JavaScript Interview Questions and Answer(Fresher

+ Experience)

Are you gearing up for a JavaScript interview? Whether you're a seasoned developer or a passionate fresher,
mastering the right questions can make all the difference. In this comprehensive guide, we'll unlock the
secrets to acing your JavaScript interview with a curated selection of the best JavaScript interview
questions and answers for 2024.

Why JavaScript?
JavaScript is an unbeatable language when it comes to web development. It powers interactive elements,
dynamic websites, and even mobile apps. Mastering JavaScript opens doors to exciting front-end, back-
end, and full-stack development careers.

Today, JavaScript is a programming language that can replace C#, Java, PHP, or any other object-oriented
language. JavaScript can run in a browser, server-side, or on any device using a program known as JavaScript
Engine. This article contains the most commonly asked JavaScript interview questions and answers in a
JavaScript or front-end technologies Interview.

Javascript Interview Questions For Freshers

1. What is JavaScript?
Ans. JavaScript is an object-based programming language, mostly used as a client-side programming
language with the HTML page to add some behavior for it.

JavaScript was initially created as a browser-only language, but now it can be executed on the server or any
client that has a JavaScript Engine. A product like Node.js, MongoDB, jaggery.js, ASP, etc uses server-side
JavaScript.

In the browser, JavaScript can do many things as given below:

Manipulating the HTML element.

React to a user action, like running some event while the user clicks on the mouse or by using the
keyboard.

Send a request to the remote server.

Downloading and uploading the files.

Get and Set cookies and handle the client-side storage (local and session storage).

Major Advantages of using the JavaScript

Full integration with HTML/CSS.

Supported by all major browsers which are enabled by default.

2. What is ECMAScript?
Ans. ECMAScript is a scripting language standardized by ECMA International in ECMA-262. Languages like
ActionScript, JavaScript, and many more scripting languages are used in ECMAScript. Among these
JavaScript is a well-known client-side scripting language and an implementation of ECMAScript, since the
standard was published. The latest version is ECMAScript6.

ECMAScript is generally a standardized version of JavaScript and a general-purpose programming language

that was implemented in Javascript and some other languages as well. It is a scripting language that formed
the basis of browser-based Javascript and Node.js eventually.

Watch the Video - Introduction to ECMA Script

3. Which data types are supported by JavaScript?

Ans. JavaScript variables are dynamically typed, which means there is a data type but it will not be bound to a
particular type, For example, while initializing the variable it can be string type but later It can also be
assigned to a numeric value.

Two types of data types are being supported which are primitive data types and non-primitive data types.
Below are some of the data types supported by JavaScript.

The data types supported by JavaScript are:

Undefined

Null

Boolean

Object

String

Symbol

Number

Watch the Video - Data Type in JavaScript | Primitive and Non Primitive Data Type

4. What is the difference between undefined and not defined?

Ans. Consider the below example

var x;
console.log(x);

Now in the console, we will get a message that x is ‘undefined’ which means the variable is declared and
memory is created but the value is not assigned to it.

console.log(y)

In this case, you will get a message like ‘not defined’ because the variable y is not created, and memory is not
allocated for it and we try to reference the variable.
5. What is the use of typeof operator?
Ans. The typeof is a unary operator which means it takes a single operand in a statement or expression. It is
used to check the data type of its operand in the form of a string, for example, if we check the undefined
variable then the typeof operator will return the value as "undefined".

var x=10;
console.log(typeof (x))

It will print the number in the console

var x = 10;
console.log(typeof (x) == 'number')

From the above code if the type of x is a number, so from the expression it will print true in the console.

6. What is the instanceof operator?

Ans. instanceof operator checks whether the object is an instance of a class or not.

function Country(name){this.name=name};
var country = new Country("India");
console.log(country instanceof Country) // return true

It will also consider inheritance

let arr = ['apple', 'orange', 'grapes'];

console.log(arr instanceof Array); //prints true in console
console.log(arr instanceof Object); //prints true in console

Here, arr is an array, but it also belongs to the object, because array prototypal inherits from the object.

7. What is the strict mode?

Ans. “use strict” is not a statement but a literal expression which is supported by ECMAScript version 5. This
statement instructs the browser to use the strict mode, which is a safer future in JavaScript. It will eliminate
some JavaScript silent errors.

The strict mode applies to the entire script or the individual functions and it doesn't apply to the block
statements or code which is enclosed by the curly braces {}. Attempting to apply it to such contexts does not
have any meaning. At multiple places such as eval code, functional code, event handler attributes, strings
passed along with the setTimeout() and related functions are completely scripts, and invoking the strict mode
in them works as expected to check the syntax vulnerabilities.

Example

"use strict";
x = 10; // this will give error

The above statement will give an error because in strict mode the variable should be declared before it is
used.

The “use strict” expression can be in global scope as well as local scope

Global scope

const employee = { name: "Ram", age: 25 }

employee.name = "Raju" // it is possible
use strict";
x = 10; // this will give error

local scope

x = 10; // This will not give error.

myFunction();

Explore our developer-friendly HTML to PDF API Printed using PDFCrowd HTML to PDF
 function myFunction() {
"use strict";
y = 15; // This will give error
}

8. Explain string in JavaScript.

Ans. The group of characters or textual data is called a string in JavaScript. There is no separate type for the
character, even a single character will be stored as a string. In JavaScript, the string can be enclosed with
single quotes or double quotes.

But with JavaScript, the methods and properties are also available to primitive values, because JavaScript
treats primitive values as an object when executing the methods and properties.

var str = 'hello';

console.log(str);//print hello

Read More: Strings in JavaScript

9. What are the differences between search() and indexOf()?

Ans: The differences between search() and indexOf() methods are given below:

search(): It is used to find a specified value and returns the position of the match, the value can be a string
or a regular expression.
indexOf(): It is used to find a specified value and returns the position of the match, the value should be a
string, it won’t accept a regular expression

var m = /e/;

var m = /e/;

var str = "apple";

str.search(m)//return 4

var str = "apple";

 str.indexOf(m)//return -1

10. What are the differences between indexOf() and lastIndexOf() ?

Ans: The differences between indexOf() and lastIndexOf() methods are given below:

indexOf(): It will return the index of the first occurrence of specific text in a string
lastIndexOf(): It will return the index of the last occurrence of specific text in a string

var str = 'Hello find me test me';

str.indexOf('me') // return 11

var str = 'Hello find me test me';

str.lastIndexOf('me') // return 19

11. What are the differences between substr() and substring()?

Ans: The differences between substr() and substring() methods are given below:

substr(): It is used to return the characters in a string beginning at the specified index and returns the
number of characters based on the length provided
substring(): It is used to return the characters in a string beginning at the specified index and returns the
number of characters based on the length provided minus 1.

var x = "hello";
console.log((x.substr(1, 4) == "ello"))

It will print true in the log

var x = "hello";
console.log((x.substring(1, 4) == "ello"))

It will print false in the log

var x = "hello";
console.log((x.substring(1, 5) == "ello"))//print true in console

HTML to PDF
12. What are the differences between an array and an object?
Ans: The differences between array and object are given below:

Array Object

The array uses the numbered indexes to access the The object uses the named indexes to access the
element in it members in it.

You should use an array when you want the element You should use an object when you want the
name to be a number element name to be a string
It is an ordered collection. It is a collection of unordered properties

13. What is the self-executing function?

Ans. The self-executing function will execute right after it has been defined. The advantage of using it is, that
it will execute the code without declaring any global. Mostly it will be used to attach event listeners to DOM
elements and other initialization work.

This type of self-executing function does not have its name and hence it is called an anonymous function. The
function has a trailing set of parentheses without any arguments. The parameters for this function could be
passed in the parenthesis.

Below is a simple example showing the usage of the anonymous function.

(function ()
{
//function body
})();

14. What is the arrow function?

Ans. The arrow function will support in JavaScript only after ES6 or above, it is a short way to write function
expressions.

The arrow function is a shorter syntax for using a function that does not have its own "this", below is a simple
example of the same.

function add(a, b) {
return a + b;
 }
console.log(add(1, 2));//3

Using arrow function

add = (a, b) => {

return a + b
}
console.log(add(1, 2));//3

15. How to find the browser that is running the web page?

Ans. The window object navigator is used to find the browser which is currently running the web application.

var browsername = navigator.appName;

console.log(browsername);

16. How to redirect the user to a new page?

Ans. We can use the window object location to redirect the user to the new page by providing the HREF URL
link to be redirected.

window.location.href="https://www.dotnettricks.com/"

17. What is the output of the below code?

var num = "10";

(function () {
console.log("Original Number " + num);
var num = "50"; // This is the inner variable
console.log("New Number " + num);
})();

Run Code >>

Output

Original Number undefined

New Number 50

Reason: You will expect the original number will take the value from the outer scope, but the salary value was
undefined, because of hoisting.

18. What is DOM?

Ans. DOM is a W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) standard. When the HTML page loads in the browser, the
browser creates the DOM (Document object model). It defines the HTML element as an object and allows
scripts to dynamically manipulate the content and the structure of the document.

When any of the HTML documents are loaded in the browser, it will become a document object which is the
root element that represents the HTML document. Each DOM element has various properties and methods.
and with the help of document objects, we may add dynamic content to our web page according to the
required behavior.

HTML:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<body>
<h1>Document Object Model</h1>
</body>
</html>

In DOM, every HTML is an object, Nested tags are “children”, and the text inside a <h1> is an object as well

The DOM Tree of objects

The DOM represents HTML as a tree structure of tags. Here’s how it looks in the browser inspect the element

19. What is BOM?

Ans. BOM (Browser Object Model)provides interaction with the browser, the default object of the browser is a
window. The various properties provided by Windows are a document, history, screen, location, and navigator.

All modern browsers have implemented the same methods and properties for JavaScript operational
interactions often referred to as BOM's methods and properties. A window object is automatically created by
the browser itself.

Read More: Understanding DOM and BOM

20. What is the NaN property in JavaScript?

Ans. NaN property depicts the “Not-a-Number” value. It shows a value that is not a legal number. One type of
NaN would return a Number. If you want to check if a value is NaN, the isNaN() function is used. It is
important to note that the isNaN() function transforms the given value to a Number type; later on, it equates
to NaN.

Javascript Interview Questions for Intermediate Developers

21. What is the usefulness of the window object?

A browser’s history object could be used to switch to history pages like back and forward from the existing
page or another page. 3 methods of history object are as follows:

1. history.back() – This method loads the previous page.

2. history.forward() – This method loads the next page.
3. history.go(number) - Its number may be positive (for forwarding) or negative (for backward). It will load
the provided page number.

22. What is the functioning of timers in JavaScript?

Ans. Timers are useful to operate a piece of code at a specific time or iterate the code in a specific interval.
The same is performed by using functions like setInterval, setTimeout, and clearInterval. Timers are
executed in a single thread. Therefore, they may queue up and there may be a waiting time for execution.

The setTimeout(function, delay) function is useful for starting a timer that calls a specific function after the
stated delay. The setInterval(function, delay) function frequently operates the provided function in the stated
delay and only stops when canceled. The timer gets to know when to stop with the clearInterval(id) function.

23. What are the various types of errors in JavaScript?

Ans.Here are the three types of errors in JavaScript:

1. Runtime errors: These are the errors that occur due to misuse of the command within the HTML
language.
2. Load time errors: These errors occur while loading a web page. An example includes improper syntax
errors that produce the errors dynamically.
3. Logical Errors: These errors come up because of the bad logic carried out on a function with a varied
operation.

24. Explain the “this” keyword.

The “this” keyword refers to the object that the function is a property of. The value of the “this” keyword will
always depend on the object that is invoking the function.

Example

var obj = {
name: "ScholarHat",
getName: function(){
console.log(this.name);
} }
obj.getName();

In the above code, at the time of invocation, the getName function is a property of the object obj, therefore,
this keyword will refer to the object obj, and hence the output will be “ScholarHat”.

25. Explain the difference between .call() and .apply().

Ans. The functions .apply() and .call() are very identical in their usage but come with a minor difference. The
.call() is employed whenever the programmer knows the number of the function arguments. This is because
they have to be stated as arguments within the call statement. Conversely, .apply() is employed whenever the
number is unknown. Also, this function .apply() needs an array argument. The key difference between these
two functions is how the arguments are passed to the function.

26. How is DOM used in JavaScript?

Ans. DOM (Document Object Model) is accountable for how different objects in a document interrelate with
each other. It is useful for developing web pages that contain objects like links, paragraphs, etc. Such objects
can be executed to contain actions like add or delete. Furthermore, DOM is also useful to equip a web page
with extra capabilities. The use of API provides a benefit compared to other prevailing models.

27. What is the role of deferred scripts in JavaScript?

Ans. The parsing of HTML code during page loading is by default paused until the script has not halted
executing. The webpage is delayed if the server is slow or the script is chiefly heavy.

When using the Deferred, scripts would delay execution of the script until the HTML parser is operating. It
decreases the web pages’ loading time and they get showcased faster.

28. What are the different functional components in JavaScript?

HTML to PDF
Ans. Functional components are important topics covered in a javascript Course. Two types of functional
components in JavaScript are –First-class functions and nested functions.

i. First-class functions: These functions in JavaScript are used as first-class objects. Usually, this means that
such functions can be passed in the form of arguments to other functions. Moreover, they are returned as
values from other functions or assigned to variables, or they can be saved in data structures.

ii. Nested functions: Those functions that are defined within other functions are termed Nested functions.
Whenever the main function is invoked, nested functions are called.

29. What are the different ways to access the HTML elements in JavaScript?

Ans. The following DOM Methods are used to capture the HTML element and manipulate it.

1. getElementById('idname') - > This function is used to select the HTML element based on the ID property
of the HTML element.

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <title></title>

</head>
<body>
<label id="myelement"></label>
<script>
document.getElementById('myelement').innerHTML = '<h3> Welcome </h3>'
</script> </body </html>

2. getElementsByClassName('className') - > This function is used to select the HTML elements based on
the class name in DOM, it will return all matched HTML elements concerning the class name.

<!DOCTYPE html> <html>

<head> <meta
charset="utf-8" /> <title>
</title> </head>
 <style> .lblMsg { color: #000; }
</style>
<body>
<label id="myelement" class="lblMsg"></label>
<script> document.getElementsByClassName('lblMsg')[0].innerHTML = '<h3> Welcome
</h3>' </script> </body> </html>

3. getElementsByTagName(‘HTMLtagname’) - > This function is used to select the HTML elements based
on the Tag name in DOM, it will return all matched HTML elements concerning the Tag name.

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <title></title> </head>

<style>
.lblMsg {
color: #000;
}
</style>
<body>
<label id="myelement" class="lblMsg"></label>
<script>
document.getElementsByTagName('label')[0].innerHTML = '<h3> Welcome </h3>'
</script>
</body>
</html>

30. What is the difference between function declarations and function

expressions?

Ans. Function declarations are defined using the function keyword, while function expressions are defined by
assigning a function to a variable. Function declarations are hoisted, while function expressions are not.
31. What are the types of errors in javascript?
There are two types of errors in javascript.

1. Syntax errors: These errors are mistakes or spelling problems in the code that cause the program to not
execute at all or to stop running halfway through. Error messages are usually supplied as well.
2. Logical error: Reasoning mistakes occur when the syntax is proper but the logic or program is incorrect.
The application executes without problems in this case. However, the output findings are inaccurate.
These are sometimes more difficult to correct than syntax issues since these applications do not display
error signals for logic faults.

32. What is the use of a TypedArray object in JavaScript?

The JavaScript TypedArray object illustrates an array like a view of an underlying binary data buffer. There are
several different global properties, whose values are TypedArray constructors for specific element types.

function display()
{
var arr1= [11,12,3,4,5,6,17,8,9,10];
arr1.copyWithin(2) ;
document.write(arr1);
}
display();

33. Explain WeakSet in JavaScript.

In JavaScript, a Set is a collection of unique and ordered elements. Similarly, WeakSet is also a collection of
unique and ordered elements with some key differences:

Weakset contains only objects and no other type.

An object inside the weakest is referenced weakly. This means, that if the object inside the weakest does
not have a reference, it will be garbage collected.
Unlike Set, WeakSet only has three methods, add(), delete(), and has().

const newSet = new Set([4, 5, 16, 7]);

console.log(newSet);// Outputs Set {4,5,16,7}

const newSet2 = new WeakSet([3, 4, 5]); //Throws an error

let obj1 = {message:"Hello ScholarHat"};

 const newSet3 = new WeakSet([obj1]);
console.log(newSet3.has(obj1)); // true

34. What is the use of the debugger keyword in JavaScript?

The debugger keyword sets the breakpoint through the code itself. The debugger stops the execution of the
program at the position it is applied. Now, we can start the flow of execution manually. If an exception
occurs, the execution will stop again on that particular line.

function display() { x
= 20; y = 15; z = x + y;
debugger;
document.write(z);
document.write(a);
}
display();

35. What is a prototype design pattern?

The Prototype Pattern produces different objects, but instead of returning uninitialized objects, it produces
objects that have values replicated from a template – or sample – object. It is also known as the Properties
pattern, the Prototype pattern is used to create prototypes.

The Prototype pattern is hardly used in traditional languages, however, it is used in the development of new
objects and templates in JavaScript, which is a prototypal language.

Javascript Interview Questions for Experienced Developers

36. What are the advantages of JavaScript?
Following are some of the advantages of JavaScript:

Javascript is executed on the client side as well as server-side also. There are a variety of Frontend
Frameworks that you may study and utilize. However, if you want to use JavaScript on the backend, you'll
need to learn NodeJS. It is currently the only JavaScript framework that may be used on the backend.
Javascript is a simple language to learn.
Web pages now have more functionality because of Javascript.
To the end-user, Javascript is quite quick.
37. What are the different events in JavaScript?
There are many different events in JavaScript. The following are some of them:

Click: It occurs when a user clicks on an HTML element.

Mouseover: It occurs when a user's mouse pointer moves over an HTML element.
Keydown: It occurs when a user presses a key on the keyboard.
Keyup: It occurs when a user releases a key on the keyboard.
Change: It occurs when a user changes the value of an HTML input element.

38. Explain higher-order functions in JavaScript.

Functions that operate on other functions, either by taking them as arguments or by returning them, are called
higher-order functions.

Higher-order functions are a result of functions being first-class citizens in JavaScript.

function higherOrder() {
return function() {
return "Hello ScholarHat";
}
}
var x = higherOrder();
x()

39. What is the difference between exec() and test() methods in JavaScript?
test() and exec() are RegExp expression methods used in JavaScript.
We'll use exec() to search a string for a specific pattern, and if it finds it, it'll return the pattern directly;
otherwise, it'll return an 'empty' result.
We will use a test() to find a string for a specific pattern. It will return the Boolean value 'true' on finding the
given text otherwise, it will return 'false'.

40. Explain WeakMap in JavaScript.

We know that Map in JavaScript is used to store key-value pairs. The key-value pairs can be of both primitive
and non-primitive types. WeakMap is similar to Map with key differences:

The keys and values in weakmap should always be an object.

If there are no references to the object, the object will be garbage collected.

const map1 = new Map();

map1.set('Value', 1);
 const map2 = new WeakMap();
map2.set('Value', 2.3); // Throws an error

let obj = {name:"ScholarHat"};

const map3 = new WeakMap();
map3.set(obj, {age:2});

41. Is JavaScript a pass-by-reference or pass-by-value language?

The variable's data is always a reference for objects, hence it's always a pass-by value. As a result, if you
supply an object and alter its members inside the method, the changes continue outside of it.

It appears to be a pass-by reference here. However, if you modify the values of the object variable, there's no
permanent change, demonstrating that it is indeed passed by value.

42. What is the requirement of debugging in JavaScript?

JavaScript never shows any error message in the browser. However, these mistakes can affect the output.
The best way to find out the error is to debug the code. The code can be debugged easily by using web
browsers like Google Chrome, and Mozilla Firebox.

To perform debugging, we can use any of the following approaches:

Using console.log() method

Using debugger keyword

43. What is a Temporal Dead Zone?

Temporal Dead Zone is a behavior that occurs with variables declared using let and const keywords. Here, we
try to access a variable before it is initialized.

Example

x = 30; // Gives reference error

let x;

function anotherRandomFunc(){
message = "Hello ScholarHat"; // Throws a reference error

let message;
 }
anotherRandomFunc();

44. What are the different ways to access an HTML element in JavaScript?
There are mainly three ways to access an HTML element in JavaScript:

1. Using the getElementById() method: The getElementById() method takes a string as an argument and
returns the HTML element with the specified ID.
2. Using the getElementsByTagName() method: The getElementsByTagName() method takes a string as an
argument and returns an array of all the HTML elements with the specified tag name.
3. Using the querySelector() method: The querySelector() method takes a CSS selector as an argument and
returns the first HTML element that matches the selector.

45. Is JavaScript case-sensitive language?

Yes, JavaScript is a case-sensitive language.

Example

Var msg = "ScholarHat by DotNetTriks"; //Here, var should be used to declare a variable
function display()
{
document.writeln(msg); // It will not display the result.
}
display();

46. What is the use of history objects?

The history object of a browser can be used to switch to history pages such as back and forward from the
current page or another page. There are three methods of history object.

1. history.back() - It loads the previous page.

2. history.forward() - It loads the next page.
3. history.go(number) - The number may be positive for forward, and negative for backward. It loads the
given page number.

47. What is the difference between localStorage and sessionStorage in

JavaScript?
Both localStorage and sessionStorage are web storage objects in JavaScript, but they have different scopes
and lifetimes.
 localStorage persists data even after the browser window is closed and is accessible across different
browser tabs/windows of the same origin.
sessionStorage stores data for a single browser session and is accessible only within the same tab or
window.

48. What is the difference between JavaScript and JScript?

Netscape provided the JavaScript language. Microsoft changed the name and called it JScript to avoid the
trademark issue. In other words, you can say JScript is the same as JavaScript, but Microsoft provides it.

49. What is the difference between splice() and slice()?

splice() is used to modify an array by adding, removing, or replacing elements at a specific position.

splice(start, optional delete count, optional items to add)

slice() is used to create a new array that contains a portion of an existing array, specified by the starting
and ending indices.

slice(optional start parameter, optional end parameter)

50. What are the four states of promise object in javascript?

Promise object has four states -

1. Pending - Initial state of promise. This state represents that the promise has neither been fulfilled nor
been rejected, it is pending.
2. Fulfilled - This state represents that the promise has been fulfilled, meaning the async operation is
completed.
3. Rejected - This state represents that the promise has been rejected for some reason, meaning the async
operation has failed.
4. Settled - This state represents that the promise has been either rejected or fulfilled.

51. What is event delegation in JavaScript?

Event delegation is a technique of attaching a single event listener to a parent element. This event listener
handles events occurring on its child elements. It helps optimize performance and reduce memory
consumption.

Item 1
Item 2
 Item 3

document.getElementById("list").addEventListener
("click", function(event) {
if (event.target.nodeName === "LI" ) {
console.log(event.target.textContent);
} });

52. Explain the for-in loop in JavaScript.

The for-in loop is used to loop through the properties or keys of an object. Syntax

for (key in object) {

// body
};

The iteration here continues until there are no more keys left to iterate.

Example

const arr = [10, 20, 30, 40, 55];

for (const element of arr) {

console.log(element);
}

Output

10
2
0
3
0
4
0
53.
55
What are Screen objects?
Screen objects implement the Screen interface. They store information about the screen on which the current
window is being rendered. The properties of screen objects are:
 AvailHeight: Gives the height of the visitor's screen
AvailWidth: Gives the width of the visitor's screen
ColorDepth: Gives the bit depth of images on the visitor's screen
Height: Gives the total height of the visitor's screen, including the taskbar
Width: Gives the total width of the visitor's screen, including the taskbar

54. Why should you not use innerHTML in JavaScript?

The two major drawbacks are:

Cyber security concerns: Since innerHTML can add content that includes actual bits of HTML code rather
than simple strings, it may pose a security risk.
Inefficiency: innerHTML content is refreshed every time. This makes the page slower and inefficient.

55. Differentiate innerText from innerHTML.

innerText innerHTML

Retrieves and sets the content in plain text Retrieves and sets the content in HTML format

We can not insert the HTML tags We can insert the HTML tags

It ignores the spaces. It considers the spaces.

It returns text without an inner element tag. It returns a tag with an inner element tag.

56. What is the unshift method in JavaScript?

The unshift() method adds new elements to the beginning of an array. It overwrites the original array.

Syntax

array.unshift(item1, item2, ..., itemX)

57. What is an event bubbling in JavaScript?

Event bubbling is one of the event propagation methods in the DOM (Document Object Model). They dictate
the order in which events are processed in the DOM tree.

In event bubbling, events are processed from the innermost element and then propagated up to the parent
elements. With this, we can handle multiple events with a single event listener. The event first triggers on the
target element and then propagates up the DOM tree.
In this example, there are three nested div elements within the body.When an event occurs on the Div
element, the event starts at the Div element and then bubbles up the DOM tree, starting with Div2, then Div1,
and finally, the Body element.

58. What is hoisting in JS?

Hoisting refers to the process whereby the interpreter appears to move the declaration of functions,
variables, classes, or imports to the top of their scope, before execution of the code. Hence, we can use the
function or a variable before declaration.

Example

// use demo variable before declaring

console.log(demo);

// declare and initialize demo variable

var demo = 5;

Run Code >>

Here, we can use the demo variable before declaration because of variable hoisting. But, we get undefined as
output because the variable hasn't been initialized at the time it's printed.

Output

undefined

59. What is a debounce function?

Debounce optimizes event handling by delaying the execution of a function until after a specified period of
dormancy. When an event is triggered, the debounce function starts a timer. If the function is called again
within the delay period, the timer is reset. This delay helps prevent unnecessary or premature function
calls, resulting in more efficient event handling.

60. What is Negative Infinity?

The negative infinity is a constant value that represents the lowest available value. This means that no
number is less than this value. Negative Infinity is calculated by dividing a negative number by zero.

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FAQs
Q1. How should I prepare for a JavaScript programming interview?

To prepare for a JavaScript programming interview, it's crucial to have a solid understanding of fundamental
concepts such as variables, data types, functions, and control flow. Additionally, practice coding exercises,
familiarize yourself with common JavaScript libraries and frameworks, and review advanced topics such as
closures, prototypes, and asynchronous programming.

Q2. What types of questions can I expect in a JavaScript interview?

In a JavaScript interview, you can expect a mix of theoretical questions to assess your understanding of
language fundamentals and practical coding problems to evaluate your problem-solving skills. Questions
may cover topics such as closures, event handling, object manipulation, asynchronous programming, and
JavaScript frameworks.

Q3. What are the different types of JavaScript interview questions?

Fundamentals: Cover basic syntax, data types, variables, operators, and control flow.
Advanced Concepts: Dive into closures, prototypes, hoisting, asynchronous programming, and the
Document Object Model (DOM).
Problem Solving: Assess your ability to analyze problems, write efficient code, and debug issues.
Frameworks and Libraries: If relevant, expect questions about specific frameworks like React, Angular, or
Vue.js.
 Behavioral: Explore your teamwork, communication, and problem-solving skills on past projects.

Q4. What are some common pitfalls to avoid during JavaScript interviews?
Not understanding the difference between var, let, and const.
Struggling with closures and scope chain concepts.
Being unfamiliar with common browser APIs and event handling.
Neglecting best practices for clean, readable code.
Getting nervous or flustered under pressure.

Q5. How do you handle objects and their properties in JavaScript?

In JavaScript, objects and their properties are managed using dot notation or bracket notation to access,
add, modify, or delete properties. For example, object.property or object['property'] can be used to interact
with object properties.

Q6. What are the key features of functions in JavaScript?

Key features of JavaScript functions include first-class functions, meaning they can be assigned to variables,
passed as arguments, and returned from other functions, and closures, which allow functions to access
variables from their defining scope even after that scope has closed.

Q7. What are some tips for acing your JavaScript interview?
To ace your JavaScript interview, thoroughly understand core concepts like closures, async/await, and the
event loop and practice solving coding problems.

Q8. Where can I find resources for learning more about Javascript?
You can learn more about JavaScript through online platforms like ScholarHat, which provides
comprehensive guides and tutorials, various certification programs, etc.

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