XI PHY CH_8_MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS

Q. NO QUESTION
MCQ s 1 MARK EACH
1. Neeta and Arun performed an experiment and draw stress versus strain graph for two materials X and Y. It is
found that ultimate strength point and the fracture point are close to each other for material X and far for
material Y. We can conclude that materials X and Y are
a) Ductile and brittle
b) Brittle and ductile
c) Brittle and plastic
d) Plastic and ductile
2. Deepak, a class XI student went to his village. He forgot to take his tooth brush. He had to arrange a twig. He
found difficulty to break a piece of twig from a tree. His elder brother advised him to bend the twig to one
side then to opposite side again and again. He followed and finally got a twig to brush his teeth.
Piece of twig is broken due to
a) Elastic fatique
b) Elastic after effect
c) Elastic limit

d) None of these.

3.

Variation of strain with stress for two materials A and B are as shown in the graph. Which is not true?
a) Material A is stronger.
b) Material B has smaller plastic range.
c) Material A is brittle.
d) Material B is brittle.
4. A 5 metre long wire is fixed to the ceiling. A weight of 10 kg is hung at the lower end and is 1 metre above
the floor. The wire was elongated by 1 mm. The energy stored in the wire due to stretching is

(a) Zero
(b) 0.05 joule
(c) 100 joule
(d) 500 joule

5.
The stress-strain curves for brass, steel and rubber are shown in the figure. The lines A, B and C are for
a) Rubber, brass and steel respectively

b) Brass, steel and rubber respectively

 c) Steel, brass and rubber respectively

d) Steel, rubber and brass respectively

6. Why the spring is made up of steel in comparison of copper

(a) Copper is more costly than steel
(b) Copper is more elastic than steel
(c) Steel is more elastic than copper
(d) None of the above

7.

Three identical balls made up of steel, rubber and wood are dropped from same height. If their speed just
after the hitting the ground are V1 , V2 and V3 respectively then
a) V1 = V2 = V3
b) V1 = V2 > V3
c) V1 > V2 > V3
d) V1 < V2 < V3
8. The ratio of the lengths of two wires A and B of same material is 1 : 2 and the ratio of their diameter is 2 : 1.
They are stretched by the same force, then the ratio of increase in length will be
(a) 2 : 1
(b) 1 : 4
(c) 1:8
(d) 8 : 1
9. Modulus of rigidity of ideal liquid is
(a) infinity
(b) Zero
(c) Unity
(d) Finite small non Zero constant

10. The Bulk modulus of perfectly rigid body is

(a) Infinite
(c) Some finite value
(b) Zero
(d) Non zero Constant
11. In the design of a bridge's structural beams, what role does stress play in ensuring safety?
a) Stress determines the bridge's length.
b) Stress makes the bridge look aesthetically pleasing.
c) Stress helps calculate the bridge's weight.
d) Stress helps ensure the beams can support the loads without failure.
12. A spring is stretched by applying a load to its free end. The strain produced in the spring is
(a) volumetric.
(b) shear
(c) longitudinal and shear
(d) longitudinal.
13. Which of the following materials is more likely to exhibit plastic behaviour rather than elastic
behaviour under stress?
a) A rubber band
b) A steel wire
c) A diamond
d) A glass rod
14. Weightlifters often bend iron bars temporarily during
lifting. Which stresses do work on the iron bar ?
a) Shear stress, hydraulic stress
b) Compressive stress, tensile stress
c) Compressive stress, shear stress
d) Tensile stress, hydraulic stress

15. To make a crane, which has a lifting capacity of 10 tonnes or metric tons (1 metric ton = 1000 kg).
How thick should the steel rope be? mild steel has a yield strength (σ y ) of about 300 × 106 N m–2.
a) 3 cm
b) 2 cm
c) 1 cm
d) 2.5 cm
16. The elastic potential energy stored in a stretched wire is directly proportional to:
A) The strain experienced by the wire
B) The area of the wire's cross-section
C) The applied force on the wire
D ) The length of the wire
17. what is young’s modulus for material which stress strain is shown in figure
(a) 5 x 10 8 Pa
(b) 2.5 x 10 8 Pa
(c) 15 x 10 8 Pa
(d) 10 x 10 8 Pa

18. Which statement is correct for material A and material B ?

 (a )Material A is brittle
(b) Material B is strong
(c )Material B is brittle
(d)Material B is ductile

19. Why does a railway track have a particular shape like I ?

(a) it prevents sagging and buckling of bar

(b) it looks aesthetically pleasing
(c) it provides small load bearing surface
(d) it is easy to carry

20. Choose the correct arrangement for bulk moduli ( B ) for solid , liquid and gas .
(a) Bsolid > Bliquid < Bgas
(b) Bsolid < Bliquid < Bgas
(c) Bsolid < Bliquid = Bgas
(d) Bsolid > Bliquid > Bgas

21. (a) Glass is more elastic than rubber

(b) Rubber is more elastic than glass
(c) Steel is more elastic than rubber
(d) Rubber is more clastic than steel
For the above statements-
0.8
(A) (a) and (b) are correct
(B) (a) and (c) are correct
(C) (b) and (c) are correct
(D) (b) and (d) are correct
22. A cable that can support a load W is cut into two equal parts. The maximum load that can be
supported by either part is-
(A) (B)
4 2

(C) W (D) 2 W
23. The effect of temperature on the value of Young's modulus of elasticity for various substances in
general is -
(A) it increases with increase in temperature
(B) remains constant
(C) decrease with rise in temperature
(D) sometimes increases and sometimes decreases with temperature
24. The radii of two wires of a same material are in ratio 2:1. If the wires are stretched by equal forces,
the stress produced in them will be
(a) 2:1
(b) 4:1
(c) 1:4
(d) 1:2
25. The bulk modulus of a perfectly rigid body is
(a) one
(b) infinity
(c) zero
(d) none of the above
26. A wire fixed at the upper end stretches by length L by applying a force F. The work done in stretching
is
(a) F/2L
(b) FL
(c) 2 FL
(d) FL/2
27. If both the length and radius of the wire are doubled, then how does the modulus of elasticity change?
(a) doubled
(b) halved
(c) becomes one fourth
(d) remains unchanged
28. A wire suspended vertically from one of its ends is stretched by attaching a weight of 100N to its
lower end. What is the elastic potential energy store inn the wire, if the weight stretches the wire by
1.5 mm?
(a) 5 x 10 -2 J
(b) 10-3 J
(c) 2.5 x 10 -3 J
(d) 7.5 x 10-2 J
29. If S is stress and Y Young’s modulus of a material of a wire, the energy stored in the wire per unit
volume is
(a) 2Y/S
(b) S/2Y
(c) 2S2 Y
(d) S2 /2Y
30. The breaking stress of a wire dependents upon
(a) Length of the wire
(b) Radius of the wire
(c) Material of the wire
(d) Shape of the cross section
31. According to Hooke’s law of elasticity, if stress is increased, the ratio of stress to strain
(a) Increases
(b) Decreases
(c) Becomes 0
(d) Remains Constant
32. When a body of mass M is hung from a spring, the spring extended by 1 cm. If the body of mass 2M
is also hung from same spring the extension of spring will be
(a) 1 cm
(b) 2 cm
(c) 0.5 cm
(d) 4 cm
33. Which of the following affects the elasticity of a substance?
(a) Hammering and Annealing
(b) Change in temperature
(c) Impurity in substance
(d) All of these
VSA 2 MARKS EACH
1. If the ratio of diameters, lengths and Young’s modulus of steel and copper wires shown in the figure are p, q,
and s respectively, then the corresponding ratio of increase in their lengths would be
a) 5 /7 2
b) 7 /5 2
c) 2q/ 5sp
d) 7q/5sp

2. Draw stress- strain graph for rubber.

3. Why old bridges are declared unsafe after some years?
4. To what depth must a rubber ball be taken in deep sea so that its volume is decreased by 0.1%.?
the bulk modulus of rubber is B = 9.8 × 108 N/m2 , density of water 103 kg/m3

5. Draw stress-strain curve for a metal and define permanent set.

6. Why does compressibility of gas very high while for solids very low ?
7. An metal rod of Young's modulus 2 × 1010 newton/ metre2, undergoes an elastic strain of 0.06%. The
energy per unit volume stored in joule/metre2 is-
(A) 3600
(B) 7200
(C) 1800
(D) 900
8. Read the following two statements below carefully and state if it is true or false with reasons.

(a) The Young’s modulus of rubber is greater than that of steel;

(b) The stretching of a coil is determined by its shear modulus.

9. Two different types of rubber are found to have the stress – strain curves as shown in the figure stress

(1) Which of the two rubbers A and B would you prefer to be installed in the working of a heavy
machinery
(2) Which of these two rubbers would you choose for a car tyre?

10. The stress-strain graphs for materials A and B are shown in Fig.

The graphs are drawn to the same scale.

(a) Which of the materials has the greater Young"s modulus?
(b) Which of the two is the stronger material?
 SA 3 MARKS EACH
1. Draw the showing the variation of stress with strain and explain.
2. The approximate depth of an ocean is 2700m. The compressibility of water is 45.4 x 10-11 Pa-1 and density of
water is 103 kg/m3. What fractional compressibility of water will be obtained at the bottom of ocean?

3. Stress- strain graph for four materials are as shown in the graph. a) Which material has longer plastic range?
b) Which material has highest Young’s modulus?

c) Which material is highest elastic?

4. (a) Young modulus of aluminium, copper and steel are 70 x 109 N/m2, 110 x 109 N/m2 and 200
x109 N/m2 respectively. How much force is required to increase the length of thin wires of
aluminium, copper and steel of 0.1 cm2 cross sectional area by 0.1%.
(b) How does amount of required force help you to choose the material for heavy duty and
structural designs? Explain.

5. a) Define elastic potential energy for a stretched wire .

b) Derive expression for it in trems of stress and strain .
6. (a )Define Poisson’s ratio. Write its formula.
(b ) which one statement is wrong for Poisson’s ratio?
I. It’s a pure number
II. It has dimensions
III. It depends on nature of material
IV. It is the ratio of two same physical quantities

7. Two wires P and Q of same diameter are loaded as shown in the figure. The length of wire P is L
m and its young"s modulus is Y N/m2 while length of wire Q is twice that of P and its material
has Young"s modulus half that of P. Compute the ratio of their elongation.

8. Within the elastic limit, the stretching strain produced in wires A, B, and C due to stress is shown in
the figure. Assume the load applied are the same and discuss the elastic property of the material.
 Write down the elastic modulus in ascending order.

9. Two wires of diameter 0.25 cm, one made of steel and the other made of brass are loaded as
shown in Fig. The unloaded length of steel wire is 1.5 m and that of brass wire is 1.0 m.
Compute the elongations of the steel and the brass wires.

18.
CASE BASED QUESTIONS 4 MARKS
1. Read the paragraph and answer the questions.
The atoms in solids are held together by interatomic forces. the average locations of the atoms in a lattice do
not change with time and lack mobility. This makes a solid rigid and becomes a cause of elasticity in solids. In
some solids such as steel, the atoms are bound together by larger inter-atomic forces than in others. Thus
elastic behaviour varies from solid to solid. Even fluids exhibit elasticity. All material bodies get deformed
when subjected to a suitable force. The ability of a body to regain its original shape and size is called
elasticity. The deforming force per unit area is called stress. The change in dimension divided by the original
dimension is called strain. The three kinds of stresses are tensile stress, shearing stress and volumetric stress
similarly strains too. According to Hooke's law, within the elastic limit stress is proportional to strain.
a) Why solids are more elastic and gases are least?
b) Define elastic limit.
c) When we stretch a wire, we have to perform work. Why? What happens to the energy given to the
wire in this process?

2. Read the paragraph and answer the questions.

When an elastic body is subjected repeatedly to the action of alternating deforming forces, its behaviour
corresponds to that of less elastic bodies due to elastic fatigue. In our daily life, elastic properties are
considered while designing a structure of the material. For example, the metallic parts of the machinery are
never subjected to a stress beyonds elastic limit otherwise they will get permanently deformed. The thickness
of the metallic rope used in the crane in order to lift a given load is decided from the knowledge of elastic
limit of the material of the rope and the factor of safety. Similarly the bridges are designed in such a way that
they do not bend much or break under the load of heavy traffic, force of strongly blowing wind and its own
weight.
(a) Why are bridges and girders given I shape?
(b) A hollow shaft is found to be stronger than a solid shaft made of some equal material against twisting.
Explain why?
(c) An elastic wire is cut to half its original length. How would it affect the maximum load that the wire can
support?
(d) Why is a spring made of steei, not of copper?
3.
A typical graph for a metal is shown in figure. From the graph, we can see that in the region
between O to A, the curve is linear. In this region, Hooke’s law is obeyed. The body regains its
original dimensions when the applied force is removed. In this region, the solid behaves as an
elastic body.
In the region from A to B, stress and strain are not proportional. Nevertheless, the body still returns
to its original dimension when the load is removed. The point B in the curve is known as yield point
(also known as elastic limit) and the corresponding stress is known as yield strength (σ y ) of the
material.
 If the load is increased further, the stress developed exceeds the yield strength and strain increases
rapidly even for a small change in the stress. The portion of the curve between B and D shows this.
When the load is removed, say at some point C between B and D, the body does not regain its
original dimension. In this case, even when the stress is zero, the strain is not zero. The material is
said to have a permanent set. The deformation is said to be plastic deformation. The point D on the
graph is the ultimate tensile strength (σu ) of the material. Beyond this point, additional strain is
produced even by a reduced applied force and fracture occurs at point E.

(i) What does a stress-strain curve illustrate in materials science?

a) The relationship between temperature and strain in a material.

b) The variation of stress with time in a material under load.
c) The deformation behavior of a material under mechanical load.
d) The relationship between the density and elasticity of a material.

(ii) What does the slope of the linear portion of a stress-strain curve represent?
a) Ultimate strength of the material.
b) Material density.
c) Young's modulus or elastic modulus.
d) Plastic deformation of the material.

(iii) What is the significance of the yield point on a stress-strain curve?

a) It marks the point at which a material breaks.
b) It indicates the point where elastic deformation ends.
c) It represents the point where the material transitions from elastic to plastic deformation.
d) It signifies the point of maximum stress the material can endure.

(iv) In a stress-strain curve, the point of maximum stress the material can withstand is known as:

a) Yield point.
b) Elastic limit.
c) Proportional limit.
d) Ultimate strength
4. (a) State hooke’s law and define modulus of elasticity .
(b) Two wires of diameter 0.25 cm, one made of steel and other made of brass are loaded as
shown in figure. The unloaded length of steel wire is 1.5 m and that of brass wire is 1.0
m.Young’s modulus of steel and brass are 2.0 x 1011 Pa and 0.91x 1011 Pa. Compute the

elongations of steel and brass wires. (1 Pa = 1 N m2).

5. When a wire is under the action of tensile stress, its length increases but its diameter decreases. The
strain produced in the direction of applied force is called longitudinal strain and that produced in the
perpendicular direction is called lateral strain. When the elastic limit, the ratio of lateral strain to the
longitudinal strain is called Poisson’s Ratio.

Poisson’s Ratio = Lateral strain

Longitudinal strain
σ=- ∆D
D∆l

The negative sign shows that longitudinal and lateral strains are in opposite strain.
(i) A long piece of rubber is wider than it is thick. when it is stretched in length by some amount,
(a) It’s thickness decreases but its width increases
(b) It’s thickness decreases but its width remains constant
(c) It’s thickness increases but its width decreases
(d) Both its thickness and width decrease.

(ii) Minimum and Maximum values of Poisson’s ratio for a metal lies between
(a) -∞ to + ∞
(b) 0 to 1
( c) - ∞ to 1
(d) 0 to 0.5

(iii) If longitudinal strain for a wire is 0.03 and its Poisson’s ratio is 0.5, then its lateral strain is
(a) 0.003
(b) 0.0075
( c) 0.015
(d) 0.4
 (iv) The value of Poisson’s ratio of a material of a wire whose volume remains constant under an
external normal stress is
(a) -1
(b) 1
( c) 0
(d) 0.5

6. The graph shown below shows qualitatively the relation between the stress and the strain as the
deformation gradually increases. Within Hooke’s limit for a certain region stress and strain relation is
linear. Beyond that up to a certain value of strain the body is still elastic and if deforming forces are
removed the body recovers its original shape.

1. If deforming forces are removed up to which point the curve will be retraced?
(a) upto OA only
(b) upto OB
(c) upto C
(d) Never retraced its path
2. During unloading beyond B, say C, the length at zero stress in now equal to
(a) less than original length
(b) greater than original length
(c) original length
(d) can’t be predicted
3. The breaking stress for a wire of unit cross-section is called
(a) yield point
(b) elastic fatigue
(c) tensile strength
(d) Young’s modulus
4. Substances which can be stretched to cause large strains are called
(a) Isomers
(b) Plastomers
(c) Elastomers
(d) Polymers
LA ( 5MARKS)
1 A wire of uniform area of cross-section is suspended vertically from a rigid support through one end with the
help of an attached hanger by putting different known weights in the hanger Plot a graph between stress and
 strain for the stretched wire is as shown. A wire of uniform area of cross-section is suspended vertically from
a rigid support through one end with the help of an attached hanger by putting different known weights in
the hanger Plot a graph between stress and strain for the stretched wire is as shown.
(a) What does the portion OA of graph represent?
(b) Which point does the elastic limit represent?
(c) Which region represents permanent set?
(d) Which point does represent the yield point?
(e) Which point corresponds to breaking point or breaking stress?

2 (a) Derive expression for elastic potential energy in trems of stress and strain

(b) Steel wire of length 5 meters and diameter 0.02 meters is stretched with a force of 1500 N.
Given that the Young's modulus for steel is 2.1 x 1011 N/m², calculate:

(i) The strain produced in the wire.

(ii) The stress experienced by the wire.
(iii) The elastic potential energy stored in the wire due to the stretching.

3 Derive an expression for the elastic potential energy stored in the stretched wire under stress. Prove that
its elastic energy density is equal to 1 x Stress x strain.
2
Define the terms elastic after effect and elastic fatigue.
ANSWERS FOR MCQs

1. a
2. a
3. c
4. b
5. c
6. c
7. c
8. c
9. b
10. a
11. D
12. C
13. D
14. B
15. C
 16. A
17. C
18. c
19. a
20. d
21. (B) (a) and (c) are correct

22. (C) W
23. (C) decrease with rise in temperature

24. ( c) 1:4
25. (b) infinity
26. (d)FL/2
27. (d) remains unchanged
28. (d) 7.5 x 10-2 J
29. (d)S2/2Y
30. (c)Material of the wire
31. (d)Remains Constant
32. (b)2 cm
33. (d)All of these
ANSWERS FOR VSA ( 2 MARKS)
1 b
2

3 It is due to elastic fatigue. Due to successive elongation and compression it loses the property of elasticity. It
may collapse at any instance. So it is declared unsafe.
4 100 m
5 When the load is removed, the body does not regain its original dimension. In this case, even when
the stress is zero, the strain is not zero. The material is said to have a permanent set.
6 The incompressibility of the solids is primarily due to the tight coupling between the neighbouring
atoms. The molecules in liquids are also bound with their neighbours but not as strong as in solids.
Molecules in gases are very poorly coupled to their neighbours.
7 (A) 3600

8 (a) False (b) True

(a) For given stress, the strain in rubber is more than that in steel.

(b) Shear modulus is known to be the ratio of the applied stress to the change in the shape of a body.
The stretching of a coil changes its shape. Therefore, it is clear that the shear modulus of elasticity is
involved in this process
9 (1) Rubber B is preferred because area of loop B is more than that of A which shows more absorption
power for vibrations which is useful in machinery.
(2) Since hysteresis loop is a direct measure of heat dissipation, hence rubber A is preferred over B so
to minimize the heating in the car tyres.
 10 (a) For a given strain, the stress for material A is more than it is for material B, as shown in the two

graphs. Young"s modulus

For a given strain, if the stress for a material is more, then Young"s modulus is also greater for that
material. Therefore, Young"s modulus for material A is greater than it is for material B.
(b) The amount of stress required for fracturing a material, corresponding to its fracture point, gives
the strength of that material. Fracture point is the extreme point in a stress-strain curve. It can be
observed that material A can withstand more strain than material B. Hence, material A is stronger
than material B.
ANSWERS FOR SA ( 3 MARKS)
1.

In the region from A to B, stress and strain are not proportional. Nevertheless, the body still returns to its
original dimension when the load is removed. The point B in the curve is known as yield point (also known as
elastic limit) and the corresponding stress is known as yield strength (σ y ) of the material. If the load is
increased further, the stress developed exceeds the yield strength and strain increases rapidly even for a
small change in the stress. The portion of the curve between B and D shows this. When the load is removed,
say at some point C between B and D, the body does not regain its original dimension. In this case, even when
the stress is zero, the strain is not zero. The material is said to have a permanent set. The deformation is said
to be plastic deformation. The point D on the graph is the ultimate tensile strength (σu ) of the material.
Beyond this point, additional strain is produced even by a reduced applied force and fracture occurs at point
E. If the ultimate strength and fracture points D and E are close, the material is said to be brittle. If they are
far apart, the material is said to be ductile.
2. B=VdP/dV and compressibility K=1/B=dV/VdP
∴dV/V=dP(K)
But at a depth h below the surface of the ocean, dP=ρgh
∴dV/V=ρghK=103×10×2700×45.4×10-11
=1.2×10-2
3. a) Aluminum
b) Glass
c) Glass
4. (a) 700 N, 1100 N and 2000 N
(b) More force required to deform the steel .it means steel is more elastic.
5. (a) When a wire is put under a tensile stress, work is done against the inter-atomic forces. This work is
stored in the wire in the form of elastic potential energy.
(b) U = ½ x stress x strain x volume of wire
6. (a) The ratio of the lateral strain to the longitudinal strain in a stretched wire is called Poisson’s ratio.
Poisson’s ratio = ∆ /∆
 (b) ii

7.

8. Within the elastic limit, stress is proportional to strain (obey Hooke’s law). Therefore, it shows a straight
line behaviour. So, the modulus of elasticity (here, Young modulus) can be computed by taking slope
from this straight line. Hence, calculating the slope for the straight line, we get

Slope of A > Slope of B > Slope of C

Which implies,

Young modulus of C < Young modulus of B < Young modulus of A

Notice that larger the slope, lesser the strain (fractional change in length). So, the material is much
stiffer. Hence, the elasticity of wire A is greater than wire B which is greater than C.
9. Young"s modulus for steel:

Young"s modulus of steel,

Young"s modulus for brass:

 Elongation of the steel wire =

Elongation of the brass wire =

ANSWERS FOR CBQ ( 4 MARKS)
1. a) The atoms in solids are held together by highest stronger inter atomic forces and the gases by lowest.
The average locations of the atoms in a lattice do not change with time and lack mobility in solids. So
solids are more elastic and gases are least
b) It is the value of maximum stress beyond which the body does not show elasticity.
c) We have to do work against the inter molecular attractive forces.
The work done is converted to elastic potential energy.
2. a) Bridges and girders are I shaped to minimize the depression in a beam. The I shape girder have large
load bearing surface, which decreases stress.
b) It is because, the torque required to produce a given twist in hollow cylinder is greater than that
required to twist a solid cylinder of same size and material.
c) No change
d) Steel is more elastic than copper.
3. (i) c (ii) c (iii) c (iv) d
4. (a) For small deformations the stress and strain are proportional to each other.
Modulus of elasticity is the ratio of stress to strain.

(b) For steel elongation = 1.49 x 10-4 m, fro brass elongation = 1.3 x 10-4 m
5. (1) d): When the length increase, both thickness and width decrease.
(2) d):Poisson’s ratio for a metal lies between 0 and 0.5
Lateral strain
(3) c): σ =
Longitudinal strain
Lateral strain
0.5 = 0.05
Lateral strain = 0.5 x 0.03 = 0.015
(4) d): When volume remains constant,
σ =+0.5
6. 1. (b)
2. (b) : Beyond B even if deforming forces are removed still some deformation is left.
3. (c) : The breaking stress for a wire of unit cross-section is called tensile strength.
4. (c) : Substances which can be stretched to cause large strains are called elastomers.
KEY 5 MARKS
1 a) The proportional limit.
b) B
c) OO’
d) B
e) E
2 (a) ) U = ½ x stress x strain x volume of wire
(b) Strain= 2.27 x 10-5 stress = 4.77 x 106 N/m2 potential energy = 84.99 x 10-3 J
3 Suppose a force F applied on a wire of length l increases its length by Δl. Initially, the internal
restoring force in the wire is zero. When the length is increased by Δl, the internal force increases
from zero to F(=Applied force).
Therefore, Average internal force for an increase in length ∆ l of wire = 0+ =
2 2
Work done on the wire is W=Avg. force x increase in length= x Δl
2
This work done is stored as elastic potential energy U in the wire.
Therefore, U = Δl
2
Let A be the area of cross-section of the wire. Then,
U = 1 x Δl x Al
2
= 1 x Stress x strain x volume of wire
2
Elastic potential energy per unit volume of the wire or elastic energy density is
u=U/volume
u= 1 x Stress x strain
2
Elastic after effect: The delay in beginning the original state by a body on the removal of the
deforming force is called elastic after effect.
Elastic Fatigue: It is defined as loss in the elastic strength of a material caused due to repeated
alternating strains produced in it.