IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol.

6, Issue 08, 2018 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613

Cross Drainage Works-Case Study from Panam Project

Suresh C. Jain1 Kiran Katariya2 Ali Kapdia3 Kumar Prashant4
1
Associate Professor 2,3,4UG Student
1,2,3,4
Department of Civil Engineering
1,2,3,4
ITM Universe, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Abstract— As the world's population has increased, the need
A. An Aqueduct & Syphon Aqueduct
for food has also increased, which leads to improve the
farming techniques and yield of crops. To achieve this the In this case, the canal is taken over the natural drain so that
efficient Irrigation network is required. For irrigation purpose the drainage water runs below the canal either freely or under
the canal is required to be constructed to convey water to a symphonic pressure.
specific point/areas which are not under command of any Aqueduct is constructed when the HFL of the drain
network. Canal has to cross the river or drainage in their is sufficiently below the bottom of the canal bed, In this case
alignment for that cross drainage works are to be constructed. the drainage water flow freely under gravity.
This report briefly consider the different type of structures However, if the HFL of the drain is higher than the
constructed for crossing of river or drainage. canal bed the water passes through the aqueduct barrels under
Key words: Cross Drainage Words, Aqueduct, Canal symphonic action, the structure is known as Syphon
Structure Aqueduct.

I. INTRODUCTION
A cross drainage work is a structure constructed for crossing
of canal on drainage Viz. River, small drain or torrent. When
Canal comes across obstructions like rivers, natural drains
and other canals the structure to be selected will depend upon
the level of canal bed, full supply level or river bed level or
HFL. The various types of structures that are built to carry the
canal water across the obstructions are called cross drainage
works. These CD works are generally very costly and hence
the cost study on enroute of canal alignment is compared with
them. The cheap and feasible alternative is selected. The Fig. 1: Model of Syphone Aqueduct at GERI Baroda
major point in selection is command area should not get lost
as the revenue from it in future is going to contribute to GDP
of the country in future.
Major point to in design is to see that structure at
crossing of a river or drainage for water not to get
contaminated from the drainage impurities and shall not
become usable for the irrigation purpose.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

We have studied our various text and reference books like
rrigation engineering by S. K. Garg, Irrigation Engineering Fig. 2: Model of Syphone Aqueduct at GERI Baroda
by B. C. Punamia. The design and drawings are being done
in line with the given theory and concepts from these books,
websites and our field visits to Panam irrigation scheme. The
knowledge gained during discussions with officials are also
incorporated in design of barrels, which is shown in
paragraphs below.

III. DIFFERENT TYPES OF C.D. WORKS

The Drainage water intercepting the canal can be disposed of
in either of the following ways:
 By passing canal over the Drainage. It is of two type: (a)
An Aqueduct; or through a (b) Syphon aqueduct.
 By passing canal below the Drainage.It is of two type: Fig. 3: Model of Aqueduct
(a) a Super Passage; or through a (b) Canal Syphon.
B. Super Passage & Canal Syphon
 By passing the drain through canal, so that the canal
water and drainage water are allowed to intermingle with  In this case, the drain is taken over the canal such that the
each other. This may be accomplished through (a) a canal water runs below the drain either freely or under
Level Crossing; or through (b) Inlet and Outlet. syphoning pressure.

All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 250

 Cross Drainage Works-Case Study from Panam Project
(IJSRD/Vol. 6/Issue 08/2018/059)

 A super passage is constructed when the FSL of the canal

sufficiently below the bottom of the drain trough.
 If the FSL of the canal is sufficiently above the bed level
of the drainage trough, so that canal flows under
symphonic action under the trough, the structure is
known as the Canal Syphon or Syphon.

Fig. 6: Level Crossing

1) Inlets & Outlets
 An inlet is a structure constructed in to allow the drainage
water or river water to enter the canal and get mixed with
the canal water and thus to help in augmenting canal
supplies.
 It is adopted when the drainage discharge is small and
the drain crosses the canal with its bed level equal to or
Fig. 4: Model of Super Passage slightly higher than the canal FSL.
 When the drainage discharge is high or if the canal is
small, so that the canal section cannot take the entire
drainage water, for the solution of that problem an Outlet
may sometimes be constructed to pass the additional
discharge at a suitable site.
 An inlet essentially consists of an open cut in a canal
bank, and protected by pitching to flow the upland
drainage water into the canal. The bed and sides of the
canal are also pitched for a certain distance upstream and
downstream of the inlet.

Fig. 5: Superpassage
C. Level Crossing:
 In this type of cross drainage works, the canal water and
drain water are allowed to intermingle with each other.
 A Level crossing is generally provided when a large
canal and a huge drainage (such as stream or river )
approach each other practically at the same level Fig. 7: Canal Inlet and Outlet
 A regulator is provided across the torrent (drainage) just
on the downstream of the crossing so as to control the IV. DESIGN CONSIDERATION
discharge passing into the torrent. The following steps may be involved in the design of cross
 At the outgoing canal, a regulator is also provided so as drainage works,
to control the discharge into the canal. A regulator at the  Determination of Maximum Flood Discharge.
end of the incoming canal is also sometimes required.  Fixing the Waterway Requirements for Aqueducts and
syphon aqueducts or any other structure.
 Afflux and Head Loss through Syphon Barrels.
 Fluming of the Canal
 Design of Pucca Canal Trough
 Design of Bottom Floor
 Design of Bank Connection

All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 251

 Cross Drainage Works-Case Study from Panam Project
(IJSRD/Vol. 6/Issue 08/2018/059)

V. METHODS USED FOR DESIGN OF TRANSITION CURVES drainage works design and how they are being constructed. It
There are three methods used to design the Cross Drainage has been varified by us that the dimensions obtained by
Works, which are as follows; solving problems are matching with the actual dimensions of
 Mitra’s method of design of transitions (when water the structures constructed in the field.
depth remains constant).
 Chaturvedi’s method of design of transitions (when
water depth remains constant).
 Hind’s method of design of transition (when water depth
may or may not vary).

VI. DATA & DESIGN CALCULATION

Data is obtained for design of box culvert on distributory
canal from PANAM Project Division office, Godhra, Gujarat
State.
A. Data:
 Chainage: 5350.00 m.
 C.B.L. (U/S) 103.83 m.
 C.B.L. (D/S) 103.77 m.
 F.S.L. 105.53 m.
 T.B.L. 106.08 m.
 G.L. 106.14 m
 BED WIDTH 2.50 m.
 F.S.D 1.70 m.
 F.B. 0.55 m.
 SIDE SLOPE 1:1
 Co- efficient of Rugosity 0.025
 Road Top 106.14 m.

VII. TYPICAL BARREL DESIGN CALCULATIONS

Discharge of canal (Q) = 210.00 Cusec = 5.946 Cumecs
Assuming velocity through Barrel (V) = 1.50 m/sec
Area of barrel required = ( Q ) / ( V )
Area = 5.946 / 1.5
= 3.964 Smt
Provided Barrel Size = 2.00 * 2.00 m
Total Barrel Area = 4.0 Smt ..... hence ok.

Fig. 8: Plan of Box Culvert

This is typical barrel design and other components
of the structure are further calculated; components like
Fluming of the Canal; Design of Pucca Canal Trough; Design
of Bottom Floor; Design of Bank Connection etc are
calculated.

VIII. CONCLUSION
This theory associated with our field tours gave us the idea
about the different criteria used in different type of cross

All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 252