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Copy of Mod 3.7a Assignment

assingment

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claudiatrinchi
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 3.7a - Use the attached reading to answer the following questions.

1.​ What are the basic forms of learning?

a.​ Learning:
Learning is a process that leads to a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due
to experience. There are several basic forms of learning which are crucial in understanding
human and animal behavior.

b.​ Habituates:
Habituation is a form of learning where an organism decreases its response to a repeated
benign stimulus over time. It allows individuals to focus on more important stimuli by ignoring
repetitive, irrelevant ones.

c.​ Associative Learning:


Associative learning occurs when an individual makes a connection between two events or
stimuli. This form of learning includes both classical and operant conditioning.

i.​ Classical Conditioning:


Classical conditioning is a type of associative learning where an individual learns to associate a
neutral stimulus with a significant stimulus that elicits a natural response. This leads to the
neutral stimulus triggering a similar response by association.

ii.​ Respondent behavior:


Respondent behavior refers to actions that occur automatically in response to certain stimuli,
typically involved in classical conditioning.

iii.​ Operant Conditioning:


Operant conditioning is a type of learning where behavior is influenced by its consequences.
Positive or negative reinforcements and punishments shape behavior through rewards or
aversions.

d.​ Cognitive learning:


Cognitive learning involves understanding, knowing, anticipating, or otherwise making use of
higher mental processes. It focuses on complex mental activities such as thinking, memory,
problem-solving, and language.
2.​ What is behaviorism?

Behaviorism is a theoretical perspective that focuses on observable and measurable aspects of


behavior, asserting that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment.
3.​ How do behaviorists view learning?
Behaviorists view learning as a behavior change that results from interacting with the
environment and conditioning, emphasizing observable stimuli and responses rather than
internal mental states.

4.​ Summarize the research of Ivan Pavlov

Ivan Pavlov's research centered on classical conditioning, a groundbreaking investigation into


how dogs could learn to associate a neutral stimulus, like a bell,with food. That resulted in the
dogs salivating to the sound of the bell alone.

5.​ Elements of Classical Conditioning


Description Example from Pavlov Other example

Unconditioned A stimulus that *Example from *Other example:*


Stimulus (UCS) naturally and Pavlov:* Meat Pollen causing
automatically triggers powder causing sneezing.
a response. salivation.

Neutral stimulus (NS) A stimulus that *Example from *Other example:* The
initially has no effect. Pavlov:* The sound sound of a whistle.
of a bell.

Conditioned Stimulus Previously a neutral *Example from *Other example:*


(CS) stimulus that, after Pavlov:* Bell sound Whistle sound after
being paired with the after conditioning. conditioning.
UCS, triggers a
conditioned
response.

Conditioned A learned response *Example from *Other example:*


Response (CR) to the previously Pavlov:* Salivation in Sneezing in response
neutral, now response to the bell. to the whistle.
conditioned stimulus.

Examples of Classical Conditioning


1. Selena had an allergic reaction to a bowl of clam chowder that made her feel nauseous. Now, she
feels nauseous whenever she thinks about eating that soup.

UCS-​ Clam chowder​ UCR- Nausea

NS-​ Thought of eating soup​ CS- Thought of eating soup

CR- Nausea

2. In the past Fred had failed many math exams which caused him humiliation. Now, Fred gets
nervous and anxious whenever the teacher announces that they’re about to take a quiz.

UCS-​ Failing math exams​ UCR- Humiliation

NS-​ Announcement of a quiz​ CS- Announcement of a quiz

CR- Nervousness and anxiety

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