STUDY CENTRE FOR BIOCHEMISTRY

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

COURSE STRUCTURE

for

(M.Sc. Biochemistry)
Four Semesters (Two Year)

Programme

Based on

Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)

(As per Ordinance-14)

I & II Semester 2020-21

III & IV Semester 2021-22

AWADHESH PRATAP SINGH UNIVERSITY, REWA (M.P.)

 Semester Course of M.Sc. Biochemistry
Programme : M.Sc. Biochemistry
Programme Code : 78
Duration : 4 Semester (Two Year)
Eligibility : Graduation with Chemistry, Biotechnology,
Microbiology and Biochemistry as a subject.
Age Limit : No age limit
Admission Procedure : The admission will be done as per merit of qualifying
examinations
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

PROGRAMME OBJECTIVES & STRUCTURE

PO # PROGRAMME OUTCOME

PO 1 Critical Thinking: Take informed actions after identifying the assumptions that
frame our thinking and actions, check out the degree to which these assumptions
are accurate and valid, and look at our ideas
anddecisions(intellectual,organizational,andpersonal)fromdifferent
Perspectives.
PO 2 Effective Communication: Speak, read, write and listen clearly in person and
through electronic media in English and in one Indian language, and make meaning
of the world by connecting people, ideas, books, media and Technology.

PO 3 Social Interaction: Elicit views of others, mediated is agreements and help reach
conclusions in group settings.

PO 4 Effective Citizenship: Demonstrate empathetic social concern and equity-

centered national development, and the ability to act with an informed awareness
of issues and participate in civic life through volunteering.

PO 5 Ethics: Recognize different value systems including your own, understand the moral
dimensions of your decisions, and accept responsibility for them.

PO 6 Environment and Sustainability: Understand the issues of environmental contexts

and sustainable development.

PO 7 Self-directed and Life-long Learning: Acquire the ability to engage in independent

and life-long learning in the broadest context of socio-technological changes.
 PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOME
PSO # PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOME

PSO 1 To gain essential knowledge and skills to pursue a career in research, industry and in
academic set up.
PSO 2 To integrate and apply the techniques in Analytical biochemistry, Clinical
biochemistry, Microbiology, Molecular biology and Bioinformatics.

PSO 3 To understand the depth of scientific knowledge in the broad range of fields
including Cell biology, Metabolism, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Genetics,
Nutritional Biochemistry, Immunology and Enzymology.
PSO 4 Provide the biochemical basis of human diseases, protein structure and
conformation, non-invasive diagnostics, biochemical pathway regulation and drug
development and synthesize this knowledge and apply the same for multitude of
laboratory applications.

Course Outcome (COs)

S.No. Course Name Course Code

Semester-I
101 Bio-organic Chemistry BCH-101
Course Outcome
CO1 Understand occurrence and classification of carbohydrate
CO2 Understand definition and classification of lipids
CO3 Discuss classification and properties of proteins
CO4 Understand nature of genetic material of nucleic acid
CO5 Explain classification of porphyrins
102 Cell Biology BCH-102
Course Outcome
CO1 Understand the structures and purposes of basic components
CO2 Explain molecular organization and biogenesis and function
mitochondria
CO3 Discuss Bio-membrane transport
CO4 Understand cell cycle
CO5 Discuss molecular organization and nucleus
103 Human Physiology and Endocrinology BCH-103
 Course Outcome
CO1 Understand composition of blood and blood coagulation
CO2 Understand digestive system
CO3 Understand excretory system
CO4 Understand structure of skeletal muscles
CO5 Discuss hormonal action in human body
104 Biophysical Chemistry & Techniques BCH-104
Course Outcome
CO1 Understand physical properties and structure of water
CO2 Understand basic principle of centrifugation
CO3 Explain thermodynamics
CO4 Understand general principle of chromatography
CO5 Learn basic concepts of spectroscopy
105 Lab I: Bio-organic Chemistry and Biophysical Chemistry & BCH-105
Techniques
Course Outcome
CO1 Understand qualitative analysis
CO2 Discuss cell fractionation
CO3 Understand colorimetric and spectrophotometric analysis
CO4 Understand chromatography analysis
CO5 Demonstration of electrophoresis
106 Lab II: Human physiology & Endocrinology and cell biology BCH-106
Course Outcome
CO1 Determine Hb% in blood samples
CO2 Learn microscopic observations
CO3 Understand blood film preparation and identification of cells
CO4 Explain isolation of cell organelles
CO5 Estimation of proteins from animal cell material
Semester-II
201 Enzymology BCH-201
Course Outcome
CO1 Understand nomenclature and classification of enzymes
CO2 Discuss co-enzyme and cofactors
CO3 Explain multi enzyme and allosteric enzymes
CO4 Understand mechanism of catalysis
CO5 Understand general mechanisms of enzyme regulation
202 Microbial Biochemistry BCH-202
Course Outcome
CO1 Understand classification of microorganisms
CO2 Explain general organization of bacterial cells and bacteriological media
CO3 Explain role of microorganisms in food spoilage
CO4 Understand viruses structure

CO5 Discuss sterilization and disinfection

203 Biostatistics and Computational Bioinformatics BCH-203
Course Outcome
CO1 Explain introduction of Biostatistics
CO2 Understand probability
CO3 Understand correlation and regression analysis
CO4 Discuss computer fundamentals
CO5 Understand internet and its applications
204 Molecular Biology BCH-204
Course Outcome
CO1 Understand chemical nature of genetic materials
CO2 Understand transcription mechanism
CO3 Explain bacterial recombination
CO4 Understand DNA binding properties
CO5 Discuss Mutation types
205 Lab I: Enzymology and Molecular Biology BCH-205
Course Outcome
CO1 Understand Enzyme assay
CO2 Determine specific activity of enzymes
CO3 Estimation of DNA
CO4 Estimation of RNA
CO5 Understand electrophoresis of genomic DNA
206 Lab II: Microbial Biochemistry and Bioinformatics BCH-206
Course Outcome
CO1 Preparation of culture media
CO2 Understand VRDL test
CO3 Explain drug and target databases
CO4 Explain protein structure database
CO5 Understand gram staining
Semester-III
301 Metabolism and Plant Biochemistry BCH-301
Course Outcome
CO1 Understand bioenergetics and carbohydrate metabolism
CO2 Discuss lipid metabolism
CO3 Explain nucleic acid metabolism
CO4 Discuss protein metabolism

CO5 Understand photosystem

302 Immunology BCH-302
Course Outcome
CO1 Explain introduction of immune system
CO2 Understand effect or mechanism of immunity
CO3 Understand antigen
CO4 Understand transplantation immunology
CO5 Understand immunity to infection and immunological techniques
303 Clinical Biochemistry BCH-303
Course Outcome
CO1 Understand LFT and KFT
CO2 Understand disorders of metabolisms
CO3 Understand Biochemical aspects of Hematology
CO4 Explain mechanism of drug action
CO5 Discuss disorders of erythrocyte metabolism
304 Genetic Engineering BCH-304
Course Outcome
CO 1 Understand laws of Mendels
CO 2 Understand Recombinant DNA Technology
CO 3 Explain Tissue Culture
CO 4 Discuss population genetics
CO 5 Understand Gene Techniques
305 Lab I: Genetic Engineering and BCH-305
Course Outcome
CO1 Isolation of genomic DNA
CO2 Understand Western Blotting
CO3 Understand Hematology
CO4 Understand Assay of serum marker enzymes
CO5 Understand Blood and Urine analysis
306 Lab II: Plant Biochemistry and Immunology BCH-306
Course Outcome
CO1
Estimation of plant lipids and carbohydrates
CO2
Understand Mitosis
CO3
Understand single immune diffusion
CO4
Understand blood grouping
CO5 Understand Sandwich ELISA

Semester-IV
401 Pharmaceutical Biochemistry BCH-401
Course Outcome
CO1 Discuss Pharmacokinetics
CO2 Understand pharmacodynamics and drug target
CO3 Explain regulatory affairs and pharmacvigilance
CO4 Understand Intellectual property rights
CO5 Understand pharmaceutical associated toxicity
402 Biochemical Toxicology and Clinical Research BCH-402
Course Outcome
CO1 Understand nutrition toxicology and immune toxicology
CO2 Explain pre clinical toxicology
CO3 Discuss clinical research
CO4 Discuss biological testing and bioassays during clinical trials
CO5 Understand bioavailability and bioequivalence studies
403 Food and Nutritional Biochemistry BCH-403
Course Outcome
CO 1 Gain detail understanding of Nutraceuticals; use of nutraceuticals
in traditionalhealth sciences from intestine in to blood it affect the
body
CO 2 Understanding of factors that affect food digestion and
absorption, Bioavailabilityand Bioequivalence concept
CO 3 Understanding of importance of food for existence of life
CO 4 Learn how to processing and loss of nutrients take place
during processing andcooking
CO 5 Recommended dietary allowances for different categories of human
 beings
404 Industrial Biochemistry BCH-404
Course Outcome
CO 1 Gain detail understanding of Techniques of fermentation systems,
Role ofFermentation, Biochemistry of Fermentation for industrial
product development
CO 2 Understanding of commercial enzyme in beverages and their
associated biochemicalprocess
CO 3 Understanding of importance of food, Food additives, artificial food
additives andtheir biochemistry
CO 4 Learn how to processing are involve in prebiotics and probiotics
production inindustry
CO 5 Learning in the development and production of different
bioactive product forhuman welfare
405 La I: Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Industrial BCH-405
Biochemistry
Course Outcome
CO1 Qualitative analysis of lipids
CO2 Saponification value of fats
CO3 Drug stability and solubility analysis
CO4 Quality validation of process
CO5 Standard operating procedure updating and review
406 Lab II: Biochemical Toxicology & Clinical Research and BCH-406
Nutrition Biochemistry
Course Outcome
CO1 Determination of metal content in samples
CO2 Understand Food processing and fortification test
CO3 Understand BMR calculation
CO4 Estimation of Minerals quantitative test
CO5 Understand Enzymes related toxicity testing
 M.Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY
(FOUR SEMESTER COURSE)
SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
(CBCS Syllabus)
(Effective from 2020-21)

Semester-I
Paper Course Title of the Paper Credit Marks
Paper I BCH-101 Bio-organic Chemistry 4 100(60+40)

Paper II BCH-102 Cell Biology 4 100(60+40)

Paper III BCH-103 Human Physiology and 4 100(60+40)
Endocrinology
Paper IV BCH-104 Biophysical Chemistry & 4 100(60+40)
Techniques
(Generic Elective)

Practical (Lab I + Lab II) 4 200(100+100)

Comprehensive Viva Voce 4* 100

Total 24 700
*Virtual Credit

Semester-II
Paper Course Title of the Paper Credits Marks
Code
Paper I BCH-201 Enzymology 4 100(60+40)
Paper II BCH-202 Microbial Biochemistry 4 100(60+40)
Paper III BCH-203 Molecular Biology 4 100(60+40)
Paper IV BCH-204 Bio statistics and 4 100(60+40)
(Generic Computational Bioinformatics
Elective)
Practical (Lab I + Lab II) 4 200(1000+100)
Comprehensive Viva Voce 4* 100
Total 24 700
*Virtual Credit
Semester-III
Paper Course Code Title of the Paper Credits Marks

Paper I BCH-301 Metabolism and Plant 4 100(60+40)

Biochemistry
Paper II BCH-302 Immunology 4 100(60+40)
Paper III BCH-303 Clinical Biochemistry 4 100(60+40)
(Discipline
Elective)
Paper IV BCH-304 Genetic Engineering 4 100(60+40)
(Generic
Elective)
Practical (Lab I + Lab II) 4 200(100+100)
Comprehensive Viva Voce 4 100
*
Total 2 700
4
*Virtual Credit

Semester-IV
Paper Course Code Title of the Paper Credits Marks

Paper I BCH-401 Pharmaceutical Biochemistry 4 100(60+40)

Paper II BCH-402 Biochemical Toxicology and 4 100(60+40)

Clinical
Research

Paper III BCH-403 Food and Nutrition 4 100(60+40)

Biochemistry
(Discipline
Elective)
Paper IV BCH-404 Industrial Biochemistry 4 100(60+40)
(Generic
Elective)
Practical (Lab I + Lab II) 4 200(100+100)
Comprehensive Viva Voce 4*
Total 24 700
*Virtual Credit
Grand Total Marks M.Sc. (Ist to IVth Sem) = 2800
 M.Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY
Semester-I
Paper-I
BCH-101: Bio-organic Chemistry

COURSE OBJECTIVES
The objective of this paper is to provide students with a basic understanding of

 The physical and chemical properties of the components of living things.

 The principles of bioenergetics.
 Structural, chemical biology and three-dimensional construction of macromolecules
(carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids).
 Functional properties and importance of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and
lipids.

UNIT-I
Carbohydrate- Occurance, Classification, structures, propertise, and biological importance of
mono, oligo and polysaccharide, stereo isomerism, optical isomerism and reaction of aldehyde and
ketone groups of sugars, mutarotation, ring structure of mono saccharides.

UNIT-II
Lipids- Definition and classification, structure, properties of fatty acids and prostaglandins,
claasification distribution and biological importance of fats, waxes compound and derived lipids,
physical and chemical properties of fats, steroids, cholesterol and bile acids, characterization of fats.

UNIT-III
Proteins- Introduction, classification and properties of amino acids, Biologically active peptides,
classification based on solubility, shape composition and function structure and properties of
peptide and proteins. Protection and deprotection of N-terminal and C-terminal ends functional
groups in the side. Chain denaturation and Renaturation of protein. Determination of amino and
sequences of a polypeptide chain.

UNIT-IV
Nucleic acid- Nature of genetic material, evidances that DNA is the genetic materical, Structure &
constitution of nucleic acids (purines, pyrimidines, nucleoside) features of double helix DNA,
structure, types, composition, of RNA &DNA, biological role of DNA & RNA. Nucleoproteins, central
degma of molecular biology.

UNIT-V
Porphyrins- Porphyrins Nucleus and classification of Porphyrins. Important meiallophyrines.
Biosynthesis and degradation of porphyrins. Bile pigments chemical nature and their physiological
significance.

Books Suggested
1. Biochemistry by L. Stryer, W.H. Freeman and Co. 5th 2002.
2. Fundamentals of Biochemistry by Voet and Voet, John Wiley and sons NY (2002).
3. Lehninger’s Principle of Biochemistry by David L. Nelson and Michael M. Cox. W. H. Freeman; 4th
edition (2004).
4. Text Book of Biochemistry with clinical correlation by Thomas .M. Devlin, John Wiley-Liss, Hobokhen
N. J. publishers (2006).
5. Biochemistry by Zubey, GL WCB Publishers.
COURSE OUTCOMES
 To understand the concepts of preparation of buffers, molarity, normality,
ionization, molality.
 The understanding of different types of chemical bonding, molecular machinery of
living cells, principles that govern the structures of macromolecules and their
participation in living system.

 To identify with the classification and structural properties of carbohydrates,

proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, glycoproteins and glycolipids and their
significance in biological systems.
 By the end of the course, the students will be able to demonstrate advanced
knowledge and understanding of aspects of physical and chemical properties of
aqueous solutions, concepts of free energy.

M.Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY
Semester – I
Paper-II
BCH-102: Cell Biology

COURSE OBJECTIVES
 To equip students with a basic knowledge of the structural and functional
properties of cells
 To examine properties of differentiated cell systems and tissues.
 Aspect of cell cycle and cell death.
 To introduce the fascinating mechanism of cell signaling along with brief overview
on developmental biology.
 To provide thorough knowledge on classical genetics.

UNIT-I
Cell, cell wall and Extracellular Matrix (ECM), composition, cellular dimensions, Evolution,
Organisation, differentiation of prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells, Virus, bacteria, cyanobacteria,
mycoplasma and prions.

UNIT-II
Molecular organisation and biogenesis and functin Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulam, golgi
apparatus, plastids chloroplast, Leucoplast, centrosome, lysosome, ribosome, peroxisome, Nucleus
and nucleolus. Endo membrane system, concept of compartmentalization.

UNIT-III
Bio-membrane Transport- Physiochemical propertise of cell membranes. Molecular constitute of
membranes, asymmetrical organisation of lipids and proteins. Solute transport across membrane’s-
fick’s law, simple diffusion, passive-facilitated Diffusion, active transport- primary and secondary
group translocation, transport ATPases, Membrane transport in bacteria and animals Transport
mechanism- mobile carriers and pores mechanisms. Transport by vesicle formation, endocytosis,
exocytosis, cell respiration.

UNIT-IV
Cell cycle- Cell division by mitosis and meosis, Comparison of Meiosis an Mitosis, regulation of cell
cycle, cell lysis, Cytokinesis, Cell signaling, Cell communication, Cell adhesion and Cell junction,
apoeptosis, cell cycle checkpoints.

UNIT - V
Molecular organization and Nucleus, nucleolus, composition, properties, envelop, structure
properties, stability, cleavage, functions and types of chromosomes, chromosomal arrangement,
Chromosome staning, chromosomal observation aberration, chromatin, structure, homocrometin,
hetro and polychromatin.

Books Suggested
1. Cell Biology Protocols by Harris, R., Graham, J. & Rickwood, D.
2. Color Atlas of Biochemistry by Koolman, J. & Roehm, K. H.
3. Molecular Biology of The Cell - Bruce Alberts.
4. Molecular cell Biology by Harvey Lodish. W. H. Freeman; Sol edition (2007).
5. Cell Biology Protocols by Harris, R., Graham, J. & Rickwood, D.
6. Current Protocols in Protein Science (All Vol) John Wiley & Sons.
7. The World of the cell by Becker, Kleinsmith and Harden Academic Internet Publishers; 5th edition
(2006).
8. The Cell: A Molecular Approach, Fourth Edition by Geoffrey M. Cooper and Robert E. Hausman.
9. Cell and Molecular Biology by concepts and experiments by Gerald Karp (2005) John Wiley sons &
Inc.

COURSE OUTCOMES

 Students will understand the structures and purposes of basic components of cell,
especially membranes and organelles.
 Appreciate the cellular components underlying cell division along with a deep
insight to cell division, cell death and uncontrolled cell division.
 Students will learn the basic principles of inheritance and patterns of heredity.
 Students will test and deepen their mastery of genetics by applying this knowledge
in a variety of problem-solving situations.

M.Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY
Semester-I
Paper-III
BCH-103: Human Physiology and Endocrinology

COURSE OBJECTIVES
 The course is designed to assist the students to learn and understand fundamental
concepts and principles of respiratory, renal, digestive, cardiovascular, muscle and
neuro physiology.
 To develop a vocabulary of appropriate terminology to effectively communicate
information related to anatomy and physiology.
 To study the interrelationships within and between anatomical and physiological
systems of the human body.
 To understand the basic mechanisms of homeostasis by integrating the functions of
cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
 To study the roll and mechanism of endocrine system in metabolism, regulation of
normal homeostatic condition of body and other physiological functions.
UNIT-I
Blood- Composition of blood, structure & functions of formed elements, plasma and its
consistuents & function of plasma proteins.
Blood coagulation- Mechanism & regulation, fibrinolysis, role of Hb in oxygen & corbon dioxide
transports or 2,3 Dpce, Bohr effect and chloride shift.

UNIT-II
Digestive system- Composition, function& regulation of digestive juices, Digestion, absorption of
carohydrate, proteions and fats of nucleic acids, minerals and vitamins.

UNIT-III
I. Excretory system-Structure of nephron, mechanism of urine formation, clearance values,
composition of urine, Homeostasis & acid- base balance & imbalance.
II. Structure of neuron conduction of impulses across the nerve fibre salutary conduction. Synaptic
transmission, role of neurotransmitter.

UNIT-IV
Muscles- Structure of skeletal muscles, Bio-chemical characterization of extra cellular matrix,
plasma lemma, transverse tubular system, sarcoplasmic reticulum and myofibrils.
Actin, myosin, tropomysin, troponin, Z-disc and H-line components. The sliding filament
mechanisms and other theories metabolic and chemical changes during muscle constriction.

UNIT-V
Hormones- endocrine system, basic knowledge of endocrinology, Classification of endocrine
system, structure, function and disorders of pituitary, anterior and posterior pituitary gland,
thyroid and parathyroid, adrenal, pancreases and reproductive hormones in case of human and
female.

Books Suggested
1. Human Physiology by Devis.
2. Harper's Biochemistry (Lange Medical Books) (Paperback)By Robert K. Murray,Daryl K. Granner,
Peter A. Mayes and Victor W. Rodwell. Publisher: Appelton and Lange.
3. Clinical Biochemistry By Richard Luxton. Scion Publishing Ltd.
4. Text book of Biochemistry and Human Biology -Talwar , G.P. and Srivastava. L.M., Printice Hall of
india.
5. Human Physiology Chatterjee.C.C, Medical Allied Agency.
6. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry By MN Chatterjea and Rana Shinde, Jaypee Brothers. 1. Principles
of Anatomy & Physiology by Tortora, G.J.
7. Textbook of Medical Physiology by Guyton and Hall.
8. Essentials of Medical Physiology by Sembulingam K.
9. Proteins: structure and function by Whitford, D.

COURSE OUTCOMES
 This course will provide a sound basis in human physiology to support in-depth
understanding of physiological processes of all body systems in detail and on an
appropriate level.
 Students will able to explain how the activities of organs are integrated for
maximum efficiency.
 Students will be prepared to identify how changes in normal physiology lead to
disease and it will support further study in health and medical sciences or related
fields.
  This paper will also provide understanding of hormonal action in human body to
regulate normal physiological activity of different organ system as well as metabolic
process.

M.Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY
Semester-I
Generic Elective
Paper-IV
BCH-104: Biophysical Chemistry & Techniques

COURSE OBJECTIVE
 The objectives of this paper is to develop student’s knowledge and capabilities in
areas of analytical chemistry that are particularly relevant to the analysis of a range
of sample types
 To understand the physical principles of a range of quantitative and quantitative
analytical techniques.
 To study the range of spectroscopic technique to characterize the biomolecules.
 To understand the governing mechanisms and driving forces of various advanced
separation processes.

UNIT-I
Water- Physical properties & Structure of water, hydrogen bonding, ionisation of water. pH scale
concept of acids-bases & buffers, buffer ionisation behavior of amino acids and proteins. Henderson-
Hasselbalch equation, biological buffering system. Principale of osmosis- Electroendomosis, Donan-
membrane equilibrioum & its biological applications.

UNIT-II
Centrifugation- Basic principle of sedimentation, centrifuge and their uses. Preparative &
analytical centrifugation and their application in biochemistry. Electrophoresis-General principle,
factors affecting electrophoretic mobility, moving boundary & zonal electrophoresis, paper & gel
electrophoreis, isoelectric focusing.

UNIT-III
Thermodynamics- Open, closed & isolated system, first & second laws of thermodynamics and
their applications in living organisms. Molecular basis of entropy, Helmholtz & Gibbs free energy,
equilibrium constant. Chemical potential, Phosphate group transfer potential coupled reactions.

UNIT-IV
Chromatography- General principle of partition, absorption, paper, column, thin layer, ion
exchange & gas chromatography (GLC, GSC). Affinity & high performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC) & Gel filtration chromatography.

UNIT – V
Spectroscopic techniques- Basic concepts of spectroscopy, General principle of NMR, ESR, UV, IR
& Visible spectrophotometers Single beam and Double beam, Nanodrop spectrophotometer and X-
ray diffraction technique.

Books Suggested
1. Analytical Biochemistry by Holme, D. J. & Peck, H.
2. Biochemical calculation by Segel.
 3. Introduction to Protein Architecture: The structural biology of proteins by Lesk, A. M.
4. Modern Experimental Biochemistry by Boyer, R.
5. Biochemistry by Todd, W. B., Mason, M., Bruggen, R. V. & Macmillan
6. Wilson.K.AndWalker.J.Pub:CambridgePress2.PhysicalBiochemistry-Friefelder,Publisher
D.W.H.FreemanPress.
7. Biophysical Chemistry:Principles and Techniques, 2nd edition by A.Upadhyay, K. Upadhyayand
N.Nath. Himalaya Publishing House.

COURSE OUTCOMES
 To understand the concepts of preparation of buffers, molarity, normality,
ionization, molality.
 The understanding of different types of chemical bonding, molecular machinery of
living cells, principles that govern the structures of macromolecules and their
participation in living system.

 To identify with the classification and structural properties of carbohydrates,

proteins, nucleic acids and lipids,glycoproteins and glycolipids and their significance
in biological systems.
 By the end of the course, the students will be able to demonstrate advanced
knowledge and understanding of aspects of physical and chemical properties of
aqueous solutions, concepts of free energy.
 SEMESTER-I
PRACTICAL
(Duration: 6 hrs.)

Note- Practical examination of Bio-organic Chemistry/ Cell Biology/ Human Physiology and
Endocrinology/ Biophysical Chemistry & Techniques will be conducted at the end of each
semester during examination. Students will be given two exercises in the practical examination.

Lab I: Bio-organic Chemistry and Biophysical Chemistry & Techniques

Experiment - 1 30
Experiment -2 30
Viva Voce 20
Record 20
Total 100

Bio-organic Chemistry

Qualitative /Qualitative Analysis

1. Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides.
2. Extraction of Starch from potato.
3. Extraction of Casein from milk.
4. Extraction of Lecithin from egg yolk.
5. Standard curve of maltose.
6. Standard curve of BSA.
7. Preparation of Buffers and determination of pH.
8. Titration of a weak acid.

Biophysical Chemistry & Techniques

Colorimetric and Spectrophotometric analysis:
1. Absorption spectrum determination based on Beer Lambert’s Law.
2. Estimation of glucose by O T method.
3. Estimation of fructose by Seliwanoff's method.
4. Estimation of Ribose by Bial's method.
5. Estimation of Protein by Biuret method.
6. Estimation of Cholesterol by Zak's method.
7. Estimation of Phosphorus by Fiske Subbarow method.
8. Estimation of Iron -Wang's method.
9. Estimation of amino acid by Ninhydrin method.

Chromatography Analysis
1. Separation of sugar & amino acid by paper chromatography.
2. Separation of colour substances by paper chromatography.

Spectrophotometric analysis:
 Protein estimation by UV Spectroscopy.
 Cell fractionation (centrifuge).
 Demonstration of Electrophoresis.
Books Suggested
1. Biochemical Methods 1992, by S. Sadasivam and A. Manickam, Second Edition, New Age International
Publishers, New Delhi.
2. Laboratory Manual in Biochemistry, 1981. J. Jayaraman, New Age International publishers, New
Delhi.
3. An introduction to practical biochemistry. By: David T Plummer. Publisher Tata McGraw- Hill.
4. Biochemical Calculations - Segel, I.H. John Wiley & sons.
5. Experimental Biochemistry: A Student companion- Sashidhar Rao, B and Deshpande, V. IK
International (P) Ltd.
6. Experiments And Techniques In Biochemistry: by Sheel Sharma, Galgotia publications

COURSE OUTCOMES
The students will be able to-
1. Estimate the qualitative and quantitative measurement of bioactive molecule from
the different sources.
2. Separate and analyze different biomolecules present in different samples.
3. Student know the knowledge and handling with standard protocols and modern
instrumentation.

Lab II: Human Physiology &Endocrinology and Cell Biology

Experiment - 1 30
Experiment -2 30
Viva Voce 20
Record 20
Total 100

Human Physiology and Endocrinology

1. To determine Hb% by Sahli’s hemometer in blood samples.

2. To determine the hematocrit.
3. To determine the concentration of heparin in blood samples.
4. To determine the PTT in blood samples.
5. To demonstrate the effect of diet and hormones on the glycogen content of rat liver.
6. Microscopic observation of LS and TS of Reproductive organs and tissue.
7. Microscopic observation of LS and TS of Stomach related tissue.
8. Microscopic observation of Skin Muscles.
9. Microscopic observation of heart Muscles.

Cell Biology

1. Blood film preparation and identification of cells.

2. Cell organs fraction analysis by centrifuge.
3. Cell organelles observation under microscopy.
4. Isolation of cell organelles.
5. Cell membrane protein and lipid extraction.
6. Blood Film preparation and identification of cells.
7. Extraction and estimation of proteins from plant cell material.
 8. Extraction and estimation of proteins from animal cell material.
9. Microscopic slide based observation of cellular division.
10. Bacterial cell staining and identification and characterization.

Books Suggested
1. Physiology by Guyton and Hall.
2. Medical Physiology by Best and Taylor.
3. Physiology by Garrett.
4. Harper’s Reviews of Biochemistry.
5. Experiments and Techniques in Biochemistry: by Sheel Sharma, Galgotia publications.
6. Biochemical Methods 1992, by S.Sadasivam and A. Manickam, Second Edition, New Age International
Publishers, New Delhi.
7. Laboratory Manual in Biochemistry, 1981. J.Jayaraman, New Age International publishers, New Delhi.
8. Experimental Biochemistry: A Student companion- Sashidhar Rao, B and Deshpande, V. IK
International (P) Ltd.
9. Experiments and Techniques In Biochemistry: by Sheel Sharma, Galgotia publications.

COURSE OUTCOMES
The students will be able to
1. Estimate the qualitative physiological functional measurement according to their
structure.
2. Separate and isolated by the fraction preparation of cellular components from any
cellular /organ based samples.
3. Student know the knowledge and handling with standard protocols and modern
instrumentation related to cell and organelles etc.
 M.Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY
Semester- II
Paper-I
BCH-201: Enzymology

COURSE OBJECTIVES
 To study classification and basic structural properties of enzyme
 Detailed study on mechanical and kinetics properties of enzyme including various
models of kinetics and various types of inhibition
 To acquire a detail knowledge of mechanism of enzyme action, regulation and
allostery in enzyme
 To develop an understating on application and technological aspects of commercial
valuable enzyme.

UNIT-I
Nomenclature and classification of enzymes, factors affecting the rate of enzyme catalyzed
reactions, Michaelis-Menten concept of uni-substrate reaction, Briggs-Haldane relationship,
Enzyme turnover and its significance, concept of Bi and multisubtrate reaction with classification
and examples, kinetics of multisubstrate reaction, Ping-pond and ordered bi-bi mechanism.

UNIT-II
Co-enzyme and cofactors, metallo enzymes, protein-ligand binding, cooperativity, Hill equation and
plot, immobilized enzymes and their industrial applications.

UNIT-III
Multi enzyme and allosteric enzymes; occurrence and properties of multienzyme system,
mechanism of action and regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase and fatty acid synthetase complexs,
symmetrical and sequential models for action of allosteric enzymes and their significance.

UNIT – IV
Mechanism of catalysis: acid-base catalysis, electrostatic catalysis,covalent catalysis, serine
protease ribonuclease, chymotrypsin, lysozyme, triose phosphate isomerase.

UNIT-V
Enzyme regulation general mechanisms of enzyme regulation, feedback inhibition and feed forward
stimulation, control of enzyme activity by products and substrate. Enzymes repression, reversible
and irreversible inhibition, covalent modification of enzymes.

Books Suggested
1. Enzymes By Palmar.
2. Fundamentals of Enzymology, Price. NC. and Stevens. L., Oxford University Press.
3. Enzymes-Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Clinical chemistry-Palmer,T.
4. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, DavidL. Nelson, Michael M. Cox Pub.: W.H Freeman.
5. Enzymes by Dixxon and Webb.
6. Fundamental of Enzymology by Price and Steveas.
7. Enzymes reaction Mechanisms by Walsch.
8. Enzymes structure and Mechanism by Alan Fershit.

COURSE OUTCOMES
 Students will be prepared for theoretically & practically to understand properties of
enzyme.
 Enzymes are functional and its role in living system is unique.
  To understand ability to difference between a chemical catalyst and biocatalyst
along with concept of enzymes-substrate kinetics and its importance in biological
reactions.
 Enzymology paper is core Biochemistry subject, detailed understating of
enzymology will help students to prepare their mind for interdisciplinary functional
properties of protein.

 This paper gives platform to develop vast range of application of industrially valuable
enzymes.

M.Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY
Semester – II
Paper – II
BCH-202: Microbial Biochemistry

COURSE OBJECTIVES
 To enable the student to learn the regulation of genes in bacteria.
 Morphology, classification and types of viruses.
 To introduce to the process of biological nitrogen fixation.
 Detailed information on antibiotics.

UNIT – I
Classification of microorganisms, general characteristics of main groups of microorganism’s
classification of bacteria, structure, recombination.

UNIT II
General organization of bacterial cells, gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, structure and
function of bacteria physiology, membrane transport, locomotion and reproduction of bacteria,
aerobic & anaerobic respiration.

Bacteriological media: types, and their use, culture characteristics of bacteria on different media.
Cultivation, maintenance and preservation of culture, bacterial growth kinetics, growth curve,
batch, continuous and synchronous culture, measurement of growth and factora affecting growth.

UNIT III
Role of microorganisms in food spoilage, food and food additives, food poisoning, food born
infections and sewage (domestic and industrial) disposal, microbiology of food and dairy products,
Industrial production of ethyl alcohol, lactic acid, ascorbic acid and penicillin, production of vaccine.
Microorganism associated disease.

UNIT IV
Viruses structure, isoplation, identification, properties and classification, replication of RNA, viruses
negative strand (VSV), positive strand (polio), retroviruses, replication of DNA (Adenovirus or SV
40), Plant viruses, Animal virus, Bacteriophages, Viroids, virus and cancer.

UNIT V
Sterilization and disinfection, culture media methods of securing pure culture, fermentation, stock
cultures, fermentation media, continuous and multiple fermentation.
Control of microorganisms-Microbial death, concept of bioburden, thermal death and decimal
reduction time. Control of microorganism by physical and chemical agent, Antimicrobial agent,
antimicrobial sensitivity.

Books Suggested
1. Food microbiology -Adams, M.R. and Moss M.O.
2. Foundations in Microbiology -Kathleen Talaro and Arthur Talaro.
3. Industrial Microbiology -Patel, H.P.
4. Industrial Microbiology –Casida.
5. Industrial Microbiology -Prescott and Dunn.
6. Microbiology Concepts and Applications -Paul A. Ketchum.
7. Microbiology Concepts and Applications -McKane and Kandel.

COURSE OUTCOMES
 Students will be able to appreciate the entire spectrum of microscopic life forms -
from relatively simple, small but unique viruses to bacteria.
 Enable the students to understand the fine mechanism of regulation of gene
expression.
 Awareness will be created on different types of viruses and diseases caused by
them.
 Appreciate the crucial role played by bacteria in nitrogen metabolism. 30
 Students will get deep insight to antimicrobials.

M.Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY
Semester- II
Generic Elective
Paper-I
BCH-203: Bio statistics and Computational Bioinformatics

COURSE OBJECTIVE
 Detailed understanding of genome projects, related disciplines of Bioinformatics use
of Databases and Tools in Biological Discovery, Major Bioinformatics Resources.

 To gain detail on biological databases like primary sequence databases, protein

three dimensional databases, Protein Structure Mathematical model databases, PCR
and quantitative PCR primer databases, Chemical Databases, Drug & Drug Target
/Therapeutic Target Databases, Disease databases, Immunological database.

 In depth study of various types of tools including sequence submission tools,

Chemical molecule designing software, Protein & Chemical molecule visualization
tools, Docking software, Molecular dynamics software; QSAR, ADME Toxicity
prediction, Allergen prediction, Venomics & Antivenomics.

UNIT– I
Introduction to Biostatistics, applications, Methods of sampling, tabulation of data, its diagrammatic
and graphical representation. Measurement of central tendency – mean, median and average.
Measures of dispersion, variance and standard deviation, mean deviation, standard error, Range,
Coefficient of variation.
UNIT– II
Probability, frequency distribution, measurement of central value frequency table, cumulative and
relative frequency correlation, covariance correlation analysis and coefficient.

UNIT– III
Correlation and Regression, analysis, correlation and regression coefficients, linear regression and
regression equation, test and types of significance, t-test, chisquare test and analysis of variance.
Design of experiment, randomization, replication, local control, complementary randomized block
design. Factor analysis, path analysis.

UNIT IV
introduction to computer fundamentals storage of data, operating system, concept of hardware and
software and general operating commands (MS-DOS, MSWORD, Excel, PowerPoint), open office in
Linex: Word Processor, spreadsheet Introduction to programming in basic and C.

UNIT-V
Introduction to internet and its application, introduction to bioinformatics: Introduction to
MEDLINE on PubMed system for accessing biological information, Entrez, Swissport, PIR, NCBI.
Stastical analysis software’s, Plant Genome Database, Sequence Database: Content, structure and
annotation for Human Genome Database, Multiple sequence allgnment programme- Clustal w, x.
File management, file transfer (ftp, Wsftp), email.

Books Suggested
1. Fundamentals of Biostatistics by Bernard Rosner 5th Ed.
2. Bioinformatics Methods and Applications by Rastogi, S.C.
3. Bioinformatics for Dummies by Jean-Michel Claverie.
4. Textbook of bioinformatics by Subramaniam, C.
5. Introductory Biostatistics by Chap T. Le.
6. Fundamentals of Biostatistics by Bernard Rosner.
7. Review & Research papers from Bioinformatics & related Journals.
8. Arthur M. Lesk, Introduction to Bioinformatics, Oxford University Press, 2008.
9. David W. Mount, Bioinformatics- Sequence and Genome analysis, 2004.

COURSE OUTCOMES
 Students will choose appropriate experimental strategy for research in basic and
applied biology.
 Explanation and integration of bioinformatics principles and its applications to basic
and applied biology.
 Students will gain in silico training on data mining, database searching, software
application, quantitative analysis and interpretation, molecular modeling, QSAR and
various DNA, RNA and Protein analytical tools.
 Moreover, this paper enables students to acquire the knowledge of statistical
analysis and its principles.
 M.Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY
Semester – II
Paper – IV
BCH-204: Molecular Biology

COURSE OBJECTIVE
 Detailed understanding of prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication, types of DNA
polymerases and inhibitors of DNA replication
 To gain detail on prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription, translation and gene
expression regulation
 To develop an understating of advanced technologies like RFLP, Sequencing, SSR,
REMAP, SCAR and various types of PCR

UNIT I
Organisation, Identification and chemical nature of genetic materials, Gene concept morphology,
chemical structure, concept of codon viral and prokaryotic DNA replication, Enzymology of DNA
replication.

UNIT II
Transcription mechanism of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, transcription factors,Translation, anti-
genes RNA, regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes. Post transcription modification in
eukaryotes, Post translation modification types and significance, Genetic code: evidence and
properties.

UNIT-III
Bacterial recombination, conjugation, transformation,transduction, transposons, transposable
element in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, types and significance retrovirus, DNA damage and repair,
cot values C value, paradox DNA sequencing technique di-deoxynucleotide, partial rib substitution
and gilbert etc PAGE detection and extraction of DNA from gels.

UNIT IV
Satellite DNA, recombination of DNA, DNA binding properties, split genes, Overlapping genes,
Pseudogene, Cryptic genes, centromere DNA, Promiscuous DNA. Rearrangement of DNA.

UNIT V
Mutations types, classification and mechanism, mutagens types structures mode of functioning
mutagenesis, site directed mutagenesis suppressor mutation, mutations determination, Mutation
rate.

Books Suggested
1. Genes VIII, by Benjamin Lewin.
2. Molecular Biology, by Turner et al.
3. Cell and Molecular Biology: Concept and Experiments, by Geraid Karp.
4. An Introduction to grnrtic Analysis by Griffiths et al.
5. The Biochemistry of Cell Signaling, Helmreich JM, Oxford Press.
6. Cell signaling – John T Hancock, Oxford University press.
7. Cell and Molecular biology. Second edition: Edited by C A Smith and E J Wood. Chapman & Hall
publication.

COURSE OUTCOMES
 Students will choose appropriate experimental strategy for research in basic and
molecular biology.
  To perform laboratory techniques in basic biology, molecular biology, and advanced
techniques. Explanation and integration of biological principles, as applied to basic
and molecular biology.
 Development of strong diversified background in modern biology, appropriate to
the individual student goals. Develop critical-thinking, and problem based learning
skills.
 This paper will open an understanding of current trends in molecular and genetic
research, and critically appraise published work.

SEMESTER-II
PRACTICAL
(Duration: 6 hrs.)

Note-Practical examination of Inorganic Enzymology/ Molecular Biology/ Microbial

Biochemistry will be conducts at the end of each semester during examination. Students
will be given two exercises in the practical examination.

Lab I: Enzymology and Molecular Biology

Experiment - 1 30
Experiment -2 30
Viva Voce 20
Record 20
Total 100

Enzymology

Enzyme assay
1. Determination of specific activity, effect of pH, temperature and substrate concentration of:
(a) Salivary Amylase
(b) Urease
2. Enzyme curve of amylase
3. Temperature curve of amylase
4. pH curve of amylase
5. Substrate curve
6. Specific activity of amylase
7. Activity staining of amylase
8. Activity of Immobilized Amylase
9. Fractionate BSA by salt precipitation
10. Specificity of enzyme action
11. Time course of enzymatic reaction

Molecular Biology
1. Estimation of DNA by diphenylamine method.
2. Estimation of RNA by Orcinol method.
3. Spectroscopic determination of melting temperature(Tm) of calf thymus DNA.
4. Demonstration of Amplification of desirable gene by Polymerase chain reaction.
5. Isolation, quantification and characterization (Spectrophotometric and agarose gel
6. Electrophoresis of total RNA, mRNA from plant and microbial sources.
7. Isolation, quantification and characterization (Spectrophotometric and agarose gel
 8. Electrophoresis of genomic DNA from bacteria (E. coli).
9. Isolation, quantification and characterization (Spectrophotometric and agarose gel
electrophoresis of genomic DNA from plant.
10. Molecular Profiling of Blood Plasma.
11. Molecular profiling of Animal tissues.

Books Suggested
1. Biochemical Methods 1992, by S.Sadasivam and A. Manickam, Second Edition, New Age International
Publishers, New Delhi.
2. Laboratory Manual in Biochemistry, 1981. J.Jayaraman, New Age International publishers, New Delhi.
3. Enzyme assays- A Practical Approach, Eisenthal, R and Dawson, MJ, IRL press
4. Practical Biochemistry- Rameshwar. A, Kalyani Publisher.
5. Principles of Genetics by Eldon John Gardner, Michael J. Simmons, D. Peter Snustad; John Wiley.
6. Modern Genetic Analysis Anthony JF Griffiths, William M Gelbart, Jeffrey H Miller, and Richard C
Lewontin. Pub. W. H. Freeman.
7. Statistics, Basic Concepts and Methodology for the Health Sciences Daniel WW, Pub Wiley India.
8. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, David L. Nelson, Michael M. Cox Publisher: W. H. Freeman.

COURSE OUTCOMES
1. Student will learn about the enzymatic reaction and standardization etc.
2. Student will learn about the pH and temperature and associated other factors
necessary for the curve development.
3. Determination of specific activity will also acknowledge by the students.

4. Student will learn about the bioactive molecules separation by using the
electrical charges.
5. Student will learn about the demonstration of Amplification of desirable gene by
Polymerase chain reaction.
6. Isolation, quantification and characterization by using Spectrophotometric
technique with involvement of agarose gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA
from plant and animal tissue are also understand by the students.

Lab II: Microbial Biochemistry and Bioinformatics

Experiment - 1 30
Experiment -2 30
Viva Voce 20
Record 20
Total 100

Microbial Biochemistry

1. Preparation of culture media and sterilization methods.

2. Isolation of pure cultures: Streak plate method and Serial dilution method.
3. Gram Staining.
4. Differential staining: Acid fast staining, Giemsa staining, Leishmann staining.
5. Methods of isolation and identification of gram+ve and gram -ve bacteria.
6. Methods of isolation and identification of Fungi (Soil fungi).
7. Bacterial growth curve.
8. Widal test, VDRL test.
 9. Antibiotic sensitivity by Disc diffusion and Broth dilution Methods.
10. Assay of pencillin and streptomycin as secondary metabolites.
11. Biotransformation of Antibiotics and Steroids.
12. Biodegradation of lignocellulosic waste.
13. Biodegradation of phenolic compounds.
14. Biodegradation of hydrocarbons.
15. Dye decolourization by microorganisms.
16. Isolation of bacteriophages from sewage / waste water
17. Reactivation of lysogenic viruses.
18. Plaque assay.
19. One-step growth assay.
20. Plaque reduction neutralization test

Bioinformatics

1. Retrieve Sequence From Nucleotide Databases (Genbank, Ena, Ddbj).

2. Retrieve Sequence From Protein Primary Sequence Database: Unipro.
3. Study of Literature Database-Pubmed.
4. Study of Compound Database-Pubchem.
5. Drug and Target Databases.
6. BLAST Search and Phylogenetic Tree.
7. Download Protein 3D Structure From Pdb.
8. Protein 3D Structure Visualization Tool-Rasmol.
9. Protein Structure database.

Books Suggested
1. Kannan N (1996) Laboratory Manual in General Microbiology. 1st Edition, Palani Paramount
Publications, Palani, Tamilnadu.
2. Sundararaj T. Microbiology – Laboratory Manual. Revised and Published by Aswathy
Sundararaj,No.5. 1st Cross Street, Thirumalai Nagar, Perundgudi, Chennai.
3. Aneja KR (2005). Experiments in Microbiology, Plant pathology and Biotechnology. 4th Edition, New
Age International Publishers, Chennai.
4. James G Cappuccino & Natalie Sherman (2008) Microbiology: A Laboratory manual. 8th Edition,
Published by Pearson Education.
5. Statistics, Basic Concepts and Methodology for Health Sciences Daniel W, Pub Wiley India
6. Biostatistics Arora & Malhan, Himalaya Publishing House. .

COURSE OUTCOMES
1. Student will learn about genomic database study.
2. Student will learn about the all Study of molecular and Compound Database
along with their structures etc.
3. Bioinformatics and stastical tools along with computer application are essential
it benefitted to student for new drug research and development fields etc.
4. Student will learn about the Microbial handling, isolation, purification and
identification etc.
5. Student will learn about the all basic experimental handling concern to microbial
testing and disease identification etc.
6. Microbial biochemistry knowledge in student establish microbial biochemical
process and their management etc.
 M.Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY
Semester-III
Paper-I
BCH-301: Metabolism and Plant Biochemistry

COURSE OBJECTIVES
 An advanced understanding of the core principles and topics of metabolic process
and their biochemical reactions.
 To enable students to acquire a specialized knowledge and understanding of how
enzymes and metabolites in living system works to produce energy and
synthesizing different biomolecules.
 To study biochemical pathways involved in intermediary metabolism.
 To understand the principles and major mechanisms of metabolic control and of
molecular signaling by hormones.
 The metabolism of dietary and endogenous carbohydrate, lipid and protein.

UNIT-I
Bioenergetics-Biological oxidations, oxygeneses, hydroxylases and dehydrogenanases, Gibb’s
energy, free energy changes, and redox potentials, phosphate potential, electron transport chain,
substrate level phosphoryation and oxidative phosphorylation.

Carbohydrate Metabolism-Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, Kreb’s Cycle, hexose monophosphate

shunt and glyoxylate pathway.
Glycogenolysis-glycogenesis, synthesis of mucopolysaccharides and bacterial cell wall
polysaccharides.

UNIT-II
Lipid metabolism-Fatty acid oxidation-Beta oxidation and w oxidation. Biosynthesis and
degradation of fatty acids triglycerides and phospholipids, cholesterol and bile acids, ketone bodies.

UNIT-III
Nucleic acid Metabolism-Nucleic acid metabolism, degradation of nucleoprotein, Catabolism of
purin Pyrimidines, Biosynthesis of Purine, Pyrimidines, nucleolides and its regulation. - Gout and
Liesch nyhan Syndrome.

UNIT-IV
Protein Metabolism-Proteolysis, deamination, transamination and decarboxylation reactions, urea
cycle, Metabolism of individual amino acids. Plant Harmones-Growth regulationg substances and
their mode of action, molecular effects of auxin, gibberellic, abscisic acids and cytokinins, gaseous
plant hormone.

UNIT-V
Phtosystem I & II, their location, Mechanism of quantum capture and energy transfer between
photo systems- ferridoxin, plastocyanin, photoquinone, carotenoids The Hill reaction,
photophosphorylation and reduction of CO2. C3, C4 and CAM metabolism, light and dark reaction
and photorespiration.

Books Suggested
1. Biochemistry by Mathews
2. Biochemistry by Satyanarayana, U.
3. Biochemistry: The Chemical Reactions of Living Cells by Metzler, D. E.
4. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, David L. Nelson, Michael M. Cox Publisher: W.H. Freeman.
 5. Molecular Biology of the Cell,3rd edition. Bruce Alberts, Dennis Bray, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith
Roberts, and James D Watson. Publisher New York: Garland Science.
6. Biochemistry, 4th Edition-Donald Voet, Judith G.Voet–Publisher John Wiley & Sons.
7. The Cell: A Molecular Approach, by Geoffrey M. Cooper & Robert E. Hausman, Pub.
8. Molecular Cell Biology, Baltimore et. al. (1995) Scientific American Publication.

COURSE OUTCOMES
 Metabolism refers to all biochemical reactions which occur in the living organisms.
 By studying this paper students will able to differentiate the anabolic and catabolic
pathways and their important enzymatic steps, understand how glycolysis produces
metabolic energy as well as producing intermediates for further metabolic
reactions.
 To acquire knowledge related to the principles and basic mechanisms of metabolic
control and how regulation of biochemical pathways leads to normal integrated
metabolism, understand the organization of a typical mitochondrion, locating
membranes, enzymes, respiratory complexes, the F0-F1 complex, important
transporter proteins and how it functions to synthesize ATP.
 To understand the importance of Integration of Metabolism, degradation,
catabolism, hormonal regulation of metabolism etc will be exposed with the fact that
perturbations in the bimoleculas lead to various diseases. To open new way into
metabolic engineering for the production of useful compounds.

M.Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY
Semester-III
Paper-II
BCH-302: Immunology

COURSE OBJECTIVE
 In-depth knowledge and understanding of major cellular and molecular
mechanisms underlying immunological processes in health and diseases
 To acquire a knowledge of immunochemical techniques in qualitative and
quantitative analysis of antibodies and antigens.
 An understanding of the factors that determine the effectiveness of immune
responses to microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, parasites) and tumours and how
protective immunity can be elicited by vaccination.

UNIT-I
Introduction of immune system: Innate and acquired immunity, Active-passive immunity,
Structure and functions of lymphoid organs, Cells involved in immune response (development of
immune cells), Phagocytic cells & their killing mechanisms.

UNIT-II
effect or mechanism of immunity: Macrophage activation, Cell mediated cytotoxicity,
Hypersensitivity and its types, MHC genes organization, types, functions.

UNIT-III
Antigen: Types of antigen, Immunoglobulins- structure, occurrence & functions, Antigen-antibody
reaction, Antigen binding sites, Hybridoma technology, Monoclonal antibodies production, principle
of selection, characterization, application in diagnosis , therapy and basis research.
Antibody engineering: Chimeric and Humanized monoclonal antibodies, Mice engineered with
Human Ig loci, Phase display library for monoclonal antibody.

UNIT-IV
Transplantation immunology: immunologic basis of graft rejection & HLA tissue typing,
Transplantation diseases, Complementation system – mode of activation, classical - alternative
pathways, Biological functions of complement proteins, Cell mediated & humoral immune response.
Cancer immunology: tumor antigen, immune reponse to tumor, oncogene and induction, cancer
immunotherapy.

UNIT-V
Immunity to infection: Immune tolerance, Immunosupression, Immunodeficiency disorders,
Autoimmunity, Vaccines- Active and Passive immunization whole organism vaccine, purified
macromolecule as a vaccine, DNA vaccine, Recombinant vaccine and Subunit vaccine & diseases.

Immunological techniques: Immunoelectrophoresis, Radial & Double immunodifussion, RIA &

ELISA, Western blotting and Immuneo-histochemical technique.

Books Suggested
1. Kuby Immunology, Thomas J. Kindt, Richard A Goldsby, Publisher WH Freeman & Co.
2. Immunology- Ashort Course.
3. Immunology by Tizzard.
4. Fundamental of Immunology by William Paul.
5. Immunolgy by Abbas.
6. Roitt's Essential Immunology, Tenth Edition, Ivan Roitt, Peter Delves
7. Veterinary Immunology: Ian R. Tizard, I.R. Thomson press
8. The Immune System. By Peter Parham Publisher Garland publishing
9. Biochemistry - J. David Rawn – Neil Patterson publication, NC.

COURSE OUTCOMES
 To attain a working knowledge of current immunological principles as they relate to
the cells and molecules of the immune system.
 Understanding of mechanism of interaction in defending the body against invading
microorganisms.
 Students will get knowledge of development and acquisition of ability to recognize
antigens and finally how they malfunction in autoimmune diseases.
 Students will extend and solidify their understanding of the presented principles
through critical readings from the primary research literature.

M.Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY
Semester-III
Paper-III
BCH-303: Clinical Biochemistry (Discipline Elective)

COURSE OBJECTIVE
 To study the classification and functional properties of blood components.
 To understand the coagulation, anti-coagulation mechanism of blood and its
disorders.
 To study the biochemical, clinical, pathological and diagnostic aspects of diseases.
  To study dietary types, requirements, utilization and functions of different class of
diet.
 To study the nutrition deficiency disorders and balance diet.

UNIT-I
Fluid & electrolyte balance and imbalance in various diseases.
Liver Function Tests: Van den Bergh test for bilirubin, urine and fecal urobilinogen, Determination
of galactose, epinephrine test, Detoxification and excretion tests, Prothrombin Time, Determination
of blood ammonia.
Kidney Function Tests: Urea clearance test, Creatinine clearance test, renal plasma flow,
Concentration and dilution test, Function tests of pancreases,

UNIT-II
Disorders of Carbohydrates Metabolism: Diabetes mellitus Glycated hemoglobins, Blood sugars
hypoglycemias, various types of glucose tolerance tests.
Disorders of Lipids: Hypoliproteinemia, Hyperlipoproteinemia, Atherosclerosis
Diagnostic tests for apolipoproteins, HDL - cholesterol, LDL - cholesterol and triglycerides. Fatty
liver, Fats in diseases, Lipoproteins disorders, Ketone bodies.
Diagnostic Tests for Proteins: Total protein, albumin, globulin and fibrinogen
Disorders of Thyroid: Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism. Thyroid function Tests: T3, T4, TSH,
TRH

UNIT-III
Enzymes in different diagonosis of disease & their clinical significance: Serum Aspartate
aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase,
alkaline phosphatase.
Biochemical Aspects of Hematology:
Complete blood count (CBC)- RBC, WBC, platelet counts, Hb, Bleeding time, clotting time
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) chemistry and clinical significance.
 Biochemistry of detoxification, Xenobiotic metabolism.
 Metal ion toxicity, chelation therapy, antioxidant therapy.
 Biochemistry of Ageing, Cancer, AIDS, Cholera-Vibriotoxins, pathogenesis. Jaundice,
Arthrities, Nutrition and Chronic clinical disease.

UNIT-IV
Mechanism of drug action- Penicillin, Tetracycline, Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol &
Sulphonamides.
Apoptosis: Carcinogens, Cancerous growth & Chemotherapy, radioactivity: radioisotopes in
medicine.

UNIT-V
Disorders of mineral metabolism and trace elements: Hypo-Hypercalcemia, Hypo-
Hyperphosphatemia, Disorders of amino acids, steroids and vitamins.
Disorders of erythrocyte metabolism: hemoglobinopathis, thalassemias & anemia’s.
Biochemical Hazards of dangerous environment pollutants.

Books Suggested
1. Text book of Biochemistry and Human Biology –Talwar , G.P. and Srivastava. L.M.,
Printice Hall of india.
2. Human Physiology - Chatterjee. C.C, Medical Allied Agency.
3. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry By MN Chatterjea and Rana Shinde, Jaypee Brothers.
 4. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5th edition ByDavid L. Nelson and MichaelM. Cox,WH, Freeman
and Company.
5. Clinical Biochemistry: An Illustrated Colour Text (Paperback) 3rd Edn By Allan Gaw, Michael Murphy,
Robert Cowan, Denis O'Reilly, Michael Stewart and James, Shepherd. Publisher: Churchill
Livingstone.
6. Harper's Biochemistry (Lange Medical Books) (Paperback)By Robert K. Murray.
7. Granner, Peter A. Mayes and Victor W. Rodwell. Publisher: Appelton and Lange.
8. Clinical Biochemistry By Richard Luxton. Scion Publishing Ltd.

COURSE OUTCOMES
 Advanced understanding and knowledge of theoretical and practical aspects of
blood biochemistry and its components.
 Connection of blood to entire organ system of body in single circulatory channel and
consequences of environmental and genetic factors of blood disorders.
 Rationale and theoretical basis for methods and tools used in the diagnosis of
common biochemical disorders.
 Distinguish between between fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble vitamins,
biochemical functions and synthesis for these vitamins.

M.Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY
Semester-III
Generic Elective
Paper-IV
BCH-304: Genetic Engineering

COURSE OBJECTIVE
 To equip students with a basic knowledge of the structural and functional
properties of cells.
 To examine properties of differentiated cell systems and tissues.
 Aspect of cell cycle and cell death.
 To introduce the fascinating mechanism of cell signaling along with brief overview
on developmental biology.
 To provide thorough knowledge on classical genetics.

UNIT-I
Laws of Mendels-Applications and deviations, Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, Sex etermination
and Sex linked inheritance, Sex differentiation, Blood group inheritance and determination,
Maternal affects and cytoplasmic inheritance, Fine structure of gene.

UNIT-II
Recombinant DNA Technology
Restriction enzymes- nomenculture, classification and mode of action. Cloning vectors- Plasmid,
Bacteriophages, cosmid, phagemid and animal virus. Purification of DNA from living cells,
Manipulation of purified DNA, Cloning in Pro & eukaryotic cells, DNA hybridization and blotting
techniques. cDNA library. DNA probe, Nick translation, Genetic mapping.

UNIT-III
Tissue Culture
Micropropagation, somatic cell culture, Somatic cell hybridization. Protoplast isolation - fusion, Nif
gene transfer. Transformation techniques, integration and analysis or conformation of transgene
integration. Transgenic plant and transgenic animals, Application of recombinant DNA technology
or Genetics engineering in agriculture, medicine DNA vaccine and molecular diagnostic.

UNIT-IV
Population genetics- Gene pool and gene frequency, models of gene pool structure-Classical
hypothesis, Balanced hypothesis, Hardy- Weinberg law and its application in calculating gene
frequencies, deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Genetics involved-Sickle cell anaemia, Thalessemia and Cancer.

UNIT-V
Gene Techniques - DNA finger printing, DNA foot printing, RFLP, RAPDs, Molecular markers, PCR,
Immuno-PCR, Antisense RNA technology, Biosensor development and applications, Microarray
chips, types and their application, Human Genome project (HGP). Biosafty and ethical consideration
for GMOs.

Book Suggested
1. Gene and Genome by Premrose.
2. Genetics by P. K. Gupta.
3. Cell Biology Protocols by Harris, R., Graham, J. & Rickwood, D.
4. Color Atlas of Biochemistry by Koolman, J. & Roehm, K. H.
5. Molecular Biology of The Cell - Bruce Alberts
6. Molecular Cell Biology by Lodish, H.
7. PrinciplesofGeneticsbyEldonJohnGardner,MichaelJ.Simmons,D.PeterSnustad;JohnWiley3.
8. Molecular Genetices of the gene by Watson.
9. Genes IX by Lewin, B.
10. Essential Molecular Biology by T. A. Brown
11. Biotechnology by B. D. Singh.
12. Route map in gene technology by Walker and Rapley.

COURSE OUTCOMES
 To provide thorough knowledge on classical and population genetics along with
evolutions.
 Understanding of application of recombinant DNA technology or Genetics
engineering in agriculture, medicine DNA vaccine and molecular diagnostic.
 Understanding of Biosafty and ethical consideration for genetic modified organism
and crops developments.
 Understanding of modern gene techniques, operation and advantages in recovery and
hilling of genetics involved disease.
 Understanding of Blood group, sex and other associated genetic inheritance process.
 SEMESTER-III
PRACTICAL
(Duration: 6 hrs.)

Note- Practical examination of Inorganic Enzymology/ Molecular Biology/ Microbial

Biochemistry will be conducted at the end of each semester during examination. Students
will be given two exercises in the practical examination.

Lab I: Genetic Engineering and Clinical Biochemistry

Experiment - 1 30
Experiment -2 30
Viva Voce 20
Record 20
Total 100

Genetic Engineering

1. Restriction Digestive Enzymes identification.

2. Isolation of Plasmid DNA and Separation in Electrophoresis.
3. Isolation of genomic DNA.
4. Chromosome microscopic observation during the cell division of different phases.
5. Demonstration of Gel Electrophoresis
6. Isolation of DNA from Blood
7. Bacterial Transformation
8. Western Blotting
9. Isolation of Plasmid DNA By Alkaline Lysis Method
10. Bacterial Genomic DNA Isolation
11. DNA Extraction from Plant Tissue (Strawberry)
12. Nucleic Acid Purity Assessment Using A260/A280 Ratio.

Clinical Biochemistry

I. Hematology
1. Estimation of Hemoglobin – colorimetric method
2. Enumeration of RBC & WBC
3. Differential Smear – Blood cells count
4. Bleeding time & Clotting time
5. Identification of blood grouping & typing
6. Evaluate ESR & PCV
7. Ascorbic Acid Estimation
8. Iron Estimation

ii. Assay of serum marker enzymes

1. Determination of activity of SGOT and SGPT
2. Determination of activity Acid Phosphatase and Alkaline Phosphatse.
3. LFT(Liver function Test), KFT (Kidney function test).

iii. Blood analysis

1. Estimation of blood glucose by Asatoor and King method.
 2. Estimation of serum creatine and creatinine by - Alkali-Picrate method.
3. Estimation of Determination of Total proteins in whole blood Biuret method.
4. Determination of urea in serum.
5. Estimation of Cholesterol in serum.
6. Estimation of Tryglyceride in serum.
7. Determination of Bilirubin (Conjugated & Unconjugated) in serum.

IV. Urine analysis

1. Estimation of Urea in urine
2. Determination of Creatine and Creatinine in urine-Alkali-Picrate method
3. Estimation of Uric acid
4. Determination Chloride
5. Physical properties of urine: Microscopic and visual observation for normal and
abnormal constituents, color, density, crystals and pH etc.

Books Suggested
1. Biochemical Methods (1992), by S. Sadasivam and A. Manickam, Second Edition, New Age
International Publishers, New Delhi.
2. Introductory practical Biochemistry (2005), by S. K. Sawhney and Radhir singh, Alpha Science
International publishers, 2nd Edition.
3. Practical Clinical Biochemistry –Varley, H. CBS Publications
4. Practical Clinical Biochemistry-Methods and Interpretations – Ranjna Chawla- Jaypee
5. Lab Manual in Biochemistry, Immunology and Biotechnology – Arti Nigam and Archana Ayyagari,
Tata McGraw-Hill New Delhi.
6. Biochemical Methods (1992), by S. Sadasivam and A. Manickam, Second Edition, New Age
International Publishers, New Delhi.
7. Introductory practical Biochemistry (2005), by S. K. Sawhney and Radhir singh, Alpha Science
International publishers, 2nd Edition.

COURSE OUTCOMES
1. The students will be able to Performed all hematological tests related to human
body system.
2. The students will be able to perform functional test of the body like LFT, KFT related
to diagnosis purpose.
3. Student understands the process of disease diagnosis, related to other collected
body fluids.
4. Students understand the concept of Histopathology, biochemical test, pathological
investigation, recovery response etc.
5. The students will be able to isolate the DNA from different resource.
6. The students will be able to perform the Nucleic Acid Purity Assessment Using
A260/A280 Ratio.
7. Student understands the process of Restriction Digestion by using the enzymes.
8. Students understand the concept of bacterial transformation, isolation of Plasmid
DNA and manipulation etc.

Lab II: Plant Biochemistry and Immunology

Experiment - 1 30
Experiment -2 30
Viva Voce 20
Record 20
Total 100
 Plant Biochemistry

1. Estimation of plant lipids and carbohydrates

2. Estimation of plant proteins
3. Microscopic observation of plant cell.
4. Isolation of Chlorophyll
5. Mitosis
6. Osmosis in Onion Cells
7. Effect of Temperature on Plant Cell Membrane
8. Isolation of Chloroplast
9. Extraction, separation and determination of absorption spectra of plant pigments.
10. Fractionation of cell organelles from plant tissues.
11. Estimation of nitrogenase.
12. Estimation of nitrate reductase- in vivo method.
13. Fruit ripening. Estimation of total phenolic compounds.
14. Estimation of anthrocyanin pigments.

Immunology
1. Single (Radial) Immuno diffusion.
2. Double (Outcherlony) immune diffusion.
3. Immuno electrophoresis.
4. Blood Grouping
5. Widal Test
6. Immuno diagnosis related to Ag-Ab interaction concept.
7. Testing kit related diagnosis based on Ag-Ab reaction etc.
8. Sandwich ELISA
9. Lymphoid organs and their microscopic organization.

Books Suggested
1. Biochemical Methods (1992), by S. Sadasivam and A. Manickam, Second Edition, New Age
International Publishers, New Delhi.
2. Introductory practical Biochemistry (2005), by S. K. Sawhney and Radhir singh, Alpha Science
International publishers, 2nd Edition.
3. Biochemical Methods (1992), by S. Sadasivam and A. Manickam, Second Edition, New Age
International Publishers, New Delhi.
4. Introductory practical Biochemistry (2005) by S. K. Sawhney and Radhir singh, Alpha Science
International publishers, 2nd Edition.

COURSE OUTCOMES
1. The students will be able to perform, immune diagnosis related to Ag-Ab interaction
concept.
2. The students will be able to perform, blood and other fluid related Ag-Ab interaction
concept.
3. The students understand the role of immunology in case of various diseases related
to allergy, bacteria, virus, AIDS, Arthritis, skin allergens etc.
4. The students will be able to Performed all bioactive molecule and compound
separation related to plant cells.
5. The students will be able to perform estimation of essential beneficial pigments.
6. Student understands the process of disease diagnosis related to plants parts and
products.
7. Students understand the concept of estimation of plant proteins, Chloroplast etc.
 M.Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY
Semester-IV
Paper-I
BCH-401: Pharmaceutical Biochemistry

COURSE OBJECTIVES
 To study the drug development process, absorption and metabolism
 To develop a concept of drug action, receptor interaction, roll of enzyme in
stimulation or inhibition of drug activity
 To understand the lethal and effective dose of drug; Mechanism of drug delivery
systems.
 To study the different guidelines for manufacturing of drugs.
 In-depth study of intellectual property rights.

UNIT-I
Pharmacokinetics
Source and nature of drugs, classification, nomenclature. principles of drug action, absorption,
distribution and elimination of drugs, routes of drug administration. Drug–protein interactions.
dose response curve - ED50 and LD50, Origin of drug from plants and animals, Uses of
Pharmacokinetics In Drug Development Process, Concept of Prodrug and Soft Drug. Synergism and
Antagonism, Acute and chronic exposures, factors influencing toxicity.

UNIT-II
Pharmacodynamics and drug target
Introduction, Concept of Receptor Agonists and Antagonists, Drug Receptors receptors, Enzymes,
carrier proteins Interactions, Theories of Drug Activity Relationship, Forces involved in drug -
receptor interaction, Receptor theories. Cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs, adrenergic and
adrenergic blockers, General anesthetics, Local anesthetics. Adverse reactions to drugs and
common drug receptor interactions,.Treatment of Diseases by Enzyme Stimulation, Elementary
treatment of drug Receptor Interaction, Ld50, Ed50, Mic and Mec, Membrane Active Drugs,.
Mechanisms of drug effects, Drug delivery Systems, Liposomes.

UNIT-III
Regulatory Affairs and Pharmacovigilance
Pharmaceutical Products-their Manufacturing, Analytical Aspect, Product Registration and their
Requirement looking to WHO-GMP, European DMF, US-FDA Regulations, ICH Guidelines,
pharmacopael and extra pharmacopaeal Entry.

Definition and aims of pharmacovigilance, Adverse drug reactions, Classification, mechanism,

predisposing factors and causality assessment. Role of clinical pharmacist in reporting, evaluation,
monitoring, prevention and management of ADR, drug induced diseases. Pharmaco epidemiology,
Epidemiological approach, measurements epidemiology, (rates, ratios, and proportions),
measurement of mortality, morbidity. Descriptive, analytical and experimental epidemiology.

UNIT-IV
Intellectual Property Rights
Documentation Required for Filing Patent, Chemical, Physical and Biological (Clinical) Data
Documentation, Patent Writing Art and Introduction of Concept of Non-infringing Patent Ability,
Looking to GATT-WTO Scenario, Computer Based Data Mining in Drug Research, Pharmaceutical
Product Management Aspect.
UNIT-V
Pharmaceutical associated toxicity
Xenobiotics metabolism, Phase-I reactions, Oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis & hydration. Phase-II
reactions\conjugation, Methylation, glutathione & amino acid conjuctions, detoxifications.
Metabolism of CCl4 & Paracetamol & their effect in liver & kidney.

Book Suggested
1. Environmental Biology and Toxicology, P. D. Sharma, Rastogi.
2. Textbook of Toxicology, BalramPani, IK.
3. Casarett&Doull's Essentials of Toxicology, Klaassen, MGH.
4. Toxicology: Principles and Applications, Niesink, CRC.
5. Clinical Toxicology, FACMT, Saunders.
6. Environmental Pollution and Toxicology, Johi, APH.

COURSE OUTCOMES
 Gain detail understanding of how drug act inside the body after absorption from
intestine in to blood.
 Understanding of factors that affect drug absorption, interaction with target
receptors and inhibition of enzymes.
 Understanding of process of product registration and different guidelines which
control the manufacturer to follow correct strategy for manufacturing of drug.
 Learn how to write and file the patent; how to document clinical data of the concern
drug research.

M.Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY
Semester-IV
Paper-II
BCH-402: Biochemical Toxicology and Clinical Research

COURSE OBJECTIVES
 To study the ICMR and Ethical Guidelines as per standardized toxicological values.
 To understand the in vitro-in vivo performed experimentation.
 To study the Biological testing and bioassays during Clinical trials observation.
 To study about the Single dose and repeat dose toxicity studies.
 To study the Nutrition toxicology and Immunotoxicology.

UNIT-I
Nutrition toxicology and Immunotoxicology: Determination of metal content in samples,
Neurotoxicology, Occupational toxicology. toxicology of environmental, Risk assessment and
chemical safety evaluation, Legislation and International regulation, Toxic metals in environment,
toxicity of Petroleum, Pesticide types and toxicity, Environmental consequences of pesticide
toxicity.
Pesticide, ionizing radiations and gaseous pollutants. Toxicokinetics, Biotransformation and
degradation of toxicants.

UNIT-II
Pre clinical toxicology: Basic Concepts, toxicants of public health hazards and toxic compounds,
Epidemiology and biostatistics in Toxicology, Absorption, translocation and excretion of toxicants.
Systemic toxicology (Single dose and repeat dose toxicity studies), Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity,
Teratogenicity, Reproductive toxicity, Local toxicity, Genotoxicity, animal toxicity requirements.
Exposure assessment and analytical methods in toxicology, toxicological pathology.

UNIT-III
Clinical research: Types of clinical trials, single blinding, double blinding, open access, randomized
trials and their examples, interventional study, ethics committee and its members, cross over
design, Institution Ethics Committee/Independent Ethics Committee. Clinical research data
management. Organ, genetic and reproductive toxicology, Toxic genomics.

UNIT-IV
Biological testing and bioassays during Clinical trials: Testing drugs in vitro and in vivo, New
drug discovery process- purpose, main steps involve in new drug discovery, timelines in steps,
advantage and purposes of steps, clinical research ethics, unethical trials, thalidomide tragedy,
Clinical trials phases, Safety monitoring in clinical trials. Regulatory requirements in clinical trials,
Schedule Y, ICMR guidelines, documentation in clinical study. Indian GCP guidelines (CDCSO
guidelines) ICMR Guidelines, Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research on Human Subjects
Schedule.

UNIT-V
Bioavailability and Bioequivalence studies: Factors affecting bioavailability, types: absolute v/s
relative, single v/s multiple dose studies, healthy volunteers vs patient studies, measurement of
bioavailability, drug dissolution rate and Bioavailability, in vitro-in vivo correlation, methods for
enhancement of bioavailability. Bases for Determining Bioequivalence, Design and Evaluation of
Bioequivalence Studies Analytical Methods, Reference Standard, Extended Release Formulations,
Combination Drug Products, Study Designs.

Book Suggested
1. Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, 23 rd Edition, Popular Prakasham, Bombay.
2. Modern Pharmacology with clinical correlations, 6th Edn., Charles R. Creig, and Robert E. Stitzel,
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
3. Foye’s Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, Williams, D.A. 6th Edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
(2008).
4. Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology, Ghosh, M.N. 2nd Edn, Scientific Book Agency, Kolkatta
(1984).
5. Wilson and Walker’s Principles and Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular biology; 8th Edn.,
Andreas Hofmann and Samuel Clokie; Eds. Cambridge University Press, New Delhi.
6. Applied Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Shar gel, L. 2012. McGraw- Hill Medical.
7. Text Book of Receptor Pharmacology, Foreman, J.C. & Johansen, T. J. 2nd Edn., CRC Press (1996).
8. Drug discovery and Development 2nd Ed. Reymond G Hill, Humphry P Rang, Churchill Livingsten,
Lange (2012).
9. Applied Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, 5th Edn. Leon Shargel, Susanna WuPong, Andrew
B.C. Yu.
10. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Prentice hall, International, Katzung, B.G.
11. Clinical Pharmacology, Scientific book agency, Laurence, DR and Bennet PN.
12. Remington Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins.
13. Text Book of Therapeutics Drug and Disease Management Hardbound. Richard A Helms.
14. IPR, Biosafety and Bioethics, Deepa Goel and Shomini Pearson (2013).

COURSE OUTCOMES
 Gain detail understanding of how drug and toxicant act inside the body an after
absorption from intestine in to blood it affect the body.
 Understanding of factors that affect drug absorption, Bioavailability and
Bioequivalence concept.
  Understanding of process of product registration and different guidelines which
control the manufacturer to follow correct strategy for manufacturing of drug and
Pre clinical toxicology studies.
 Learn how to write and file the patent; how to document clinical data of the concern
to clinical research.
 Understanding of process Biological testing and bioassays during Clinical trials of
drug and toxicant.

M.Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY
Semester-IV
Discipline Elective
Paper-III
BCH-403: Food and Nutritional Biochemistry

COURSE OBJECTIVES
 To study the classification and functional properties of blood components.
 To understand the coagulation, anti-coagulation mechanism of blood and its
disorders.
 To study the biochemical, clinical, pathological and diagnostic aspects of diseases.
 To study dietary types, requirements, utilization and functions of different class of
diet.
 To study the nutrition deficiency disorders and balance diet.

UNIT -I
Direct and indirect calorimetry, energy value of the foods, thermal equivalent of oxygen, respiratory
quotient, calorigenic action of the foods, basal metabolic rate- definition and its measurement,
factors affecting BMR, energy requirements of the human beings.

UNIT-II
Nutritional aspects of the carbohydrate-Different dietary types, available and unavailable
carbohydrates, requirements, utilization and functions. Special role of non-starch polysaccharides.
Nutritional aspects of the lipids- Different dietary types, requirements, utilization and functions.
Essential fatty acids.

UNIT-III
Nutritional aspects of the proteins- Quality of proteins, digestibility coefficient, net protein
utilization, biological value and amino acid score, protein requirements and functions. Nutritional
diet support of infant. Pre-operation and post operational condition. Importance of food for
existence of life. Modes of nutrition in life forms Comparable and contrasting features

UNIT -IV
Nutritional aspects of the vitamins and minerals. WHO and ICMR recommendation of Vitamins
and Minerals. Disease and Minerals diagnosis.

Human Health and Disease: Nutrition (Health), definition, classification, food and non food
sources.Nutraceuticals; use of nutraceuticals in traditional health sciences. Role of omega-3 fatty
acids,carotenoids, dietary fiber, phytoestrogens; glucosinolates; organosulphur compounds in
health and disease (prevention and control).
UNIT -V
Balanced diet- Recommended dietary allowances for different categories of human beings. Food
processing and loss of nutrients during processing and cooking. Naturally occurring anti-nutrients.
Disorders related to the nutrition - Protein energy malnutrition, Starvation, Obesity.

Functional foods: Definition, development of functional foods, benefits and sources of functional
foods in Indian diet. Effects of processing conditions and storage.

Book Suggested
1. Vitamins, Their Role in the Human Body by Ball.
2. The Vitamins by Gerald F. Combs .
3. Human Nutrition by Geissler Powers.
4. Human Nutrition and Dietetics by Ashok Kumar Sharma.
5. Nutritional Biochemistry by Tom Brody.
6. Human Nutrition and Dietetics by Davidson & Passmore.

COURSE OUTCOMES
 Gain detail understanding of Nutraceuticals; use of nutraceuticals in traditional
health sciences from intestine in to blood it affect the body.
 Understanding of factors that affect food digestion and absorption, Bioavailability
and Bioequivalence concept.
 Understanding of importance of food for existence of life.
 Learn how to processing and loss of nutrients take place during processing and
cooking.
 Recommended dietary allowances for different categories of human beings.

M.Sc. BIOCHEMISTRY
Semester-IV
Generic Elective
Paper-IV
BCH-404: Industrial Biochemistry

COURSE OBJECTIVES
 To study the classification and functional properties of fermentation technique and
products.
 To understand the standard process and SOP for industrial setup and product
development.
 To study the biochemical aspects of industrial protocols and standardization
regarding product development.
 To study dietary types, requirements, utilization of fermented industrial antibiotics
etc.
 To study the Commercial enzyme in beverages development and production.

UNIT-I
Techniques of fermentation systems, Role of Fermentation, Biochemistry of Fermentation:
Fermentation of Carbohydrates, Protein. Lipid Metabolism, Formation of flavour. Advanced
continuous fermentation for anaerobic microorganisms, Fermentation process development of
carbohydrate based therapeutics. Commercial production of plant proteins in microorganisms.
Benefits of fermented products.
Bioprocess development for detoxification and decolonization, Fermentation process validation.
Genetic manipulation of industrially important microorganisms.

UNIT-II
Food processing and fortification: Principles, objectives and rationale, selection and basis of
fortificants. Technology of fortifying cereal products. Characteristics of nutrients used in cereal
fortification. Fortification methods. Fortification premixes, Design and composition of premixes
and quality control. Fortification of bread, pasta, noodles, biscuits, and breakfast cereals.

UNIT-III
Development of nutraceutical and functional foods, Standards for health claims.
Development of Prebiotics and probiotics: Mechanics and usefulness of probiotics and
prebiotics in gastro intestinal health and other benefits. Beneficiary microbes; prebiotic ingredients
in foods; types of prebiotics and their effects on gut microbes, probiotic allergy,
Industrial production of Antibiotics: Penicillin, Streptomycin, Tetracyclines Organic acids, Citric
acid, Lactic acid, Acetic acid, Enzymes: Amylases, Proteases, lipases Amino acids - Lysine, Glutamic
acid.

UNIT-IV
Food additives: Definitions, functions and uses in processed food products. Chemical, technological
and toxicological aspects of acid, base buffer systems, salts and chelating/sequestering agents,
leavening agents, antioxidants, emulsifying and stabilizing agents,
anti-caking agents, thickeners, firming agents, flour bleaching agents and bread improvers.
Sweetening agents: Artificial sweeteners, composition, uses. Natural and synthetic colors, food
Flavors, Spices and flavoring constituents, flavors in food industries.

UNIT-V
Beverages Technology: Beverages; importance of beverage fortification, Health benefits of
fortification, Selection of nutrients for fortification, Levels to be added, Characteristics of fortificants
and method of fortification, Bioavailability, Organic Vs inorganic salts. Health foods; selection of
nutrients,Technology of incorporation of fortificants, bioavailability.

Commercial enzyme in beverages: fruit juices, beer, wine, and distilleries; dairy, baking, oils and
fats, plantation products, animal products. Malting and germination of grains process,
characteristics, nutritional benefits and uses. Domestic use products like detergents. Textiles,
Denim processing, Leather industry.

Book Suggested
1. Biochemistry Ed. Donald Voet & Judith G. Voet, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.(2010).
2. Lehninger- Principles of Biochemistry; D.L.Nelson and M.M. Cox, 6th Edn. MacMillan Publications
(2012).
3. Nutrition: Science and Applications, 3rd Edn. Lori A. Smolin, Mary B. Grosvenor, Wiley (2013).
4. Introduction to Human Nutrition, 2nd Edn. Michael J. Gibney, Susan A. Lanham-New, Aedin Cassidy,
Hester H. Vorster, Wiley-Blackwell (2009).
5. Nutrition: Everyday Choices, 1st Edition; Mary B. Grosvenor, Lori A. Smolin Wiley (2006).
6. Bioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease; Watson Elseveir
(2012).
7. Food, Nutrition and Health. Tapsell L. Oxford University Press (2010).

COURSE OUTCOMES
 Gain detail understanding of Techniques of fermentation systems, Role of
Fermentation, Biochemistry of Fermentation for industrial product development.
 Understanding of commercial enzyme in beverages and their associated biochemical
process.
  Understanding of importance of food, Food additives, artificial food additives and
their biochemistry.
 Learn how to processing are involve in prebiotics and probiotics production in
industry.
 Learning in the development and production of different bioactive product for
human welfare.

SEMESTER −IV
PRACTICAL
(Duration: 6hrs.)
Note- Practical examination of Inorganic Pharmaceutical Biochemistry/Biochemical
Toxicology and Clinical Research, Nutrition Biochemistry /Industrial Biochemistry will be
conducted at the end of each semester during examination. Students will be given two
exercises in the practical examination.

Lab I: Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Industrial Biochemistry

Experiment - 1 30
Experiment -2 30
Viva Voce 20
Record 20
Total 100

Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Industrial Biochemistry

1. Qualitative analysis of lipids.

2. Pharmacokinetics studies by the linearity estimation.
3. Saponification value of fats.
4. Iodine number of oil.
5. Peroxide value of fats.
6. Artificial sweeteners stability analysis.
7. Drug stability, solubility analysis.
8. Preservative stability analysis.
9. Antibiotics sensitivity test for Amphicillin.
10. Pharmaceutical associated toxicity determination: Xenobiotics.
11. Qualitative and quantitative determination of nutritive value of food ingredients.
12. Qualitative and quantitative determination of plant proteins.
13. Qualitative and quantitative determination of fermented product.
14. Quality validation of process.
15. Neurotoxicology, Occupational toxicology testing.
16. Commercial enzyme estimation concern to beverages industries.
17. Standard Operating Procedure updating and review.

Book Suggested
1. Tietz Text book of Clinical Chemistry.
2. Clinical Chemistry by DF Calbreath.
3. Clinical Biochemistry by Varley.
4. Practical Biochemistry By S. P. Singh.
5. Practical Biochemistry by A.C. Dev.
6. Pharmacology by Rang and Dele.
COURSE OUTCOMES
 Estimate the pharmacokinetics of the pharmaceutical compounds in pure and
combined form.
 Estimate and validate the Quality of process and developed product.
 Quality validation process for raw material and product.
 Quality validation for Standard operating procedure (SOPs) use for the product
formulation and development.
 Students understanding the process of product registration and different guidelines
which control the manufacturer to follow correct strategy for manufacturing of
drug.
 Students learn how to write and file the patent; how to document clinical data of the
concern drug research.

Lab II: Biochemical Toxicology & Clinical Research and Nutrition Biochemistry

Experiment - 1 30
Experiment -2 30
Viva Voce 20
Record 20
Total 100

Biochemical Toxicology and Clinical Research

1. Determination of LD50 /LC50

2. Determination of metal content in samples
3. Determination of Biological Oxygen Demand
4. Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand
5. Biomarkers of neurotoxicity of organophosphate compounds.
6. Quality validation of process associated with toxicology.
7. Food processing and fortification test.
8. Enzymes related toxicity testing.
9. Metal toxicity determination in dietary dairy products.
10. Artificial additives based toxicity testing from dietary substance.
11. Microorganism base testing of dietary products.
12. Fungus base testing of dietary products.
13. Secondary metabolites base testing of dietary products.
14. Neurotoxicology, Occupational toxicology.
15. Biomarkers of neurotoxicity of organophosphate compounds.

Nutrition Biochemistry

1. Nutritional value determination for dietary products and substances.

2. Qualitative/ quantitative estimation of carbohydrate, protein, fatty acid and vitamins etc.
3. Identification of Vitamins according to source based identification.
4. Identification of Minerals according to source based identification.
5. Minerals quantitative estimation test.
6. Caloric metric measurement for dietary substances.
7. BMR calculation.
 8. Electrolyte measurement.

Books Suggested
1. Tietz Text book of Clinical Chemistry.
2. Clinical Chemistry by DF Calbreath.
3. Clinical Biochemistry by Varley.
4. Practical Biochemistry By S. P. Singh.
5. Practical Biochemistry by A.C. Dev.
6. Pharmacology by Rang and Dele.
7. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Antimicrobial Drug Action by Franklin, T. & Snow J. A.
8. Pharmacology by S. D. Seth.
9. Pharmacology by Tara V Shahbhag.
10. Pathology by Edward.
11. Pharmacology by M C Prabhakar.
12. Pharmacology by Arvind Arora.

COURSE OUTCOMES
1. The students will be able to learn about the classification and functional properties
of blood components.
2. Students understand the coagulation, anti-coagulation mechanism of blood and its
disorders.
3. Students understand the biochemical, clinical, pathological and diagnostic aspects of
diseases.
4. Students understand about the dietary types, requirements, utilization and
functions of different class of diet.
5. Students getting the knowledge about the nutrition deficiency related disorders and
balance diet.