Oral Communications

2nd Term - Midterm Test

Coverage:
Definition and tenets of communication
Communication process
Communication models
Elements of communication
Barriers to effective communication
Functions of communication
Test Types:
● Modified True or False
● Identification
● Essay
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Communication
Communication
● Comes from the latin word ‘communicare’
○ Meaning: to share
● There are multiple ways we communicate:
○ Keeping in touch
○ Words and music
○ Pictures and print
○ Cries and whispers
○ Nods and becks
○ Postures and plumages
○ Movement
○ Sound
○ KWPCNPMS - Koalas Wont Park Cars Now Please Mentor Some
● Communication is the giving and receiving of information. Using words,
symbols, and actions
○ Can be verbal or nonverbal.
Code
● Systematic arrangement of letters, figures, symbols, and/or words through
which a message is transmitted or communicated.
 Verbal Nonverbal

● Code: systematic arrangement of ● Interpreting body language; looking at

letters, figures, symbols, and/or words; cues & understanding how they can
message is add to verbal language
communicated/transmitted. ○ Compliment
● Communication means we ○ Illustrate
encode/express our feelings & ideas ○ Repeat
into verbal codes; receiver decodes or ○ Regulate
finds the meaning of the verbal code ○ Emphasize
● Process of communication: words & ○ Support
their meaningful, systematic, ○ Contradict
combinations. ● CIRRESC
● Word: verbal symbol; distinct ---
meaningful element of a language ● A responsive Speaker is more effective
● In writing, letters of the alphabet & in expressing ideas when they know
their combinations represent sounds the appropriate facial expressions &
that compose a word, but not body language to apply while speaking.
necessarily in a direct way. ● Aids in illustrating, describing, &
explaining ideas more empathetically &
clearly in amiable (trying) times.

Elements of Communication

Sender The person with the message to

communicate.

Receiver The person or persons whom the

message is addressed to.

Message Any idea the sender wants the receiver

to understand.

Encoding The process of putting the message

into the form in which it is to be
communicated.

Decoding Trying to interpret the exact meaning of

a message.
 Feedback The receiver’s observable
response/reaction to the sender’s
message.

Channel The medium that carries the message is

the channel of communication

Noise Any distraction which competes with

the message for the receiver’s attention.

Context The situation, time, and place in which

communication occurs; the physical,
social and emotional elements of
communication.

Frame of Reference ● Attitude or past experiences

● Commons knowledge of the people
involved in the conversation
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Note: The difference between context and frame of reference is that…

Tenets of Communication
● Communication is Positive
● Communication is Dynamic
● Communication is Unrepeatable and Irreversible
● Communication is Everywhere
● Communication is Continuous
● Communication is a Transaction
● Communication is Learned
● Communication is a Sharing of Meanings
P D U&I E C T L SM
Please go Directly to miss to Understand & Infer everything ‘Cause Tonight we’re
leaving to go to SM.

Communication Models
Models of Communication
 ● The communication process is best described through different
communication models.
● A model is a systematic description of a phenomenon or abstract process.

Models of Communication

Linear ● Shows a straight path of relaying information

● One-directional; the information from the sender is
conveyed directly to the receiver.

Interactive ● Takes into consideration feedback from the

receiver
● The message originates from two sources: The
message from the sender and the feedback from
the receiver.

Transactional ● Shows Communications as occurring continuously

and simultaneously among people.

Aristotle’s Model
● Sender sends info to
receivers to influence
them & make them
respond
● Linear

Lasswell’s Model
● Linear

Shannon and Weaver

Model
● Effective
communication
between sender &
receiver + the noise
that might disrupt it
● Linear
 Schramm’s Model
● Communication
process between an
encoder & a decoder
● Interactive

David Berlo’s Model

● Linear

Barriers of Effective Communication

Noise
● This is the technical term in communication that refers to all the possible
barriers to effective communication.

Physical Barriers
● The environment and natural conditions that act as a barrier in
communications in sending messages from sender to receiver.
● Examples:
○ Environment and Climate
○ Time and Distance
○ Medium Disturbance or Technical Problem
○ Workspace (area) Design
○ Noise
○ Information Overflow.
● Can also be in the form of physiological noise and physical impairments.
 ○ Physiological Noise
■ Bodily Conditions that compromise the ability of a person to
send or receive messages
■ Ex: hunger, fatigue, headaches, pain
○ Impairement
■ Physical conditions
■ Ex: hearing difficulties, visual impairment, speech disorder, etc.
● Some more examples:
■ Unbearable weather, like thunder, rain, and strong winds
■ Time zone and geographical distance.
■ Computer virus or no network coverage.

Linguistic Barriers
● Noise related to the meaning of words that distorts or masks the message.
● Types of Linguistic Barriers:
○ Semantic Noise
■ Observed when a speaker and a listener have different
interpretations of the meanings of certain words.
■ Misunderstandings/miscommunication
○ Syntactical Noise
■ Seen in grammatical lapses
■ Sentence in grammatically incorrect
○ Organizational Noise
■ Characterized by poorly-structured messages or instructions.
■ Unclear/badly stated instructions that can confuse the reader

Cultural Barriers
● The prime dynamics of culture are the mutual social perceptual with
coordinated meaning and action and cultural variance.
● Types of Cultural Barriers:
○ Cultural Norms and Values
■ Each culture holds its own values, meaning, and norms different
from another. This difference is caused by the truth, belief, and
judgement through which communicators acquired knowledge
about society and culture.
■ Something in one culture may mean a different thing to another
 ○ Stereotypes
■ Stereotypes are negative images or preconceived notions on a
particular community and identity. These are created through
mass media and their content agenda.
■ Simplified and widely thought characteristics about a particular
group of people

Psychological Barriers
● The influence of the psychological state of the communicators (sender and
receiver) which creates an obstacle for effective communication.
● Communication is highly influenced by the metal condition that the
communicators are in.
● Examples:
○ Lack of Attentions
○ Poor retention
○ Distrust and defensiveness
○ Emotions
○ Premature evaluation

Speech Styles & Contexts

Introduction:
● Speech styles vary according to social context - who we are talking to, about
what, for what purposes. One way of classifying speech styles is according to
the directness of our speech.

Choosing a Communication Style

● There are two parts to our chosen communication styles
○ How direct we are in expressing our views, wants, & opinions
○ Thought & consideration that the sender of the message gives to the
opinions, wants, & needs of the recipient.
● In psychological terms, each participant in the communication process each
ends commincication as either a winner or a loser. The ideal, of course, is to
work toward a win-win situation.

Four Basic Styles of Communication

● Passive Commuunication
 ○ Individuals have developed a pattern of avoiding expressing their
opinions or feelings, protecting their rights, & identifying and meeting
their needs.
○ Instead, they allow grievances & annoyances to mount, usually unaware
of the buildup. But once they have reached their high tolerance
threshold for unacceptable behavior, they are prone to explosive
outbursts which are usually out of proportion to the triggering incident.
● Aggressive Communication
○ A style in which individuals express their feelings & opinions &
advocate for their needs in a way that is direct & straightforward.
○ In some cases, aggressive communicators are verbally and/or
physically abusive because they tend to not care about the person
they are talking to.
● Passive-Aggressive Communication
○ A style in which individuals appear passive on the surface but are really
acting out anger in a subtle, indirect, or behind-the-scenes way.
○ People who develop a pattern of passive-aggressive communication
usually feel powerless, stuck, & resentful.
● Assertive Communication
○ A style in which individuals clearly state their opinions & feelings, &
firmly advocate for their rights & needs without violating the rights of
others.
○ These individuals value themselves, their time, & their emotional,
spiritual, & physical needs and are strong advocates for themselves
while being very respectful of the rights of others.

Speech Contexts
● Different ways that we interact with the word
○ Speech does not take place in a vacuum, but is always contextualized
○ When we speak there is always a reason, which includes the audience,
purpose, & situation/event.
● Intrapersonal
○ Communication that centers on one person where the speaker acts
both as the sender & the receiver of the message
● Interpersonal
 ○ Communication between & among people & established personal
relationship between & among them
○ Types of Interpersonal Communication
■ Dyad Communication
● Two way communication
● Involves two people
● Source → Receiver
Receiver → Source
■ Small Group Communication
● Involves two or more people
● Everyone is a source and a receiver
● Multiple exchanges of messages between different
people
■ Public Communication
● Involves a large mass of people
● Receivers are in one place
● Linear (one-sided; no response)
● Source → Receiver (Mass of people)
■ Mass Communication
● Involves a large mass of people
● Not all the receivers are in one place (the medium is used
to reach others)
● Linear
● Source → Medium→ Receiver
● Medium: Social Media, Podcasts, Television
● Not all receivers are in one place, they use a medium to be
able to communicate (they don’t respond to the source)

Speech Styles According to Context

● Variations in formality
● Types of Speech Styles: There are 5 speech styles. Each style dictates what
appropriate language/vocabulary should be used or observed.
● Intimate:
○ Private
○ Occurs between or among close family members/individuals.
○ Language used in this style may not be shared in public
● Casual:
○ Common among peers & friends.
○ Jargons, slang, or the vernacular (common language in that region)
language are used
● Consultative:
○ This style is the standard one. Professional or mutually acceptable
language is a must in this style
● Formal:
○ Used in formal setting.
○ Unlike the consultative style, this is one-way
● Frozen:
○ “Frozen” in time & remains unchanged. It mostly occurs in ceremonies.
○ Common examples are the Preamble to the Constitution, Lord’s Prayer,
& Allegiance to the Country/Flag.
○