CHEMISTRY

cÂg Aa¨vq
ivmvqwbK eÜb
Chemical bond

By
SABUJ DATTA SD
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
01790967225 , 01970967225
 †hvRZv B†jKUªb (Valence Electrons) t †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji me©‡kl K¶c†_ †gvU †h KqwU B‡jKUªb ev B†jKUªb mg~n iB‡q‡Q
Zvi msL¨v‡K †mB †gŠ‡ji †hvRb B‡jKUªb ev †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb e‡j| †hgb †mvwWqv†gi †kl K¶c†_ 1 wU B†jKUªb Av‡Q myZis Na †hvRb
B‡jKUªb ev †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb msL¨v 1| Avevi Cl †klK¶c†_ 7wU B†jKUªb Av‡Q , myZis Cl †hvRb B‡jKUªb ev
†hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb msL¨v 7 |
 wbw®Œq M¨vm Ges Gi w¯’wZkxjZv t ch©vq mviwYi '18' MÖy‡ci †gŠjmg~n‡K wbw®Œq M¨vm ejv nq|GB MÖz‡ci Na Cl
wnwjqvg, wbqb, AvM©b I wµcU‡bi B‡jKUªb web¨vm Ki| wbw®Œq M¨vmmg~ ‡ni B‡jKUªb web¨vm †`Iqv n‡jv :
He (2) : 1s2
Ne (10) : 1s2 2s2 2p6
Ar (18) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Kr (36) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6
Xe (54) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6
Rn (86) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p6
Og (118) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d105f14 6s2 6p66d107s27p6
GKgvÎ wnwjqvg Qvov Ab¨ mKj wbw®Œq †gŠ‡ji †hvR¨Zv ¯Í‡i 8wU B‡jKUªb i‡q‡Q| He -Gi cvigvYweK msL¨v 2| 1g cÖavb kw³¯Í‡i GKwU gvÎ Dc¯Íi (s)
_vKvq Gi †hvR¨Zv ¯Íi 2 wU B‡jKUªb Øviv c~Y© _v‡K, hv He -Gi Rb¨ ¯’vqx web¨vm| He -Gi †hvR¨Zv ¯Í‡i 2 Ges Ab¨vb¨ wbw®Œq M¨v‡mi †hvR¨Zv ¯Í‡i 8wU
B‡jKUªb w¯’wZkxj Ae¯’v cÖ`vb K‡i| Gi~c B‡jKUªb web¨vm cwieZ©‡b AbvMÖnx nIqvi Kvi‡YB †gŠjmg~n ivmvqwbKfv‡e wbw®Œq| Ab¨w`‡K Ab¨vb¨ †gŠjmg~ ‡ni
me©ewnt¯’ ¯Í‡i G B‡jKUªb web¨vm bv _vKvq G me †gŠj wewfbœfv‡e G ai‡bi AwaKZi ¯’ vqx B‡jKUªb web¨vm MV‡b AvMÖnx|
 AóK wbqg (Octet Rule) : wewfbœ †gŠ‡ji cigvYymg~n wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ B‡jKUªb Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ges †kqv‡ii gva¨‡g cigvYymg~ ‡ni wbw®‹q nq Zvn†j
†kl kw³¯Í‡i AvUwU B†jKUªb _v‡K| Gfv‡e †hvR¨Zv ¯Í‡i 8 wU B‡jKUªb web¨vm jvf Kiv‡K AóK wbqg (Octet Rule ) e‡j| †hgbt Na I Cl
wg†j AvqwbKeÜb MV†bi mgq cÖwZ Na 1wU K†i B†jKUªb `vb K†i| d†j Na B†jKUªb msL¨v nq 10wU( 1s22s22p6) A_©vr Ne MVb AR©b K†i|
Ab¨ w`‡K Cl 1wU B†jKUªb MÖnb K†i Ar B†jKUªb web¨vm AR©b K†i| A_©vr AóK (Octet Rule) wbqg †g‡b P‡j|
 `yB-Gi wbqg (Duplet or duet Rule): wewfbœ †gŠ‡ji cigvYymg~n wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ B‡jKUªb Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ges †kqv‡ii gva¨‡g cigvYymg~‡ni †kl
kw³¯Í‡i 2 wU B‡jKUª‡bi web¨vm jvf K‡i| Gfv‡e He -Gi web¨vm jvf Kiv‡K `yB-Gi wbqg (Duplet or duet Rule) e‡j | mvavibZ H, Li
, Be I B eÜb MV†bi mgq AóK wbqg (Duplet or duet Rule) †g‡b P†j| †Kvb cigvby ev Avby wbw®‹q nq Z†e Zvi †kl K¶c†_ 1 ev GKvwaK
†Rviv B†jKUªb _v‡K| †hgbt H I H wg†j mg†hvRx eÜb MV†bi mgq cÖwZ H 1wU K†i B†jKUªb †kqvi K†i| d†j G‡`i cÖ†Z†Ki `ywU K†i
B†jKUªb _v‡K| A_©vr `yB-Gi wbqg (Duplet or duet Rule) †g‡b P†j|
[[ 1 †_‡K 20 ch©šÍ †gŠj¸ji AvwaKvskB GB AóK I `yB‡qi wbqg †g‡b P†j ]]

†hvRbx ev †hvRZv (Valency) t eÜb MVbKv‡j †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji me©‡kl K¶c†_i †gvU †h KqwU B‡jKUªb ev B†jKUªb mg~n Av`vb-
cÖ`vb ev †kqvi K†i Zvi msL¨v‡K †mB †gŠ‡ji †hvRbx ev †hvRZv (Valency) e‡j|
 †hgbt Na I Cl wg†j AvqwbKeÜb MV†bi mgq cÖwZ Na 1wU K†i B†jKUªb `vb K†i| Ab¨ w`‡K Cl 1wU B†jKUªb MÖnb K†i | Av_©vr Cl
I Na Df‡qi †hvRbx nj 1|
 †Kvb †gŠ†ji AóKc~ib Ki†Z †h KqwU B†jKUªb `iKvi ( Av`vb, cÖ`vb ev †kqvi ) Zvi msL¨vB nj †gŠ‡ji †hŠRbx|
 †Kvb GKwU †gŠ‡ji mv‡_ †hKqwU nvBWª†Rb hy³ n†Z cv‡i ev ‡h KqwU nvBWª†Rb†K Acmvib Ki†Z cv†i cv‡i Zv‡K IB †gŠ‡ji †hvRbx e†j | †hgb
: H2O †Z GKwU O mv‡_ H `yBwU hy³ n†q†Q myZis O †hvRbx 2 |
cwieZ©bkxj †hvRbx ( Changing Valency ) t cÖ†Z¨K †gŠj Ab¨ †gŠ‡ji mv‡_ B†jKUªb Av`vb, cÖ`vb ev †kqvi gva¨†g †hŠM MVb K†i |
†hKwU B†jKUªb Av`vb cÖ`vb ev †kqvi K†i Zv nj IB †hŠ†M D³ †gŠ†ji †hvRbx | wKQz wKQz †gŠj wfbœ wfbœ †hŠ†M wfbœ wfbœ †hvRbx cÖ`kb K†i| H †hvRbx†K
cwieZ©kxj †hvRbx ( Changing Valency ) e†j| Kve©†bi †hvRbx 2 I 4 |
m†e©v”P †hvRbx ( Highest Valency ) t cwieZ©bkxj †hvRbx cÖ`k©bKvwi †gŠ†ji m†e©v”P ev me†Q†q eo †hvRbx†K m†e©v”P †hvRbx ( Highest
Valency) e†j| mvjdv‡ii †hvRbx = 2, 4, 6
mvjdv‡ii m†e©v”P †hvRbx = 6
mwµq †hvRbx ( Active Valency ) t cwieZ©bkxj †hvRbx cÖ`k©bKvwi †gŠ†ji z†hŠM MV†bi mgq †h †hvRbxwU e¨veüZ n†q†Q Zv‡K IB
†hŠ†Mii †hvRbx†K mwµq †hvRbx ( Active Valency ) e†j|
C + O2→ CO Kve©b I Aw·†Rb wg†j Kve©b-g†bvA·vBW ˆZwi nq| Kve©†bi †hvRbx 2 I 4 | wKš‘ Kve©b-g†bvA·vB†W Kve©†bi †hvRbx 2 e¨venvi
n†q†Q | m~Zis Kve©b-g†bvA·vB†W Kve©†bi mwµq †hvRbx ( Active Valency ) 2 |
myyß †hvRbx ( Hidden Valency ) t †Kvb †hŠ†M †Kvb †gŠ‡ji me©”P †hŠRbx I mwµq †hvRbxi cv_©†K¨ myyß †hvRbx ( Hidden Valency )
e†j|
myyß †hvRbx = me©”P †hvRbx - mwµq †hvRbx

SABUJ DATTA SD *** 01790967225 . Page - 1.

 *** †gŠj ***
GK‡hvRx Øx‡hvRx w·hvRx PZz©‡hvRx c‡hvRx lô‡hvRx
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb (H) Aw·‡Rb (O) ‡eviY (B) Kve©b (BK) (C) bvB‡Uªv‡Rb (N)
‡d¬vwib (F) mvjdvi (S) bvB‡Uªv‡Rb (N) wmwjKb (Si) dmdivm (P)
‡K¬vwib (Cl) Kve©b (Avm) (C) dmdivm (P) mvjdvi (S) Av†m©wbK ( As ) (BK)

mvjdvi (S)
‡eªvwgb (Br) g¨v½vwbR ( Mn ) A¨vjywgwbqvg (Al) wUb (BK) (Sn) Av†m©wbK ( As ) (BK)
Av‡qvwWb (I) g¨vM‡bwmqvg (Mg) ‡µvwgqvg (Cr) ‡jW(BK) (Pb) f¨vbvwWqvg ( V )
‡mvwWqvg (Na) K¨vjwmqvg (Ca) AvqiY (BK) (Fe) BD†iwbqvg (U)
cUvwkqvg (K) wRsK (Zn) ‡Mvì (BK) (Au) g¨v½vwbR (Mn)
Kcvi(Avm) (Cu) Kcvi (BK) (Cu) Av†m©wbK ( As ) (Avm)
wmjfvi (Ag) AvqiY (Avm) (Fe) A¨vw›Ugwb (Sb ) (Avm)
‡Mvì (BK) (Au) wUb (Avm) (Sn) wemgv_ ( Bi )
gvK©vix ( Hg ) (Avm) ‡jW( Avm) (Ph)
‡ewiwjqvg (Be)
K¨vWwgqvg (Cd)
†Kvevë ( Co )
gvK©vix ( Hg ) (BK)

** †hŠMg~jK **
GK‡hvRx w؇hvRx w·hvRx PZz©‡hvRx
A¨v‡gvwbqvg (NH4 +) mvjdvBU (SO32–) dmdvBU (PO33-) †d†ivmvqvbvBW [ Fe(CN)64- ]
bvBUªvBU (NO2-) mvj‡dU (SO42-) dm‡dU (PO43+)
bvB‡UªU (NO3+) _v‡qvmvj‡dU (S2O32-) †dwimvqvbvBW
evBKve©‡bU ev ‡µv‡gU (CrO42-) [ Fe(CN)64- ]
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Kve©‡bU (HCO3+) Kve©‡bU (CO32-) †ev†iU ( BO33- )
nvB‡WªvAw·m (OH–) WvB‡µv‡gU (Cr2O72-)
mvqbvBU (CH+) wmwj‡KvU (SlO32-)
A¨vjywg†bU [ Al(OH)4- ] wRs†KU [ Zn(OH)42- ]
†K¬v‡iU [ ClO3- ]
_v‡qvmvqv†bU [ CNS- ]
cvi†K¬v†iU [ ClO4- ]
cvig¨v½v†bU [ MnO4- ]
dm†dvwbqvg [ PH4+ ]
evBmvjdvBU [ HSO3-]
evBmvj†dU [ HSO3-]
mvqvbvBW [ CN-]
mvqv†bU [ CNO- ]
nvB‡cv‡K¬vivBU [ OCl- ]

†hgbt †dwiKA·vBW (Fe2O3 ) G Fe mwµq †hvRbx 3 | Fe me©”P †hvRbx 3 | myß †hvRbx = 3-3=0 | Avevi †divmA·vBW(FeO ) G Fe
mwµq †hvRbx 2 | Fe m†e©v”P †hvRbx 3 | myß †hvRbx = 3-2=1
Rvib msL¨v I †hvRbx g†a¨ MwVZ ?
Rvib msL¨v †hvRbx
1| Rvib msL¨v n†jv Ggb GKwU msL¨v , hv Øviv †gŠ‡ji cigvby†Z m„ó 1| Avciw`†K †Kvb †gŠ‡ji †hvRbx n†jv Aci †gv‡ji mv‡_ hy³ nIqvi
Zwor Pv†R©I cÖK…wZ I msL¨vgvb Dfq cÖKvk cvq| ¶gZv|
2| Rvib msL¨v abvZ§K I FbvZ§K DfB n†Z cv‡i| 2| Rvib msL¨v nj c~b©msL¨v |
3| Rvib msL¨v k~b I fMœvsk n†Z cv‡i| 3| Rvib msL¨v k~b I fMœvsk n†Z cv‡I bv|

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 †hŠMg~jK (Radicals) t GK ev GKvwaK †hŠwMK c`v_©hy³ n†q hw` Avavbhy³ ev Avqbhy³ c`v_© ˆZwi K†i Ges Giv GK¸Q cigvby
ev †gŠ‡ji b¨vq AvPvib K†i ZLb Zv‡`i‡K †hŠMg~jK (Radicals) e‡j| Giv abvZ§K ev FbvZ§K DfqB n†Z cv†i | G‡`i Avq†bi cwigvb
n†e G‡`I †hvRbx | †hgbt NH4+ Gi Avav†bi cwigvb = +1 | †hvRbx 1 |
†hŠ†Mi ivmvqwbK ms†KZ (Chemical Formula of Compounds) t †gŠj ev †hŠMg~j†Ki cÖwZK ev
ms†KZ I Zv‡`I cigvbyi msL¨vi gva¨†g †Kvb †hŠ†Mi †h cyb©v½ ms†KZ †jLv nq Zv‡K ivmvqwbK ms†KZ (Chemical Formula) e†j |
ms‡KZ †jLvi wbqg ( Rules Of Writing Chemical Formula ) t
1. †Kvb †gŠwjL Avbyi ms†KZ †jLvii mgq, D³ Avby †h †gŠj Øviv ˆZwi Zvi mwVK ms‡KZ wj‡L Wvb cv†k (Subscript) wb‡P †gŠ‡ji cigvbyi msL¨v
wjL‡Z n‡e| †hgb t nvB†Wªv‡Rb M¨v‡m `yBwU nvBWª†Rb Aby Av‡Q myZis nvBWª‡Rb M¨v†mi ms†KZ H2| IRb M¨v†m wZbwU Aw·†Rb cigvby Av‡Q m~Zivs
IRb M¨v†mi ms†KZ O3 |
2. †hŠwMK c`v†_©i ms†KZ †jLvi †¶†Î †gŠ†ji ms†KZ ¸jcvkvcvwk wjL†Z n‡e Ges †hvRbx webxgq K†i Wvbcv‡k wb†P wjL‡Z n‡e | †gŠj¸†jvi †hvRbx
g†a¨ mvavib Drcv`K bv _v‡K Zvn†j, A¨v†jvwgwbqvg A·vB†Wi †¶‡Î Al †hvRbx 3 I O †hvRbx 2 | A¨v†jvwgwbqvg A·vB†Wi ms†KZ Al2O3 |
†gŠj¸†jvi †hvRbx g†a¨ mvavib Drcv`K _v‡K Z‡e mvavib Drcv`K Øviv fvM K†i w`†Z n†e | hw` Drcv`K 1 nq Z‡e e¨venvi Kivi
cÖ‡qvRb bvB| †hgb t Kve©b WvBA·vB†Wi Kve©†bi †hvRbx 4 I Aw·†Ri †hvRbx 2 |
Kve©b WvBA·vB†Wi ms†KZ t C2O4 = CO2 ( 2 Øviv Dfq †gŠ‡ji †hvRwY †K fvM K†i )
3. hw` †Kvb †hŠM †hŠMg~jK Øviv MwVZ nq, Z†e †hŠMg~j†K GKwU †gŠjiƒ‡c Mb¨ Kiv nq | †hŠMg~j†Ki mv‡_ †hvRbx hy ³ Kivi mgq †hŠMg~j†Ki mv‡_
cÖ_g eÜbx “()” hy³ Kiv nq | †hvRbxi gvb 1 n†j eÜbx †`qvi cÖ‡qvRb bvB | †hgb t (1) †mvwWqvg Kve©†bU G †mvwWqv†gi †hvRbx 1 I Kve©†b‡Ui
†hvRbx 2 | †mvwWqvg Kve©†bU Gi ms†KZ t Na2CO3 | Avevi (2) †dwiK mvj†d‡U Avqi‡bi †hvRbx 3 I mvj†d‡qi †hvRbx 2| †dwiK mvj†d‡U
Gi ms†KZ t Fe(SO4)3|
AvbweK ms†KZ (Molecular Formula) t †Kvb Avby †h KqwU †gŠwjL c`v_© w`†q ˆZwi Zv‡`i mwVK ms†KZ †hvRbx e¨venvi
K†i †h ms†KZ †jLv nq (A_©vr H †hŠ†Mi †gŠj¸‡jvi mwVK cigvby e¨venvi Kiv nq) Zv‡K H †hŠ‡Mi AvbweK ms†KZ e†j| †hgb t †cÖv‡c‡b 3wU Kve©b I
8wU nvBWª†Rb iB‡q‡Q| ZvB Gi ms†KZ t C3H8
¯’yj ms†KZ (Stouter Formula) t †Kvb Avby †Z we`¨gvb cigvby¸‡jvi g†a¨ hw` †Kvb mvavib ¸bwbqK we`¨gvb _v‡K Z‡e †mB
mvavib ¸bwbBqK w`‡q cÖ†Z¨K cigvby msL¨v †K fvM K†i †h ¯’yjvKvi ev †QvU ms†KZ cvIqv hvq Zv‡K ¯’yj ms†KZ (Stouter Formula) e†j| †hgb t
b¨vc_vwj†bi AvbweK ms†KZ : C10H8 | 10 I 8 , 2 Øiv wefvR¨ | b¨vc_vwj†bi ¯’yj ms†KZ : C5H4
MvVwbK ms†KZ (Structural Formula) t eÜb ev wkK†ji gva¨†g †hŠ‡Mi cÖK…Z ms†KZ †jLvi c×wZ†K MvVwbK ms†KZ e†j|
mvavibZ ¯’j ms†KZ AvbweK ms†KZ †_‡K †jLv nq| wKš‘ hw` KL†bv ¯’j ms†KZ †_‡K MvVwbK ms†KZ †jLv nq Z†e Zv‡K ¯’yj MvVwbK ms†KZ e†j|MvVwbK
ms†KZ †_‡K †gŠ‡ji mwVK AvK…wZ I †hŠ†Mi Avbyi ga¨eZ© †Kv‡bi gvb wbb©q Kiv hvq|
†hgb t
H H H
O
H C H H C C H
H H
H H H
wg†_b (CH4) MvVwbK ms†KZ B_vbj (C2H6) MvVwbK ms†KZ
cvwb (H2O) MvVwbK ms†KZ

wbw®‹q M¨v†mi ˆewkó¨ t (Property of Inert Gases):

i. †klK¶ c†_ 2 ev 8wU B†jKUªb _vK†j ( ïaygvÎ H †klK¶ c†_ 2wU Av†Q )|
ii. †gvUv‡gvwU w¯’wZkxj _vK‡e|
iii. `yB‡qi wbqg ev AóK wbqg †g‡b P†j|
iv. †hŠM MV†bi mgq avZz ev AavZz B†jKUªb Av`vb-cÖ`vb ev †kqv‡ii gva¨†g wbw®‹q M¨v†mi B†jKUªb web¨vm AR©b K†i|

ivmvqwbK e×b I Kvib (Chemical Bonds and the causes of their Formation ) t Li,
18bs MÖzc ev‡` ch©vq mviwbi †gŠj¸j wbw®Œq _v‡K bv| Giv B†jKUªb Av`vb-cÖ`vb ev †kqv‡ii gva¨†g wbw®Œq M¨v‡mi B†jKUªb web¨vm AR©b Ki†Z
Pvq| †h AKl©b e†ji gva¨†g GK cigvby Ab¨ cigvbyi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K Zv‡K ivmvqwbK eÜb e†j| ivmvqwbK e܆bi gva¨†gi gva¨†g hy³ Aby cÖ†Z¨KUv cigvby
wbw®Œq _v‡K|
i. †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji †kl kw³¯Í‡ii B‡jKUªb A_©vr †hvR¨Zv B‡jKUªb eÜb MV‡b AskMÖnY K‡i|

SABUJ DATTA SD *** 01790967225 . Page - 3.

 ii. cÖwZwU cigvYyiB j¶¨ _v‡K Zvi wbKUeZ©x wbw®Œq †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb web¨vm jvf Kiv|
iii. 1 †_‡K 17 cvigvYweK msL¨vwewkó †gŠjmg~n eÜb MVb Ki‡j Lye mn‡RB `yB-Gi (duplet) ev AóK (octet) wbqg †g‡b P‡j| Z…Zxq ¯Í‡ii
m‡e©v”P B‡jKUªb aviY¶gZv 18 nIqv m‡Ë¡I wKQz †gŠj ( †hgbt K ,Ca ) 4wU B†jKUªb Øviv 3q ¯Íi c~b© _vKv Ae¯’vq 4_© ¯Í†ii 1g Dc¯Íi (1s) c~b© K†i|
eÜb MV†bi mgq GivI AvóK wbqg †g‡b P†j|

A¨vbvqb (Anions) t AavZz wbw®Œq M¨v†mi B†jKUªb web¨vm AR©b Kivi Rb¨ B†jKUªb MÖnb K†i †h FbvZ§K Pv†R© (-) cwibZ nq Zv‡K
A¨vbvqb e†j| Zwor we†k¬lb cv†Î A¨v†bvW (+) KZ…K AvK…ó nq| FbvZ§K Pv†R© (-) hy³ c`v_©†K A¨vbvqb e†j|
†hgb t Cl + e - → Cl- (A¨vbvqb)
K¨vUvqb (Cations) t avZz wbw®Œq M¨v†mi B†jKUªb web¨vm AR©b Kivi Rb¨ B†jKUªb Z¨vM K†i †h abvZ§K Pv†R© (-) cwibZ nq Zv‡K
K¨vUvqb e†j| Zwor we†k¬lb cv†Î K¨v†_vW (+) KZ…K AvK…ó nq| abvZ§K Pv†R© (-) hy ³ c`v_©†K K¨vUvqb e†j|
†hgb t Na – e- → Na+ ( K¨vUvqb )

eÜb (Bond) t

AvqwbK e×b ev ZwoZ‡hvRx eÜb (Ionic Bond or Electrovalent Bond ) t avZz I AavZz wbw®Œq
M¨v†mi B†jKUªb web¨vm AR©b Kivi Rb¨ B†jKUªb Av`vb-cÖ`v†bi gva†g ci¯ci †h eÜb hy ³ nq nq Zv‡K AvqwbK e×b ev ZwoZ‡hvRx eÜb
(Ionic Bond or Electrovalent Bond ) e†j|
ˆewkó t
1. AvqwbK †hŠM mg~†ni Mjbv¼ Ges ùzUbv¼ AZ¨vwaK|
2. Mvavib ZvcgvÎvq AvqwbK †hŠMmg~n KwVb Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
3. AvqwbK †hŠMmg~n cvwb†Z Ges Ab¨vb¨ AˆRe †cvjvi `ªve†K `ªebxq|
4. AvqwbK †hŠMmg~n MwjZ Ae¯’vq I cvwb†Z `ªebxq Ae¯’vq we`¨yr cwienb K†i|
5. KwVb Ae¯’vq AvqwbK †hŠMmg~n we`¨yr cwievnb K†i bv|
6. AvqwbK †hŠM abvZ§K I FbvZ§K Avqb Drcbœ K†i|
Exm: MgO †hŠ†M AvqwbK eÜb we`¨gvb|
Ans: Mg B†jKUªb web¨vm t 1s22s22p63s2 | †kl K¶c†_ 2wU B†jKUªb Av‡Q | Mg nj GKwU avZz | wbw®Œq M¨v†mi B†jKUªb web¨vm AR©b Kivi Rb¨
2wU B†jKUªb Z¨vM Ki‡Z n†e|
Mg – 2e- → Mg2+ ( K¨vUvqb )
`yBwU B‡jKUªb Z¨vM K†i Mg Mg2+ cwibZ nq ev Ne B†jKUªb web¨vm AR©b K†i|
O B†jKUªb web¨vm t 1s22s22p4|†kl K¶c†_ 6wU B†jKUªb Av‡Q | O nj GKwU AvavZz | Ab¨ w`†K wbw®Œq M¨v†mi B†jKUªb web¨vm AR©b Kivi Rb¨ Mg
Z¨vMK…Z B†jKUªb 2wU O MÖnb K†i|
O + 2e- → O2- ( A¨vbvqb )
`yBwU B‡jKUªb MÖnb K†I O O2- cwibZ nq ev Ne B†jKUªb web¨vm AR©b K†i|
Mg – Cl- → Mg2+ + O2- → MgO

Mg O Mg O

SABUJ DATTA SD *** 01790967225 . Page - 4.

 Mg2+ O2-

MgO

Mg2+ ( K¨vUvqb ) I O2- ( A¨vbvqb ) wecwiZ Avavbhy³ nIqvq G†`i g†a¨ w¯’I ˆe`ywZK ej ev B†jK†Uªv÷vwUK ej ev Kzj†¤^i ej KvR K†i | d†j
[Mg2+O2-] ev MgO †Z cwibZ nq | D³ eÜb†K AvqwbK eÜb e†j|
mg†hvRx e×b (Covalent Bond) t AvavZz I AavZz wbw®Œq
M¨v†mi B†jKUªb web¨vm AR©b Kivi Rb¨ B†jKUªb †kqv†ii gva†g ci¯ci †h
eÜb hy³ nq nq Zv‡K mg†hvRx eÜb (Covalent Bond ) e†j| `ywUB AvavZz nIqvq †kl
K¶c†_ 5,6 A_ev 7wU B†jKUªb _vKvq mn†R B†jKUªb Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki†Z cv‡i bv eis
†kqvi K†i| mg†hvRx †hŠ‡Mi cÖ†ZKwU cigvby G†K Avc†ii mv‡_ `~e©b f¨vbWviB‡qj
(Vandar Wels)
kw³‡Z hy³ _v‡K| hw` mg†hvRx †hŠ‡M AvqwbK †hŠ†Mi b¨vq abvZ§K I FbvZ§K cÖvšÍ ˆZwi nq Z†e Zv‡K †cvjvi m†gvhwR e†j| m†gv‡hvwR eÜb MVbKv‡j †h
me †Rvov B†jKUªb e܆b hy³ nq Zv‡`I †K eÜb †Rvi B†jKUªb e†j Ges †h me †Rvov B†jKUªb e܆b hy ³ nq bv Zv‡`i †K gy³†Rvi B†jKUªb e†j|
ˆewkó t
1. mvavib ZvcgvÎvq M¨vmxq , Zij I KwVb wZb Ae¯’vq _vK†e|
2. Mjbv¼ Ges ùzUbv¼ Zzjbv g~jK Kg|
3. cvwb†Z Ges Ab¨vb¨ AˆRe †cvjvi `ªve†K A`ªebxq wKš‘ wKQz wKQz ˆRe `ªve†K `ªebxq|
4. Rwjq `ªe†b AvqwbZ nq bv e†j we`¨yr cwievnb K†i bv|
5. AvšÍtAvbweK kw³ Kg, ZvB Giv mn†RB DØvqx|
†cvjvi mg†hvRx t †cvj A_© n†Q †giz | †h me mg†hvRx †hŠM AswkK abvZ§K I FbvZ§K cÖvšÍ ˆZwi K†i A_©vr †giz m„ wó K†i Zv‡K †cvjvi mg†hvRx
†hŠM e†j| Exm: cvwb , A¨v†gvwbqv , wPwb , M¬z†KvR , A¨vj†Kvnj |
†cvjvi mg†hvRx t †h me mg†hvRx †hŠM AswkK abvZ§K I FbvZ§K cÖvšÍ ˆZwi K†i bv A_©vr †giz m„wó nq bv Zv‡K †cvjvi mg†hvRx †hŠM e†j|
Exm: †ebwRb (C6H6) , B_vi |
Exm: HF GKwU †cvjvi †hŠM †Kb ?
Ans: †h me mg†hvRx †hŠ†Mi Aby†Z abvZ§K I FbvZ§K PvR©hy³ cÖvšÍ m„wó nq , Zv‡`I †cvjvi †hŠM e†j| †d¬vwd‡bi Zwor FbvZ§KZv nvBWª†R‡bi †_‡K
†ewk | ZvB H – F Gi †kqviK…Z B†jKUªb hyMj F cigvbyi w`‡K AvswkK AvK…ó nq| d†j F cigvby AvswkK FbvZ§K I H cigvby AvswkK abvZ§K cÖvšÍ
m„wó K†i| G Kvi†b HF †cvjvi †hŠM|
Exm: wKQz wKQz mg†hvRx †hŠM cvwb†Z `ªebxq nIqvi Kvib ?
Ans: †h me mg†hvRx †hŠ†Mi Aby†Z abvZ§K I FbvZ§K PvR©hy³ cÖvšÍ m„wó nq , Zv‡`I †cvjvi †hŠM e†j| wKQz wKQz mg†hvRx †hŠ†M Zwor FbvZ§K cv_©K
_vKvi Kvi†b †cvjvwiwU m„wó nq| hvi dv‡j mg†hvRx †hŠM cvwb†Z `ªebxq|
Exm: B_vbj GKwU †cvjvi †hŠM †Kb ?
Ans: †h me mg†hvRx †hŠ†Mi Aby†Z abvZ§K I FbvZ§K PvR©hy³ cÖvšÍ m„wó nq , Zv‡`I †cvjvi †hŠM e†j| O Zwor H
FbvZ§KZv C I H †_‡K †ewk |
ms†KZ t CH3-CH2-OH CH3 C O H
ZvB C – O – H Gi †kqviK…Z B†jKUªb hyMj O cigvbyi w`‡K AvswkK AvK…ó nq| d†j O cigvby AvswkK FbvZ§K
I C I H cigvby AvswkK abvZ§K cÖvšÍ m„wó K†i| G Kvi†b C2H5OH †cvjvi †hŠM| H
Exm: HCl †hŠ†M m†gv‡hvwR eÜb eb©bv|
Ans: O cvigvbweK msL¨v t 8
H cvigvbweK msL¨v t 1 , O B†jKUªb web¨vm t 1s22s22p4 ,
H B†jKUªb web¨vm t 1s1
wbw®Œq M¨v‡mi B‡jKUªb web¨vm AR©b Kivi Rb¨ H 1wU B†jKUªb Ges O 2wU B‡jKUªb cÖ‡qvRb| wKš‘ nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi 1wU B‡jKUªb Z¨vM Kiv m¤¢e bv ZvB `yBwU
nvB†Wªv‡Rb 1wU Aw·‡R‡bi mv‡_ B†jKUªb †kqvi K†i| H2 + O2 → H2O

SABUJ DATTA SD *** 01790967225 . Page - 5.

 H O
2 H
+ 2 O O
H H
H
cÖ†Z¨KUv nvB†Wªv‡Rb 1wU K†i B†jKUªb †kqvi K†i He B†jKUªb web¨vm AR©b K†i| Ab¨ w`†K O `yBwU B†jKUªb †kqv†ii gva¨†g Ne B†jKUªb web¨vm AR©b
K†i| Gfv‡e B†jKUªb †kqv‡ii gva¨†g mg†hvRx eÜb ev cvwb ˆZwi K†i| cvwbi Aby MVb Kv†j `yB‡Rvov gy³‡Rvi B†jKUªb _v‡K hviv `yB‡Rviv eÜb†Rvi
B†jKUªb†K weKl©b K†i | hvi d†j `yBwU nvB†Wªv‡Rb Aw·†R‡bi mv‡_ †KŠwbK fv‡e Ae¯’ vb K†i| ZvB cvwb Avbyi AK…wZ †KŠwbK|
Exm: H2 M¨v†mi Abyi AvK…wZ|
Ans: †Kvb gy³ †Rvi bvB , ïay gvÎ 1wU eÜb†Rvi ev 2wU †Rvi B‡jKUªb i‡q‡Q |

Exm: O2 M¨v†mi Abyi AvK…wZ|

Ans: 4‡Rviv gy³†Rvi ev 8wU gy³‡Rvi B‡jKUªb i†q†Q , 2†Rviv eÜb†Rvi ev 4wU †Rvi B‡jKUªb i‡q‡Q |

Exm: NH3 M¨v†mi Abyi AvK…wZ|

Ans: 1‡Rviv gy³†Rvi ev 2wU gy³‡Rvi B‡jKUªb i†q†Q , 3†Rviv
eÜb†Rvi ev 6wU †Rvi B‡jKUªb i‡q‡Q | Abyi AK…wZ cxivwgwWI H N
H
H N H

H H

Exm: CH4 M¨v†mi Abyi AvK…wZ|

Ans: †Kvb gy³†Rvi †bB , 4†Rviv eÜb†Rvi ev 8wU H
†Rvi B‡jKUªb i‡q‡Q | Abyi AK…wZ PZz_©jwKq|
C
H C H H H

Exm: AvqwbK I mg†hvRx e܆bi cv_©K¨ wjL| H

H
Ans:
AvqwbK e܆bi mg†hvRx e܆bi
1. GUv kw³kvjx eÜb 1| GUv ZzjbvgyjK `~e©j eÜb
2.cigvbyi g‡a¨ B†jKUªb Av`vb-cÖ`vb d†j AvqwbK eÜb m„wó nq| 2| cigvbyi g‡a¨ B†jKUªb †kqv†ii gva¨‡g AvqwbK eÜb m„wó nq|
3. AvqwbK eÜb wewkó †hŠ†Mi Mjbv¼ Ges ùzUbv¼ †ewk| 3| mg†hvRx eÜb wewkó †hŠ†Mi Mjbv¼ Ges ùzUbv¼ Av‡bK Kg|
4. AvqwbK eÜb wewkó †hŠM †cvjvi `ªve†K `ªexf‚Z nq| 4| mg†hvRx eÜb wewkó †hŠM †cvjvi `ªve†K `ªexf‚Z nq bv|

AvqwbK I mg†hvRx †hŠ†Mi ˆewkó¨ (Characteristics of Ionic and Covalent Bonds) t

I. Mjbv¼ Ges ùzUbv¼ t
SABUJ DATTA SD *** 01790967225 . Page - 6.
 o AvqwbK †hŠ†Mi cÖ†Z¨KUv cigvby ci¯ci abvZ§K Ges FbvZ§K cwibZ nq| GB AvqbØq ci¯ci `„ pfv‡e Ave× | GB AvqbØq G‡`i g†a¨ wÎgvwÎKfv‡e
wew¯ÍZ | hvi d†j G†`i AvšÍtAvbweK `~iZ¡ Av‡bK Kg I AvšÍtAvbweK AvKl©b ej A†bK †ewk| d†j G‡`I Zvc cÖ`vb K†I Mjv‡Z ev ev‡®c
cwibZ Ki‡Z Av‡bK †ewk Zv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb| ZvB G‡`i Mjbv¼ Ges ùzUbv¼ ZzjbvgyjKAv‡bK †ewk |
o mg†hvRx †hŠM `~ej
© f¨vÛviI‡qjm ej Øviv hy³| GB `~e©j f¨vÛviI‡qjm ej Øviv G‡K Avc†K AvKl©b K†I Ges cvkv cvwk _v‡K| hw` †Kvbfv‡e
Zvc cÖ‡qvMK†i f¨vÛviI‡qjm ej†K †f†½ †fjv hvq Z†e mg‡hvRx KwVb c`v_© Zij I mg†hvRx Zij c`v_© M¨vmxq c`v†_© cwibZ n†e| Lye Kg
Zv‡c mg†hvRx c`v_© M†j hvq ev ev‡®c cwibZ nq| GB Kvi†bB mg†hvRx c`v‡_© Mjbv¼ Ges ùzUbv¼ A†bK Kg|
II. `ªve¨Zv I `ªebxqZv t
AvqwbK †hŠM t
AvqwbK †hŠM MV†bi mgq avZz K¨vUvqb (+) I AavZz A¨vbvq†b (-) cwibZ
nq| hLb G‡`i Rjxq `ªe†b ev cvwb†Z `ªebxq Kiv nq ZLb O Gi AvswkK FbvZ§K Avqb
AvqwbK †hŠ†Mi K¨vUvqb†K ( avZe Avqb ev + ) wbw®Œq K†i †`q| Aci w`†K H Gi AvswkK
abvZ§K Avqb AvqwbK †hŠ†Mi A¨vbvqb†K ( AvavZe Avqb ev - ) wbw®Œq K†i †`q ZvB mn†R
cvwbi Avbyi mv‡_ wg‡k †h‡Z cv‡i| GB Kvi†bB AvqwbK †hŠM cvwb†Z `ªexf‚ Z nq| e¨vwZµg t wmjfvi †K¬vivBW (AgCl)
mg†hvRx †hŠM t
mg†hvRx †hŠM MV†bi Kv‡j cÖ†ZKUv cigvby AvswkK FbvZ§K Avsk (𝛿−) cwibZ nq| abvZ§K Ask _v‡K bv| ZvB ïay Rjxq `ªeb ev cvwbi ïay
abvZ§K Ask†K wbw®Œq Ki‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ FbvZ§K Ask†K wbw®Œq Ki†Z cv‡i| ZvB GUv cvwb‡K `ªexf‚ Z nq bv|
e¨vwZµg t wPwb (C12H22O11) , M¬y†KvR (C6H12O6) , A¨vj†Kvnj (C2H5OH)
III. we`¨yr cwievwnZv t
ZworØvi t Zwor we†k¬l†b e¨vUvwii abvZ§K Ges FbvZ§K As‡ki mv‡_ †h avZe `Û e¨venvi Kiv Zv‡K
ZworØvi ev B†jKUªb e†j|
abvZ§K ZworØvi †K A¨v†bvW e†j Ges FbvZ§K ZworØvi †K K¨v†_vW e†j|
1. AvqwbK †hŠM t AvqwbK †hŠ†M wew”Qbœ abvZ§K I FbvZ§K Avsk _v‡K| wew”Qbœ abvZ§K I FbvZ§K
Avsk we`¨yr cwien†b mvnvh¨ K†i| ZvB AvqwbK †hŠM Rwjq `ªe†b we`¨yr cwienb K†i| KwVb Ae¯’vq
AvqwbK †hŠM we`¨yr cwienb Ki†Z cv†i bv|
2. mg†hvRx †hŠM t we`¨yr cwien†bi Rb¨ wew”Qbœ abvZ§K I FbvZ§K Avsk bv _vKvq mg†hvRx †hŠM we`yr
cwienb Ki‡Z cv†i bv|
IV. avZe eÜb t
avZe c`v†_©i cigvYy¸‡jv wKš‘ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji mv‡_ eÜb MVb K‡i bv, Avevi
wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ wØcigvYyK ev wÎcigvYyyK Ae¯’vq _v‡K bv| ¯^ ¯^ †gŠ‡ji cigvYymg~n GK‡Î
cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vb K‡i| G‡`i †kl K¶c†_ Kg msLK B†jKUªb _v‡K| ch©vq mviwYi
GKB ch©v‡qi Ab¨vb¨ †gŠ‡ji Zzjbvq GB †gŠjmg~‡ni B‡jKUªb wbDwK¬qvm †_‡K `~‡i
_vKvi Kvi‡Y wbDwK¬qv‡mi mv‡_ B‡jKUª‡bi AvKl©Yej Kg _v‡K| ZvB avZe †Kjv‡m GB
B‡jKUªb¸‡jv cigvYyi K¶c_ †_‡K †ei n‡q mgMÖ avZeL‡Û gy³fv‡e PjvPj K‡i|
wegy³ B‡jKUªb¸‡jv †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó cigvYyi Aax‡b _v‡K bv| ei mgMÖ avZe L‡Ûi n‡q
hvq| B‡jKUªb nvwi‡q avZzi cigvYyMy‡jv Avq‡b cwiYZ n‡q GK wÎgvwÎK †Kjv‡m Ae¯’vb
K‡i| GK B‡jKUªb mvM‡i avZe Avqb¸‡jv wbgw¾Z Av‡Q e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| GB
mÂiYkxj B‡jKUª‡bi Kvi‡Y avZeL‡Û D”P Zvc I we`y¨r cwievwnZv, bgbxqZv, NvZmnZv
cÖfw„ Z ˆewk‡ó¨i m„wó nq| avZe †Kjv‡m Avqb I B‡jKUªb avZe cigvYymg~n †h AvKl©Yej Øviv ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ Ave× _v‡K Zv‡K avZe eÜb e‡j | avZe
e܆b we`¨vgvb abvZ§K Avqb†K avZe k¦vm e†j| avZzi wfZ†i avZe k¦vm¸‡jv wÎgvwÎK f‡e Ae¯’ vb K†i| avZe ùwU†K ga¨ewZ© ¯’v‡b mÂibkxj B†jKUªb
_v‡K| avZzi wfZ†I cÖ†Z¨wU Avqb w¯’I we`¨yZ AvKl©b Øviv AvKwl©Z| mÂvibkxj B†jKUªb _vKvi Kvi†bB avZz we`¨yZ cwievnx , bgbxq I NvZ mn¨
Ki†Z cv‡i| avZzi we`y¨r cwievwnZvi KviY: avZe †Kjv‡m we`y¨r cwievwnZv | me avZzB we`y¨r mycwievnx| †h‡nZz avZe †Kjv‡mi Af¨šÍix B‡jKUªbmg~n
¯^vaxbfv‡e PjvPj K‡i, †m‡nZz ˆe`y¨wZK †¶‡Îi cÖfv‡e ev avZe LÛ‡K e¨vUvwii mv‡_ hy ³ K‡i eZ©bx c~Y© Ki‡j mn‡RB eZ©bxi FYvZ¥K cÖvšÍ †_‡K gy³
B‡jKUªbmg~n abvZ¥K cÖv‡šÍi w`‡K PjvPj K‡i Ges Gfv‡eB we`y¨r cwienY K‡i| avZzi wfZ†i mÂvibkxj B†jKUªb gy³fv‡e Pj†Z cv‡i | ZvB avZz†Z
Zvc cÖ`vb Ki†j k³ MÖnb K†i Ges G‡`I †eM e„wa cvq | ZvB AwaK Zv‡ci ¯’vb †_‡K Kg Zv‡ci w`‡K Mgb K†i|
The End

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