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Flow-pressure conditions in gas pipe networks

Article · January 2011

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Recent Advances in Fluid Mechanics, Heat & Mass Transfer and Biology

Flow-Pressure Conditions in Gas Pipe Networks


JURIJ KROPE, DARKO GORICANEC
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
University of Maribor
Smetanova ul. 17, 2000 Maribor
SLOVENIA
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: - In the paper, flow-pressure analysis of gas pipe networks and linearization of non-linear equation
with linear theory method (LTM) is presented. The method is used on a test case of pipe networks with four
modes. The HAPN application for flow-pressure analyses of low pressure gas pipe networks is completely
designed in object-oriented programming technology; the algorithm for numerical module LTM and the
method for solution of sparse matrix are developed at the Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,
University of Maribor, Slovenia.

Key-Words: - fluid mechanics, gas pipe networks, pressure losses, non-linear programming,
linear method

1 Introduction realization of the introduction of gas as an energy


The energy criteria of production processes are product for broad consumption
nowadays becoming more and more important as a
proper functioning of processes and their optimal
exploitation ensure optimal functioning of devices 2 Pressure losses in gas pipelines
together with a rational use of energy. When considering the conditions in the low pressure
If we limit ourselves to the transport and pipeline, we assume that the density during the gas
distribution of energy in the gas phase in a supply flow does not change. The drop of pressure can be
network consisting of pipelines, linking customers determined using the equation [2,3]:
with suppliers, we can safely say that the design and
flow-pressure pipe network analysis is an inherent ρ1 ⋅ v12
dp = − λ ⋅ ⋅ dx (1)
component in the complete design of transmission 2⋅d
systems linked to optimal network installation that
provides the greatest economic impact [1]. A By integrating the equation (1) we get:
significant characteristic of these systems is a large
number of customers, large proportions of the λ L
various dimensions of pipes and the possibility of a p1 − p2 = ⋅ ⋅ ρ1 ⋅ v12 (2)
2 d
large number of sources in the network.
Whereas in the short term with regard to the Equation (9) shows that in low-pressure pipelines
requirements of rational energy use and with constant flow and constant gas density, the gas
recommendations on resource use to ensure minimal velocity is constant. In pipes that are not located
environmental pollution an intense gasification is horizontally, due to the difference in pressure
expected, it is essential to support the professional between the air and transported gas buoyancy
approach to planning, dimensioning and control of occurs. Pressure drop depends on the coefficient of
operating parameters of gas networks, which linear losses, on the difference in density between
indisputably provides a great national benefit, not the air and gas, and on the geodetic height ∆h,
only from the urban, social and environmental subject to the following equation:
aspects, but also from an economic perspective.
In the study we derive from the assumption that
ρ1 ⋅ v12 ∆h
the configuration of the loop gas system is known; − dp = λ ⋅ ⋅ dx + ( pz − p1 ) ⋅ g ⋅ ⋅ dx (3)
the aim of the study is to construct a mathematical 2⋅d L
model or computer program that allows pressure
flow analysis and a professional approach to the where:

ISBN: 978-960-474-268-4 158


Recent Advances in Fluid Mechanics, Heat & Mass Transfer and Biology

pipes and nodes is essential. With incidence matrix


ρ1 - is the gas density in point 1 (kg/m3) a link to individual tubes with individual nodes can
be written, which is interesting only when finding
ρ z - is the density of air (kg/m3) the optimal topology. To calculate the pressure in
∆h - geodetic height between cross-sections (m) the individual network nodes we need e.g. Jacobian
∆h > 0 meaning the rise of the pipeline, matrix of differential pressure flow, which also
∆h < 0 meaning the fall of the pipeline. takes into account the topology and the physical
properties of fluid in the pipeline. Before that, the
By integrating the equation we get: flow directions need to be assumed.
The custom configuration of the gas network
L consists of L tubes and N nodes. Nodes represent
p1 − p2 = λ ⋅ ⋅ ρ1 ⋅ v12 + ( ρ z − ρ1 ) ⋅ g ⋅ ∆h (4)
2⋅d the places in which the individual pipelines merge
or diversify, or places in which the fluid enters or
Considering the real gas state during streaming, leaves the network. The branches represent the
depending on the length, pressure and density are connections between nodes (Figure 1). They are
reduced, whereas the speed is increasing. The flow described by the length, inner diameter, and
of real gas in pipes is subject to the following volumetric flow, the direction of flow and pressure
equation: losses [4].
Loops represent the branching and merging of
p1 p2 the pipeline. The number of elementary loops
R ⋅T = = = const. (5)
z1 ⋅ ρ1 z2 ⋅ ρ 2 depends on the number of branches and on the
number of nodes, subject to the following
where: equation:

z1 and z2 are compressibility factors of gas in the m = s − v +1 (9)


initial and final state.
The compressibility factor (Z) depends only on where:
the pressure during the isothermal change. Its mean
value is calculated by the equation: m- number of loops
s – number of branches
1 v – number of nodes
Z m = ( Z1 + Z 2 ) (6)
2

Determination of pressure drop of real gas in


high-pressure pipeline is subject to the following
equation:

p
1 2 ρ1 ⋅ v12 Z m L
p1 p∫1 2 ⋅ d Z1 ∫0
⋅ p ⋅ dp = − λ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ dx (7)
Figure 1: Diagram of branch with vertices i and j
or
The flow is considered as positive if it is entering
p12 − p22 λ L Z
= ⋅ ⋅ ρ1 ⋅ v12 ⋅ m (8) the node, and as negative if it flows from the node.
2 ⋅ p1 2 d Z1 For each node it is valid that the sum of the flows is
equal, meaning that the sum of the flows at the
entrance to the node equals the sum of flows at the
3 Mathematical Model exit of nodes. 1st Kirchhoff law applies, which is
The term gas network means a larger number of described by the linear algebraic equation [5]:
individual interconnected pipelines, whose function Nv

is to supply gas to all consumers. qv1 − ∑ qvi = 0


i=2
Network topology can be efficiently described Nc
and analyzed with graph theory, where gas network
is being treated as a planar oriented graph. For
∑ ±q
j =1
vij ± qvi = 0 (i =1, 2,3,..., N v ) (10)
further analysis the reading array of connection of qvij ≥ 0 (i = 1, 2,3,..., N v j = 1, 2,3,..., N c )

ISBN: 978-960-474-268-4 159


Recent Advances in Fluid Mechanics, Heat & Mass Transfer and Biology

Also, the sum of pressure losses in any closed equations. The total number of iterations is
piping network loop equals zero. 2nd Kirchhoff law dependent on the required relative accuracy [10].
applies, which is described by the nonlinear
algebraic equation:

∑ ∆p
I =1
i =0 (11)

In the case of a large number of pipelines and loops,


for solving a system of nonlinear algebraic
equations the following numerical methods are
used [6]:

• iteration method;
• Newton's method;
• the method of functional iteration;
• Cauchy method;
• Hook-Jeeves method;
• the method of quadratic programming;
• modified Newton's method;
• linear method;

The study gives a mathematical model whose


solution is based on the use of linear methods and
computer.
The solution gives remarkable results, which are
characteristic of fast convergence. One can also
easily respond to the questions of how to maintain
the optimal gas pressure in spite of variable Figure 2: Flowchart of computer algorithm
consumption; what are the consequences caused by
additional power supply of the network, or the 4.1 Program Package
change of direction of gas flow in pipes in case of A software package [11,12,13] is designed for
compliance with the legality of stationary user-friendly and with menus supported
incompressible flows. implementation of programs.
When entering the data, the user of the software
package does not need to watch which pipes
4 Computer Algorithm compose specific loops; also, it is not necessary to
With respect to above-mentioned theory was in determine a positive direction for the first estimate
terms of finding the most appropriate numerical of flows in these directions.
method for hydraulic analysis of gas pipeline Apart from topological description of the
networks developed a computer algorithm using network, also the technical characteristics of the
numerical: elements to qualitative and quantitative define
• LTM linear method [7,8], production, transport, distribution and consumption
• Newton - Raphson method. of energy are given.
Physical properties of the transported fluid are
Flowchart of computer algorithm to calculate the defined by the initial temperature and pressure, and
flow-pressure conditions of gas network by a LTH- are calculated for a particular situation based on
method is shown in Figure 2 [9]. tabular values.
The index k means the k-to iteration, XMAX is the Nodes, pipes and elements are entered in any
required relative accuracy. In the first iterative step, order, whereas system data and parameters of
we assume the pressures in nodes pi(k), then we temperature medium are prepared just before each
change the value of ∆p in each iterative cycle, calculation. Repeating the calculation is performed
which are obtained by solving the system of easily only by changing certain system information

ISBN: 978-960-474-268-4 160


Recent Advances in Fluid Mechanics, Heat & Mass Transfer and Biology

or by setting the proper position of valves in the conditions for the current load. Based on the
network. analysis of the results we can determine the most
Input data are divided into data that give the economical supply options for consumers and
network structure, the information on consumption service network.
of the customers, and the data on system parameters The functionality of designing and dimensioning
that define the current calculation. The bases for of new networks or network parts, the envisaged
preparing and data entry are plans which provide a expansion of existing networks, thereby increasing
complete and current picture of network system consumption, as well as installation of new devices,
with the connected and possibly planned customers. are checked before the investment is triggered, by
The implementation of the applications is carrying out a flow-pressure analysis. The analysis
enabled by the following data groups: gives directions for the construction and operation
• system data (physical properties of gas); of the system. To this end, we need algorithms
• nodes (consumption, geodetic altitude, supplemented by boundary conditions or criteria. By
coordinates x, y); known consumption and maximum allowable
• tubes (length, diameter, roughness, embedded pressure drop it is possible to determine the
components or local resistors); appropriate diameter for all sections. On the basis of
• sources (characteristics, capacity). standard diameters and taking into account other
planning criteria we can select the optimum pipe
dimensions. Before calculating it is possible to
5 Conclusion define specific sections with pre-selected diameter,
Determination of flow-pressure conditions for gas and they remain unchanged until the end of the
supply networks is not straightforward and calculation.
transparent and requires considerable computational
effort to monitor the situation in each point of the
network. The exact mathematical calculation
without a computer is almost impossible. Software References:
package includes a set of computer programs that [1] J. Krope, D. Goričanec, L. Garbai, Optimal
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loop networks and various pipelines. overhead steam transport, Proceedings of the
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pressure, volume and speed conditions at every Continuing Eduction, 1995, pp. II/1352-1355.
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verification of the effects of operating conditions. of the WSEAS/IASME international
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the operating conditions and calculates operating 20, 2006. Athens: World Scientific Engineering

ISBN: 978-960-474-268-4 161


Recent Advances in Fluid Mechanics, Heat & Mass Transfer and Biology

Academy and Association; International [11] D. Goričanec, A. Jakl, J. Krope, V. Krajnc. A


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ISBN: 978-960-474-268-4 162

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