in the stock
market.

To slow the tide of bank failures, FDR instituted

a bank holiday in March 1933. As all banks
were closed, people could not remove their
savings and force banks to shut down for lack
of deposits.

[ 294 ]

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 1914–2001

EMERgEnCY BAnkIng RELIEF

ACT

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

TEnnESSEE VALLEY
AUTHORITY (TVA)

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
III
nATIOnAL LABOR RELATIOnS
BOARD

[ 295 ]

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 1914–2001

This 1933 act instituted a forced bank holiday

and instituted government oversight of poorly
managed banks, which helped to restore pub­
lic confidence in the banks.

FDR founded this government-owned corpora­

tion to create jobs supplying electricity to poor
rural areas.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

An administrative board that gave laborers

the rights of self-organization and collective
bargaining.

[ 296 ]

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 1914–2001

CIVILIAn COnSERVATIOn
CORPS (CCC)

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

FEDERAL HOUSIng AUTHORITY

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
III
SECOnD nEW DEAL

[ 297 ]

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 1914–2001

The CCC provided employment during the

Great Depression, including projects in refor­
estation, flood control, and draining swamp­
lands.

President Franklin Roosevelt created this agen­

cy to provide sanitary and low-cost housing for
the poor during the Great Depression.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

The second stage beginning in 1935 of

Franklin Roosevelt’s plan to pull the nation
out of the Depression, this included the Social
Security Act.

[ 298 ]

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 1914–2001

SOCIAL SECURITY ACT OF 1935

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

WORkS PROgRESS

PART
ADMInISTRATIOn (WPA)

III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

REVEnUE ACT

[ 299 ]

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 1914–2001

Created a federal insurance program funded

by taxes from employees’ wages. Workers
would receive money from this fund as a
monthly pension when they reached the age
of 65. These funds would also go to the un­
employed, disabled, and unwed or widowed
mothers with dependent children.

New Deal agency created in 1935 to create

jobs by hiring men to work on bridges, roads,
and buildings. Almost 9 million men were
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

hired.

This 1935 act absorbed up to 75% of incomes

over $5 million and also levied high taxes on
large gifts, inheritances, and capital gains—
hence its nickname, ”the soak the rich tax.”

[ 300 ]

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 1914–2001

gOOD nEIgHBOR POLICY

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

FATHER COUgHLIn

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

FASCISM

[ 301 ]

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 1914–2001

FDR’s Latin American policy, which refuted the

first Roosevelt Corollary: The United States will
not intervene in the domestic affairs of Latin
America, instead serving as a reciprocal part­
ner in trade and strategic alliances.

Catholic priest who was one of the loudest op­

ponents of the New Deal. His radio program
was canceled in 1942 when it became too
radical.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

An authoritarian nationalist political ideology.

Fascism preaches that a nation or civilization
is superior and unites the people around a
totalitarian state that purges dissenting ideas.
Germany’s Nazi Party, Benito Mussolini in Italy,
and Spain’s Francisco Franco were fascists who
came to power during the 1920s and 1930s.

[ 302 ]

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 1914–2001

HITLER-STALIn
nOnAggRESSIOn PACT

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

nAZI PARTY

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

gERMAn InVASIOn OF
POLAnD

[ 303 ]

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 1914–2001

A 1939 pact between Hitler and Stalin that

allowed Germany to attack Poland without
Russian retaliation.

A fascist political organization in Germany

led by Adolf Hitler, the Nazis upheld a strong
central government with absolute power. The
Nazis believed that the needs of the state out­
weighed those of individuals and also upheld a
racist ideology that non-Aryan people (espe­
cially Jews) were inferior to Germans.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

The impetus for Great Britain and France to

declare war on Germany in 1939.

[ 304 ]

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 1914–2001

AxIS POWERS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

THE HOLOCAUST

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
VICHY gOVERnMEnT

III

[ 305 ]

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 1914–2001

The coalition formed by Italy, Germany, and

Japan during World War II.

Hitler’s “final solution” for the Jews and other

non-Aryan peoples was relocation to extermi­
nation camps throughout Europe, where over
12 million noncombatants were murdered.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

The puppet French government arranged by

the Nazis after they conquered France in 1941.

[ 306 ]

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 1914–2001

AMERICA FIRST COMMITTEE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ATLAnTIC CHARTER

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

III
LEnD-LEASE LAW

[ 307 ]

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 1914–2001

An isolationist committee to prevent American

involvement in World War II. Its most promi­
nent figure was the aviator Charles Lindbergh.

A secret 1941 meeting between Winston

Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt
outlined their vision for a postwar world:
self-government, free trade, and no territorial
changes.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

A 1941 law allowing the United States to lend

or lease weapons to foreign victims of aggres­
sion, which helped American allies but kept
the country from active fighting.

[ 308 ]

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 1914–2001

ISOLATIOnISM

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

nEUTRALITY ACTS

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

“CASH AnD CARRY”

[ 309 ]

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 1914–2001

Political belief that the United States should

not involve itself in foreign affairs, a sentiment
that grew especially strong before both world
wars.

These acts were intended to create restrictions

to keep the United States out of foreign wars.
Americans were not allowed to travel on a ship
belonging to a belligerent nation nor make
loans or sell munitions to a belligerent nation.
The acts were not passed.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Refers to a policy restricting the sale of Ameri­

can munitions to European allies. Britain and
France would have to pay for weapons in cash
and transport them on their own ships.

[ 310 ]

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 1914–2001

PEARL HARBOR

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

InTERnMEnT CAMPS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
III
WAR PRODUCTIOn BOARD

[ 311 ]

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 1914–2001

Site of the surprise Japanese air attack on

the U.S. Pacific fleet in Hawaii on December
7, 1941. The United States declared war on
Japan the next day.

Government-run camps where Japanese-

Americans were relocated to prevent espio­
nage during World War II.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Halted the manufacture of nonessential items

during World War II in order to preserve
resources and raw materials for the war effort.
The board also reconfigured factories for mili­
tary manufacturing.

[ 312 ]

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 1914–2001

JOSEPH STALIn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

STALIngRAD

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

III
D-DAY

[ 313 ]

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 1914–2001

Soviet premier from 1922 to 1953. Responsible

for rapid industrialization, brutal repression of
political opponents, and forced relocation of
millions of workers.

The first major loss for Germany during World

War II, where Russian forces repelled the Ger­
man army’s eastward advance into the USSR
in 1942.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

D-Day was the date of the marine invasion of

Western Europe when a massive armada of
U.S. and British forces landed in France on
June 6, 1944.

[ 314 ]

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 1914–2001

BATTLE OF THE BULgE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

V-E DAY

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
III
YALTA COnFEREnCE

[ 315 ]

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 1914–2001

A turning point in the European campaign,

Allied Forces held off a massive German attack
during the winter of 1944–1945 and retained
their position at the German border.

May 7, 1945, when Germany surrendered to

the Allies: Victory in Europe Day.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

A February 1945 meeting of Allied leaders to

discuss conditions for ending the war against
Germany and postwar divisions of power in
Europe.

[ 316 ]

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 1914–2001

POTSDAM COnFEREnCE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ISLAnD-HOPPIng

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

OkInAWA

[ 317 ]

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 1914–2001

At this August 1945 summit in Germany

between President Truman, Stalin, and Brit­
ish prime minister Clement Attlee, the Allies
warned Japan they must surrender uncondi­
tionally.

Starting in Australia, the United States con­

quered Pacific islands one by one to get closer
to Japan for the final invasion, which never
occurred—the United States chose instead
to drop two atomic bombs to force Japanese
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

surrender.

Island only 300 miles from Japan, site of a

bloody turning point in the Pacific campaign.
Over two months in 1945, over 50,000 Ameri­
cans and 100,000 Japanese died battling for
control of Okinawa, finally won by the United
States in June.

[ 318 ]

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 1914–2001

MAnHATTAn PROJECT

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ROBERT OPPEnHEIMER

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
III
HIROSHIMA AnD nAgASAkI

[ 319 ]

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 1914–2001

The secretive American project to design an

atomic warhead to be used against Germany
or Japan during World War II.

A physics professor and key member of the

Manhattan Project, he was later deposed from
his seat on the Atomic Energy Commission
under suspicions that he was a Communist.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Japanese cities destroyed by atomic bombs

in August 1945 that led to the deaths of over
200,000 civilians by some estimates. The
bombings forced Japan to surrender.

[ 320 ]

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 1914–2001

HARRY S TRUMAn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

V-J DAY

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

nUREMBERg TRIALS

[ 321 ]

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 1914–2001

Thirty-third president (1945–1953); made the

decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan, ef­
fectively ending the war. The Truman Doctrine,
advocating containment of communism, is
considered the basis of Cold War political
policy and the rationale behind both the Ko­
rean War and Vietnam.

August 15, 1945, when Japan surrendered

after the United States dropped atomic bombs
on Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Victory in
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Japan Day.

To punish Nazi leaders after World War II and

ensure no other fascists would attempt to seize
power in Germany, the Allies tried 22 Nazi war
criminals in Nuremberg, Germany in 1945 and
1946. Most were executed or jailed.

[ 322 ]

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 1914–2001

JACkIE ROBInSOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ISRAEL

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

FAIR DEAL

[ 323 ]

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 1914–2001

First African-American baseball player allowed

to play in baseball’s major leagues. Prior to
1947, the sport was segregated and African-
American players were relegated to the Negro
Leagues.

Jewish state established in the former British

Mandate of Palestine in 1948. Israel became
an important American ally as a democracy
among Middle Eastern dictatorships, yet the
alliance also strained American relationships
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

with Israel’s neighbors.

President Truman’s domestic policy guarantee­

ing jobs to soldiers returning from World War
II, raising the minimum wage and bolstering
Social Security.

[ 324 ]

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 1914–2001

BABY BOOM

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

g.I. BILL

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

COLD WAR

[ 325 ]

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 1914–2001

Thanks to the end of the Depression, postwar

prosperity, and new economic mobility, the
American birth rate soared from 1945 to 1957.
The generation born during the era is known
as the baby boomers.

Also known as the Servicemen’s Readjustment

Act of 1944, the bill afforded monetary ben­
efits to returning veterans, including payment
of college tuition, low-cost mortgages, and
loans to start a business.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

A period of indirect hostility between the Unit­

ed States and the Soviet Union from roughly
the end of World War II until 1991. Largely an
ideological conflict between capitalism and
communism, the American effort to contain or
repel the spread of communist influence in­
spired wars in Korea and Vietnam and numer­
ous minor military engagements and standoffs.

[ 326 ]

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 1914–2001

TRUMAn DOCTRInE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
nATIOnAL SECURITY ACT

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
III

MARSHALL PLAn

[ 327 ]

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 1914–2001

This 1947 doctrine outlines Truman’s foreign

policy and is the basis for America’s Cold War
policy. While formally promising assistance
to democratic governments in Greece and
Turkey, it promised support to any country
threatened by communist revolutions. Tru­
man’s containment strategy was the basis for
the Korean and Vietnam wars.

This 1947 act replaced the War Department

and in its place created the Central Intel­
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

ligence Agency (CIA), the National Security

Council, and the Department of Defense.

Also known as the European Recovery

Program (ERP), this policy guaranteed U.S.
financial support to European nations rebuild­
ing after World War II. By strengthening their
economies and infrastructures, the United
States would halt the spread of communism by
preventing revolutions in war-torn Europe.

[ 328 ]

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 1914–2001

BERLIn WALL

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

BERLIn AIRLIFT

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

SUPERPOWERS

[ 329 ]

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 1914–2001

Communist forces built this wall to prevent

citizens from fleeing East Germany into the
American-controlled portion of the city, an
enclave of democratic West Germany. The wall
remained a symbol of the Cold War until it was
dismantled in 1989.

A British and American initiative to airlift food

and supplies to Soviet-blockaded Berlin in
1948 and 1949 that established American in­
terest in undermining Soviet control in Eastern
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Europe.

After World War II, Europe rebuilt and Asia

fought off its colonial rulers, which left the
United States and the USSR as the most influ­
ential nations.

[ 330 ]

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 1914–2001

nORTH ATLAnTIC TREATY

ORgAnIZATIOn (nATO)

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

SATELLITE STATES

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

WARSAW PACT

[ 331 ]

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 1914–2001

Military alliance between the United States,

Canada, and 10 European nations signed on
April 4, 1949, committed to building the mili­
tary defenses of Europe and threatened the
expanding Soviet communism.

Eastern European countries conquered by

Russia during World War II that became
Communist-controlled nations with close ties
to Moscow after the war: East Germany,
Hungary, and Poland.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

In response to NATO, the Warsaw Pact was a

strategic alliance of European communist na­
tions and Soviet satellite states in effect
until 1991.

[ 332 ]

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 1914–2001

IROn CURTAIn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

TWEnTY-SECOnD
AMEnDMEnT

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
III
HOUSE Un-AMERICAn
ACTIVITIES COMMITTEE

[ 333 ]

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 1914–2001

Coined by Winston Churchill, the phrase refers

to the isolation and secrecy of the Soviet Un­
ion and its satellites.

Ratified by Congress in 1951, this amend­

ment sets a limit of two presidential terms,
a measure in direct response to Franklin D.
Roosevelt’s four consecutive presidencies.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

A committee of the U.S. House of Representa­

tives that investigated alleged communists,
most notably during the 1940s when it created
a list of suspected Hollywood stars and pro­
ducers that was largely inaccurate and politi­
cally motivated.

[ 334 ]

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 1914–2001

JOSEPH McCARTHY

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

McCARTHYISM

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

JULIUS AnD ETHEL ROSEnBERg

[ 335 ]

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 1914–2001

Wisconsin senator who tried to root out

communist infiltration in America. McCarthy’s
tactics were discredited as many he accused of
communist connections were later found to be
no threat to national security.

The tactics of Wisconsin senator Joseph Mc­

Carthy to raise fear of communist infiltration
of the American power structure. McCarthy
produced a list of names of suspected traitors,
most of whom had no connection to commu­
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

nism and posed no threat.

American communist sympathizers convicted

in 1951 of providing the Soviets with informa­
tion on U.S. atomic weapons.

[ 336 ]

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 1914–2001

MAO TSE-TUng

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

CHIAng kAI-SHEk

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
III

nATIOnAL SECURITY COUnCIL

DOCUMEnT nSC-68

[ 337 ]

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 1914–2001

Marxist leader of the Communist Party of

China who seized control of the country in
1949 and ruled until his death in 1976. His at­
tempts to reorganize the Chinese economy to
his Marxist vision is thought to be responsible
for the deaths of over 50 million citizens.

Chinese leader deposed by the Communist

forces of Mao Tse-Tung in the Chinese revolu­
tion of 1949. The United States would not
formally recognize the Communist regime,
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

instead referring to Chiang Kai-Shek’s exiled

party as the true Chinese leadership.

This document, released shortly after China

became a communist country in 1949, recom­
mended the use of military force if a country
was threatened by communism. This contain­
ment strategy was enacted as a crisis in Korea
turned into an American war.

[ 338 ]

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 1914–2001

ARMS RACE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

HYDROgEn BOMB

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

kOREAn WAR

[ 339 ]

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 1914–2001

Following the Soviet detonation of an atomic

bomb in 1949, both the United States and
the Soviet Union engaged in a race to build
the world’s strongest nuclear weapon and to
increase their nuclear arsenals.

The United States detonated the hydrogen

bomb (or H-bomb) in 1952. It was more than
a thousand times stronger than the bombs
dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during
World War II.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

When communist North Korea, supported by

China and the Soviet Union, invaded U.S.­
backed South Korea in 1950, war erupted.
The two sides fought for three years, neither
gaining significant territory, and the war ended
in an armistice that created a demilitarized
zone at the 38th parallel, which divides the
two nations.

[ 340 ]

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 1914–2001

DWIgHT D. EISEnHOWER

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
gEnERAL DOUgLAS

III
MacARTHUR

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

THIRTY-EIgHTH PARALLEL

[ 341 ]

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 1914–2001

Thirty-fourth president (1953–1961), known as

Ike; Supreme Commander of Allied Expedi­
tionary Forces in western Europe 1943–1945;
as president ended the Korean War and aimed
to prevent the Soviet Union from expanding its
influence by increasing the American nuclear
arsenal.

Leader of U.S. military forces in the Pacific

theater during World War II, MacArthur over­
saw the military occupation and rebuilding of
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Japan after the war. He later led U.S. forces in

the Korean War but was relieved of this duty
for questioning U.S. strategy.

The thirty-eighth parallel is the latitudinal line

dividing North and South Korea. As part of
the armistice that ended the Korean War, the
surrounding territory became a demilitarized
zone.

[ 342 ]

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 1914–2001

EISEnHOWER DOCTRInE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

SHAH OF IRAn

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

nATIOnAL InTERSTATE AnD

DEFEnSE HIgHWAYS ACT OF
1956

[ 343 ]

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 1914–2001

Similar in ideology to the Truman Doctrine, Ei­

senhower also promised economic and military
assistance to any nation threatened by com­
munism, though Eisenhower’s focus included
communism in the Middle East.

In 1953, the CIA and British intelligence

organized a coup d’etat to overthrow the
democratically elected prime minister of Iran,
giving complete authority to Shah Mohammad
Reza Pahlavi, who accommodated the British
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

company that controlled Iran’s oil.

Another Cold War initiative, this act created

the country’s interstates. While it improved
transportation for the average driver, its
primary purpose was to serve as quick,
centralized evacuation routes. The highways
could also transport missiles and serve as
landing strips for airplanes in the event of an
emergency.

[ 344 ]

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 1914–2001

U-2 InCIDEnT

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

AFL-CIO

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

DR. JOnAS SALk

[ 345 ]

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 1914–2001

The Eisenhower administration was forced to

admit that a U-2 spy plane shot down over the
Soviet Union in 1960 was taking surveillance
photographs. The incident compelled Soviet
leader Khrushchev to pull out of an upcoming
summit of international leaders.

In 1955, rival union federations American Fed­

eration of Labor and the Congress of Industrial
Organizations merged to form the nation’s
most powerful labor force.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

In 1955, Dr. Jonas Salk introduced the polio

vaccine, which saved countless lives by virtu­
ally ending the paralyzing disease. By the mid­
1960s, nearly every child born in the United
States received the vaccine.

[ 346 ]

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 1914–2001

gEnEVA COnFEREnCE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Brown v. Board of
educaTion

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ROSA PARkS

[ 347 ]

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 1914–2001

The 1954 conference of world powers attempt­

ing to unify Vietnam and solve military dis­
putes in the region. Vietnam was divided into
two sections along the seventeenth parallel.

The 1954 Supreme Court case in which

NAACP lawyer Thurgood Marshall argued that
a black student should be allowed to enroll in
the same school as white children. The deci­
sion in Marshall’s favor outlawed separate-
but-equal facilities, thus ending legalized
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

segregation.

A pioneer in the civil rights movement, Parks

was a black woman arrested in Alabama in
1955 after refusing to give up her bus seat to
a white person. Her stance against this racism
is considered a motivating factor behind Dr.
Martin Luther King, Jr.’s bus boycotts.

[ 348 ]

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 1914–2001

MOnTgOMERY BUS BOYCOTTS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

LITTLE ROCk nInE

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

CIVIL RIgHTS BILL OF 1957

[ 349 ]

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 1914–2001

A series of bus boycotts around the country or­

ganized by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. after the
arrest of Rosa Parks. King encouraged blacks
to boycott segregated public bus systems. The
boycott lasted roughly 400 days and helped to
end this form of public segregation.

Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus sent the

National Guard to prevent nine black students
from attending a formerly whites-only Little
Rock high school. After a federal court ordered
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

that the students be admitted, violent protests

forced President Eisenhower to send federal
troops to escort the students into the school.

Allowed for the creation of a new department

within the Justice Department to monitor civil
rights abuses.

[ 350 ]

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 1914–2001

CIVIL RIgHTS BILL OF 1960

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

MARTIn LUTHER kIng, JR.

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

“I HAVE A DREAM”

[ 351 ]

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 1914–2001

Extending the rights of the Civil Rights Com­

mission, this act allowed the federal govern­
ment to inspect election sites and fine anyone
who interfered with a citizen’s ability to vote.

Minister and civil rights activist who helped

organize the Montgomery bus boycotts and
delivered the powerful “I Have a Dream”
speech in 1963, which called for racial equality.
He was assassinated on April 4, 1968.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Iconic speech calling for racial equality deliv­

ered by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. on August
28, 1963, at the historic march on Washington.
King delivered the speech at the National Mall
to an audience estimated at 25,000.

[ 352 ]

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 1914–2001

FREEDOM RIDERS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
“BULL” COnnOR

III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

gEORgE WALLACE

[ 353 ]

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 1914–2001

Protest group who dramatized the injustice of

segregation on public buses by intentionally
seating black and white protesters together in
whites-only sections. Violent reaction to these
protests, which began in 1961, promoted
President Kennedy to further his administra­
tion’s desegregation efforts.

Public safety chief in Birmingham, Alabama,

during the civil rights era who became a
symbol of American bigotry. Connor’s use of
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

fire hoses and police dogs against peaceful

protesters was caught by television cameras
and energized the civil rights cause.

Alabama governor who tried to prevent the

desegregation of the University of Alabama in
1963. Later a third-party candidate in the 1968
presidential election who ran as an opponent
of segregation.

[ 354 ]

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 1914–2001

CUBAn REVOLUTIOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

FIDEL CASTRO

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

JOHn F. kEnnEDY

[ 355 ]

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 1914–2001

Under the leadership of Fidel Castro and his

guerilla forces, the government of Fulgencio
Batista fell in 1959. Castro became the leader
of a new communist government and estab­
lished an alliance with the Soviet Union.

Communist leader of Cuba who assumed lead­

ership in 1959. Castro survived several known
American attempts to depose his government,
including the failed 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Thirty-fifth president (1961–1963); first Catholic

president; presided over the failed Bay of Pigs
invasion to oust Castro, averted disaster during
the Cuban Missile Crisis, promoted American
advances in the space race, supported the
Civil Rights movement. Assassinated in Dallas
in November 1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald.

[ 356 ]

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 1914–2001

BAY OF PIgS InVASIOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
III
CUBAn MISSILE CRISIS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

BEATnIkS

[ 357 ]

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 1914–2001

A CIA-sponsored invasion of Cuba in 1961 by

1,300 Cuban exiles attempting to overthrow
the Castro regime. Cuban forces overwhelmed
the invaders and easily stopped the plot. The
incident sparked international outrage and
embarrassed President Kennedy only weeks
into his presidency.

Standoff in October 1962 when the United

States discovered that the Soviet Union was
building nuclear missile launch sites in Cuba.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

President Kennedy ordered their removal and

implemented a naval blockade of Cuba. Soviet
leader Nikita Khrushchev eventually acqui­
esced. The incident is likely the closest that
the United States came to war with the Soviet
Union.

A term used to describe bohemian writers

and artists of the late 1940s and 1950s, such
as Jack Kerouac (author of On the Road) and
poet Allen Ginsberg.

[ 358 ]

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 1914–2001

CIVIL RIgHTS ACT OF 1964

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

BETTY FRIEDAn

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

CéSAR CHáVEZ

[ 359 ]

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 1914–2001

Outlawed racial and gender-based discrimina­

tion, which gave the government power to
enforce racial integration in schools and fight
discrimination at the workplace and public
facilities.

Feminist writer whose 1963 book, The Femi­

nine Mystique, described the unhappiness
of many women with society’s traditional
roles. Friedan noted that while women were
as capable as men to achieve professional
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

success, American society discouraged them

from pursuing goals outside of marriage and
motherhood.

Civil rights and labor leader who in 1962

cofounded the National Farm Workers As­
sociation, an agricultural workers’ union, and
used nonviolent tactics on behalf of exploited
Mexican-American farm workers.

[ 360 ]

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 1914–2001

nATIOnAL ORgAnIZATIOn
OF WOMEn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

LYnDOn BAInES JOHnSOn

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

THE gREAT SOCIETY III

[ 361 ]

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 1914–2001

Founded by Betty Friedan in 1966, the group

advocated for women’s civil rights and a larger
role for women in a male-dominated society.

Thirty-sixth president (1963–1969); remem­

bered for encouraging U.S. involvement in
Vietnam, his Great Society domestic platform
expanded civil rights and upheld Medicare,
Medicaid, and environmental protection.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Name for the social reforms of President John­

son’s administration, which focused on elimi­
nating racial discrimination and poverty. Many
Great Society programs, such as Medicare and
Medicaid, still exist.

[ 362 ]

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 1914–2001

MEDICARE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

EQUAL EMPLOYMEnT
OPPORTUnITY COMMISSIOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
AFFIRMATIVE ACTIOn III

[ 363 ]

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 1914–2001

A national health insurance program born

as part of President Johnson’s Great Society
legislation that guarantees medical care for
Americans over the age of 65.

Established by LBJ, this commission enforces

laws against workplace discrimination based
on gender, ethnicity, race, or religion.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Policies originating in the Johnson administra­

tion to create an equal opportunity for blacks
and women. The government encouraged em­
ployers and colleges to hire or accept minori­
ties and women. Some Americans felt these
policies were a form of reverse discrimination.

[ 364 ]

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 1914–2001

MALCOLM x

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

DOMInO THEORY

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

VIETnAM WAR

[ 365 ]

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 1914–2001

African-American civil rights activist considered

more militant than colleagues like Dr. Martin
Luther King, Jr., he headed the controversial
Nation of Islam and later, the Organization of
Afro-American Unity. Three members of the
group assassinated Malcolm X in 1965.

The Cold War theory that if one country suc­

cumbs to a communist revolution, neighboring
countries will fall into communism like domi­
noes. This theory was one rationale for the war
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

in Vietnam.

Cold War-era conflict between North Vietnam,

backed by communist allies, and South Viet­
nam, supported by the United States as part
of the containment strategy. The United States
never formally declared war against North Vi­
etnam, though American troops fought in the
region for nearly a decade until 1973.

[ 366 ]

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 1914–2001

gULF OF TOnkIn RESOLUTIOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

HO CHI MInH

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

VIETCOng

[ 367 ]

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 1914–2001

Passed by Congress in 1964, the resolution

supported President Johnson in taking military
action to prevent the further spread of com­
munism in South Vietnam. The resolution gave
Johnson the ability to use military force in
Vietnam without a formal declaration of war.

President of North Vietnam, 1954–1969, he

organized and supported the Vietcong against
South Vietnam and commanded North Viet­
namese troops in the Vietnam war.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

The Communist-led political organization and

militia who fought against both the United
States and the South Vietnamese government
during the Vietnam war. Known for guerilla
fighting techniques.

[ 368 ]

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 1914–2001

HO CHI MInH TRAIL

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

AnTIWAR MOVEMEnT

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
III
STUDEnTS FOR A DEMOCRATIC
SOCIETY (SDS)

[ 369 ]

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 1914–2001

Connected the North Vietnamese supply lines

with Vietcong fighters in South Vietnam.

In response to what many saw as an unneces­

sary war in Vietnam, Americans protested the
conflict (and the compulsory draft) through
walkouts, marches, protests, sit-ins, teach-ins,
and participation in antiwar organizations.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Radical youth activist group calling for an end

to militarism, materialism, and racial segrega­
tion, they became increasingly militant and
chapters of the group occupied college cam­
pus buildings.

[ 370 ]

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 1914–2001

TET OFFEnSIVE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

MY LAI MASSACRE

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

ROBERT kEnnEDY

[ 371 ]

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 1914–2001

In January 1968, on Tet (the Vietnamese New

Year), Vietcong troops launched a surprise at­
tack on American troops and bases and fought
from small villages to the city of Saigon. The
attack soured American public opinion of
the war.

The massacre of several hundred Vietnamese

civilians (mostly women, children, and the
elderly) by U.S. troops in 1968. Discovery of
the massacre inflamed antiwar sentiment in the
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

United States.

President Kennedy’s younger brother and U.S.

Attorney General was assassinated in 1968
while campaigning for the Democratic presi­
dential nomination.

[ 372 ]

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 1914–2001

BLACk PAnTHERS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

DETROIT RACE RIOTS

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

STOnEWALL RIOTS

[ 373 ]

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 1914–2001

Black militant group led by Bobby Seale and

Huey Newton who believed that American
capitalist society was inherently racist. They
upheld black self-sufficiency and socialist
revolution.

The most severe of nationwide race riots

during the late 1960s, this five-day skirmish
in 1967 between black citizens and Detroit
police began when a hostile crowd confronted
officers arresting black patrons at an after-
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

hours bar. The riots caused the deaths of 43

people, over 7,000 arrests, and the destruction
of 2,000 buildings. Similar riots afflicted other
American cities.

Violent demonstrations in response to police

raiding a New York City club frequented by
gay men. The event marked the beginning of
the gay rights movement in the United States.

[ 374 ]

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 1914–2001

HIPPIES

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

COUnTERCULTURE

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

WOODSTOCk

[ 375 ]

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 1914–2001

Youth subculture of the 1960s that embraced

psychedelic music, recreational drug use, and
the sexual revolution. The hippies had a broad
cultural influence and close political ties to the
antiwar movement.

Term used to describe a set of attitudes,

beliefs, and way of life that run against main­
stream society. In America, the term most
often refers to the youth culture of the 1960s
that introduced new artistic styles and permis­
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

sive attitudes about sexuality and drug use.

The defining moment in the musical counter­

culture, a three-day festival in 1969 held in
upstate New York featuring musicians like
Janis Joplin and Jimi Hendrix.

[ 376 ]

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 1914–2001

kEnT STATE MASSACRE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

TWEnTY-SIxTH AMEnDMEnT

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

SILEnT MAJORITY

[ 377 ]

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 1914–2001

The 1970 killing by the National Guard of four

unarmed students protesting the United States
invasion of Cambodia. The incident sparked
national outrage and strengthened the anti­
war movement.

Ratified in 1971, this amendment officially

lowered the voting age from 21 to 18. The
amendment was a direct response to student
involvement in the antiwar movement.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

In 1969, Nixon referred to the many voters

who would sweep him into the presidency as a
“silent majority,” as they did not participate in
the counterculture or participate in protests.

[ 378 ]

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 1914–2001

RICHARD nIxOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

VIETnAMIZATIOn

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
III

DETEnTE

[ 379 ]

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 1914–2001

Thirty-seventh president (1969–1974); ended

the unsuccessful war in Vietnam, negotiated
toward detente with the USSR, opened politi­
cal relations with China; best remembered
for involvement in Watergate scandal, which
forced him to be the first president to resign.

Nixon’s policy to reduce the role of Ameri­

can troops in Vietnam by leaving increasing
combat responsibilities to the South Vietnam­
ese. Following the Tet Offensive, the gradual
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

withdrawal of American troops lasted over five

years.

This term refers to the relaxing of tensions

during the Cold War beginning in 1971. The
policies associated with detente included a
pause in the arms race and treaties to reduce
nuclear arsenals. The phase ended with Ronald
Reagan’s election.

[ 380 ]

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 1914–2001

SALT

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
III
SPACE RACE

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

APOLLO 11

[ 381 ]

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 1914–2001

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, bilateral meet­

ings between the United States and the Soviet
Union to reduce nuclear arms, which reflects
Nixon’s detente policy. The first talks in 1973
led to the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, but the
United States eventually withdrew from the
second round of talks.

The competition during the 1950s and 1960s

between the United States and the USSR to
become the leader of space exploration. The
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Soviets launched the first satellite, Sputnik,

and put the first man in space. American John
Glenn was the first man to orbit Earth, and the
American Apollo 11 mission brought the first
men to the moon in 1969.

This NASA mission in 1969 brought astronauts

Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin to the moon
while a captivated world watched live on
television.

[ 382 ]

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 1914–2001

SPIRO AgnEW

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

WATERgATE

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

CLEAn AIR ACT

[ 383 ]

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 1914–2001

Nixon’s first vice president, Agnew was forced

to resign in 1973 when he was charged with
accepting bribes. Nixon replaced him with
Gerald Ford.

A series of political scandals that began

when five burglars were caught attempting to
wiretap the offices of the Democratic National
Committee. It was later discovered that Presi­
dent Nixon attempted to hide his involvement
in the plot, which led to his resignation on
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

August 9, 1974.

A federal law passed in 1963 and since

amended several times that empowers the
federal government to regulate industrial air
pollution.

[ 384 ]

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 1914–2001

roe v. wade

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

gERALD FORD

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

HELSInkI ACCORDS

[ 385 ]

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 1914–2001

The 1973 Supreme Court ruling that made it

legal for a woman to have an abortion, which
became a defining political divide between lib­
erals and conservatives for decades to come.

Thirty-eighth president (1974–1977); pardoned

Nixon for his involvement in Watergate; pre­
sided over a stagnant economy spurred by an
oil crisis in the Middle East and high inflation;
signed the Helsinki Accords, which furthered
the American policy of detente.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Agreement between major world powers in

1975 to respect sovereignty and seek peaceful
resolution of disputes.

[ 386 ]

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 1914–2001

1973 OIL CRISIS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

InFLATIOn

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

STAgFLATIOn

[ 387 ]

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 1914–2001

When oil-exporting Middle Eastern nations

banded together to cut oil production in
response to American support of Israel during
the Yom Kippur War, the price of oil shot up,
exacerbating economic turmoil in the United
States and many industrialized countries.

An increase in the amount of money in circula­

tion, resulting in the currency having a lower
value. Rising costs on goods are often associ­
ated with inflation.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

An economic event combining high inflation,

high employment, and slow economic growth.
This presents a challenge to policymakers, as
traditional economic stimuli, such as lowering
inflation, could raise unemployment during
stagflation. The global economy entered a
period of stagflation in the mid-1970s.

[ 388 ]

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 1914–2001

JIMMY CARTER

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

THREE MILE ISLAnD

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
III

IRAnIAn REVOLUTIOn

[ 389 ]

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 1914–2001

Thirty-ninth president (1977–1981); signed the

landmark Camp David Accords for Middle East
peace; presided over worldwide economic
stagflation due in part to the energy crisis;
failed to secure release of American hostages
in Iran; created the departments of Energy and
Education.

Pennsylvania site of a partial nuclear meltdown

at a power plant, the worst such accident in
American history. The incident irreparably
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

harmed the nuclear power industry in the

United States.

A conservative backlash against the Western-

backed Shah of Iran led by the Ayatollah
Khomeini. The 1979 revolution replaced the
secular government with an Islamic theocracy
opposed to American interests.

[ 390 ]

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 1914–2001

IRAn HOSTAgE CRISIS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

CAMP DAVID ACCORDS

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

MORAL MAJORITY

[ 391 ]

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 1914–2001

During the Iranian revolution in 1979, Ira­

nians seized the U.S. embassy and held 52
Americans as hostages for over a year. A failed
rescue attempt in 1980 resulted in the deaths
of eight servicemen.

Mediated by President Carter, this 1979 peace

agreement between Israel and Egypt reduced
tensions between the two most powerful mili­
taries in the Middle East.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Political organization of evangelical Christians

founded in 1979 by Jerry Falwell to lobby for
religious values.

[ 392 ]

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 1914–2001

ROnALD REAgAn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

REAgAn REVOLUTIOn

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
III

REAgAnOMICS

[ 393 ]

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 1914–2001

Fortieth president (1981–1989); former movie

star; his economic reforms known as “Reaga­
nomics” reduced taxes to promote economic
growth; repudiated detente and invested in
arms buildup; remembered for sparking con­
servative ideological revolution and also the
Iran-Contra crisis; also accused of ignoring the
AIDS crisis and deteriorating inner cities.

Refers to the rapid political realignment of

the United States toward conservatism and
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

free-market economics as a result of Reagan’s

presidency.

President Reagan’s economic reforms aimed to

reduce government spending, lower income
tax and capital gains taxes, control the money
supply to reduce inflation, and lessen govern­
ment regulation of the economy.

[ 394 ]

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 1914–2001

SUPPLY-SIDE ECOnOMICS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

RUST BELT

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

SERVICE ECOnOMY

[ 395 ]

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 1914–2001

Reagan’s economics theory that allowing large

companies to make profits will lead them to
invest and stimulate the economy.

A term for the former metals and manufactur­

ing hub in the Midwest. Local economies in
these regions depended on manufacturing and
raw materials processing, yet these industries
moved to other states or even foreign coun­
tries where labor is cheaper. Declining employ­
ment in the Rust Belt captures the transforma­
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

tion of the United States economy.

The service sector replaced manufacturing

and agriculture as the crucial segment of the
American economy during the late twentieth
century. Instead of harvesting or building,
more American workers were involved in the
production of services rather than physical
goods. Such services might be the transport,
distribution, and sale of products (the retail in­
dustry), or providing information or knowledge
(advertising, marketing, communications).

[ 396 ]

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 1914–2001

gERALDInE FERRARO

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

SAnDRA DAY O’COnnOR

PART
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

III
WAR On DRUgS

[ 397 ]

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 1914–2001

Congresswoman who became the first woman

on a major-party presidential ticket when
Democrat Walter Mondale chose her as his
vice presidential candidate in 1984. Mondale
and Ferraro lost when Reagan was reelected.

Nominated by President Reagan in 1981,

O’Connor was the first female Supreme Court
Justice.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

The American effort to curb drug imports and

abuse. Originating in the Nixon administration,
this ongoing effort involves military and mon­
etary assistance to foreign governments and
stringent antidrug laws in the United States.
These controversial laws have dramatically in­
creased the number of Americans in prison or
jail, with inner-city minority populations heavily
affected.

[ 398 ]

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 1914–2001

AIDS CRISIS

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

YUPPIES

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PERSOnAL COMPUTER

[ 399 ]

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 1914–2001

The symptoms of the virus that would later

become known as HIV/AIDS were first seen in
a dozen people in New York and San Francisco
in 1981. Today, the disease has killed an esti­
mated 25 million people.

From an abbreviation for young urban profes­

sionals, the term refers to the generation of
young adults in the 1980s considered to be
materialistic, pursuing wealth and social status
through conspicuous consumption.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Affordable and user-friendly PCs developed

by companies like IBM and Apple and running
software by Microsoft revolutionized informa­
tion storage and communication in almost
every profession.

[ 400 ]

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 1914–2001

CHALLEngER DISASTER

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

IRAn-COnTRA AFFAIR

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

MIkHAIL gORBACHEV

[ 401 ]

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 1914–2001

The space shuttle Challenger exploded 73

seconds after takeoff in 1986, killing all seven
American astronauts. The disaster forced the
suspension of the space shuttle program for
nearly three years and immeasurably damaged
American investment in space exploration.

Political scandal in 1986 when the Reagan ad­

ministration ignored a Congressional ruling by
selling weapons to Iran in order to gain funds
for anti-Communist forces in Nicaragua.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Soviet leader who pursued more open domes­

tic and foreign policies that ended the Cold
War and led to the dissolution of the Soviet
Union.

[ 402 ]

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 1914–2001

gEORgE H.W. BUSH

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PERSIAn gULF WAR

PART
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

L.A. RIOTS

[ 403 ]

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 1914–2001

Forty-first president (1989–1993); oversaw the

end of the Cold War; led the nation into the
Persian Gulf War to repel the Iraqi invasion of
Kuwait; father of President George W. Bush.

A war between a U.S.-led coalition and Iraq

following Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait, an oil-rich
kingdom in the Persian Gulf. American victory
was swift and decisive, though Iraqi dictator
Saddam Hussein was allowed to remain in
power until another U.S.-led war in 2003.
AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Six days of violent looting and violence in Los

Angeles during the spring of 1992 after a jury
acquitted white police officers in the beating
of Rodney King, an African-American man. The
riots claimed over 50 lives, caused $2 billion in
property damage, and served as a symbol of a
persisting racial divide.

[ 404 ]

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 1914–2001

BILL CLInTOn

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

PART
III
ELECTIOn OF 2000

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

SEPTEMBER 11TH ATTACkS

[ 405 ]

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 1914–2001

Forty-second president (1993–2001), the first

of the baby boomer generation; signed land­
mark free-trade agreement NAFTA, presided
over a period of economic prosperity with
low interest rates, unemployment, and infla­
tion. Clinton became the second president to
be impeached after a 1998 perjury scandal,
though he was acquitted by the Senate and
remained in office.

Contentious election between Democrat Al

AP* U.S . HIST O RY F LASH REVIEW

Gore and Republican George W. Bush. Gore

won the popular vote, but the election hinged
on Florida’s electoral votes. After several court
cases related to recounting the Florida vote,
the Supreme Court stopped the recounts,
awarding the state to Bush.

Terrorist attacks by Islamic fundamentalist

group Al-Qaeda resulting in the destruction of
New York’s World Trade Center and damage
to the Pentagon in Washington by crash­
ing hijacked airplanes. Passengers retaliated
on another plane—intended for a target in
Washington, D.C.—that crashed in Pennsylva­
nia. Approximately 3,000 people died in the
attacks, which sparked the War on Terror.

[ 406 ]

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