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Physics

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9 views18 pages

Physics

Uploaded by

harithashric
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION

A transformer is a device used in the power transmission


of electric energy. The transmission current is AC. It is
commonly used to increase or decrease the supply
voltage without a change in the frequency of AC
between circuits. The transformer works on basic
principles of electromagnetic induction and mutual
induction.
The idea of a transformer was first discussed by
Michael Faraday in the year 1831 and was carried
forward by many other prominent scientific scholars.
However, the general purpose of using transformers was
to maintain a balance between the electricity that was
generated at very high voltages and consumption which
was done at very low voltages.
There are two types of transformers based on their
voltage levels.
STEP-UP TRANSFORMER

The step-up transformer is a type of transformer with the


function of converting low voltage (LV) and high
current from the transformer's primary side to high
voltage (HV) and low current value on the transformers'
secondary side.

These are used between the power generator and the


power grid. The secondary output voltage is higher than
the input voltage.
STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

The step-down transformer is a type of transformer that


converts high voltage (HV) and low current from the
primary side of the transformer to low voltage (LV) and
high current value on the secondary side of the
transformer

Transformers are used to increase the voltage for


transmission and decrease the voltage for utilisation in
the military, medical, telecommunication, electronics
industries, etc.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the relation between:


● Output and input voltage
● Number of turns in the secondary coil and primary
coil of a self designed transformer

THEORY

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil


p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The
altering current in the primary produces a changing
magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the
primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-
transformer, the whole of the magnetic flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary, then the
induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is
equal to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if
Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the emf
induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and
Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of
the transformer and

Dфь/dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil


at this instant,

we have

Ep = -Np dфь/dt ----------------- (1) and

Es = -Ns dфь/dt ----------------- (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by


dividing 2 by 1, we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ----------------(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced
in the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in
primary coil is due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the
instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f.
further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp

E – Ep = Ip Rp

When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can


be neglected so therefore

E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f /input e.m.f = Ns/Np = K


Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

In a step up transformer

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np

In a step down transformer

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If

Ip = value of primary current at the same instant t

And

Is = value of sec. current at this instant, then


Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip and

Output power at the same instant = Es Is

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then

Input power = output power

Or

Ep Ip = Es Is

Or

Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K

In a step up transformer
As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip

i.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage is


higher.

Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current


in the same ratio.

Similarly it can be shown that in a step down


transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in
current in the same ratio.

Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the


current & a step down transformer steps up the current.

Efficiency :-

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of


output power to the input power. i.e.
η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there are no power


losses, η = 1. But in actual practice, there are many
power losses; therefore the efficiency of the transformer
is less than one.

Materials Required:
• Iron rod

• Copper wire

• Voltmetre

• Ammeter

Working
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual
induction according to this principle, the amount of
magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is
induced in the neighbouring coil that is if a varying
current is set-up in a circuit induced e.m.f. is produced
in the neighbouring circuit. The varying current in a
circuit produces varying magnetic flux which induces
e.m.f. in the neighbouring circuit.

The transformer consists of two coils. They are insulated


with each other by insulated material and wound on a
common core. For operation at low frequency, we may
have a soft iron. The soft iron core is insulating by
joining thin ironstrips coated with varnish to insulate
them to reduce energy losses by eddy currents.The input
circuit is called primary. And the output circuit is called
secondary.

Transformer

Procedure:
i) Demonstrating the principle of transformer by
winding primary and secondary coil on a steel rod
1. Take a soft iron rod of cm and cm diameter. Wrap
thick paper on it.

2. Wind a coil P of enamelled copper wire 200 turns.

3. Wind another coil S of thick enamelled copper wire


with 400 turns.

4. Both coils are wound over the same length of the rod,
so that almost the entire flux produced by current in one
is linked to the other.

5. Connect the coil S with an AC voltmeter. Connect an


identical voltmeter across P also.

6. Switch on the current in P and note voltage across the


two coils

7. Find the ratio Vp to Vs


Observations
1. We will find that ratio of Vp and Vs across the two
coils is equal to the ratio of number of turns in the coil P
to that in the coil S.i.e.,

Vp/Vs = Np/Ns ---------------(1)

2. The coil P (to which AC voltage is applied) is

Called the primary and coil S (in which AC is induced)


is called the secondary.

3. Since coil S is placed very close to the coil P,the


power in the primary is transferred into the secondary
through mutual induction.

4. It is clear from equation 1, that by appropriate choice


of the turn ratio i.e., Np/Ns, we can obtain a higher
voltage or lower voltage in S compared to that in P.
Energy Losses
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a
transformer:
1. Copper loss:
It is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper
coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of
conducting wires.
2. Iron loss:
It is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core
of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy
currents in the iron core. It is minimised by taking
laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux:
It occurs in spite of the best insulations. Therefore, the
rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of
S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteretic loss:
It is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetization
and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is fed to
it.
5. Magneto striation:
It is the humming noise of a transformer
Conclusion
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with
respect to the input voltage

2. The output voltage of the transformer across the


secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with
respect to the input voltage

3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil


of a transformer.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

● https://www.seminarsonly.com/Engineering-
Projects/Physics/self-designed-transformer.php
● https://byjus.com/jee/transformer/
● https://vietnamtransformer.com/our-news/
difference-between-step-up-and-step-down-
transformer
● https://www.linquip.com/blog/step-down-
transforme/
● https://www.linquip.com/blog/difference-between-
step-up-and-step-down-transformer/
● NCERT class 12 Physics book part 1

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