EXAMINING HOW SALT CONCENTRATION AFFECT’S WATER FREEZING POINT

Statement of the problem:

1. Does the salt’s concetration affect the water’s freezing point?

2. Does the increased amount of salt concentration in the water lower It’s freezing point?

3. Is there a noticeable difference in the behavior of the water’s freezing point when the salt's
concentration was increased?

Objectives:

1. to test how salt levels change freezing point

2. to investigate the relationship between salt concentration and freezing point
3. to evaluate the application of freezing point in our lives
Hypothesis:

Yes, There is a significant difference of how salt's concentration affect water's freezing point
because the higher the concentration of salt, the lower the freezing point will be

There is no significant difference about salt ‘s concentration affect water’s freezing point

Review of Related Literature:

Salt concentration significantly affects water’s freezing point, a phenomenon kown as freezing point
depression (Ming et al., 2020). When salt (NaCl) dissolves in water, it dissociates into sodium and
chloride ions, which interfere with the formation of ice crystals by preventing water molecules from
arranging themselves into a solid structure (Why Does Salt Reduce the Freezing Point of Water? 2019).
According to the study of Helmenstine (2019) it indicates that a 1 molar salt solution can lower the
freezing point by approximately 3.5°C, with greater concentrations resulting in more significant
reductions. This effect is not limited to sodium chloride; other salts, such as magnesium chloride, exhibit
even more pronounced freezing point depression due to their ability to dissociate into multiple ions
(Europlanet, 2021).

The Madrid-2019 force-field, which uses the TIP4P/2005 model for water and non-integer charges for
ions, accurately describes properties like solution densities, viscosities, and water diffusion. It
accurately predicts freezing point depression at moderate and high salt concentrations, demonstrating
its potential in various salts and compositions. (Lamas,2019)

Investigates the relationship between salt concentration and the freezing behavior of supercooled
drops, highlighting significant effects on freezing temperatures (Barma)

Salt melts ice essentially because adding salt lowers the freezing point of the water. How does this melt
ice? Well, it doesn't, unless there is a little water available with the ice. The good news is you don't
need a pool of water to achieve the effect. Ice typically is coated with a thin film of liquid water, which
is all it takes. (Helmenstine)

This study examines how NaCl concentration affects the freezing point in soil, showing a linear
relationship between salt content and freezing point depression.
A physics explanation detailing how varying salt concentrations influence water’s freezing point, noting
specific numerical effects.

A discussion on the mechanisms behind freezing point depression due to salt, including entropy
considerations and molecular interactions.

Freezing Point Depression of Salt Solutions: This study looks at how different types of salt change the
freezing point of water. It finds that higher salt concentrations result in a greater decrease in the freezing
temperature.

Another investigation focuses on how salt concentration affects the freezing behavior of supercooled
water drops, showing that even small amounts of salt can significantly impact freezing temperatures.

Salt helps melt ice primarily because it lowers the freezing point of water.

However, this melting only occurs if there is some liquid water present with the ice. Fortunately, ice
usually has a thin layer of liquid water on its surface, which is enough to create this effect.
Additionally, research shows how sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration impacts the freezing point in
soil, demonstrating a clear relationship where more salt leads to a lower freezing point.

Lastly, there are explanations about how varying amounts of salt influence water’s freezing point,
providing specific numerical details. Another discussion explains why salt reduces the freezing point,
focusing on how it affects molecular interactions and entropy.

Barma et al. (2021) has demonstrated that the freezing point of seawater can be as low as -2°C due
to its salinity, highlighting the importance of salt concentration in natural environments. Additionally, the
mechanisms behind this phenomenon relate to thermodynamic principles where the presence of
solutes increases the entropy of the solution, necessitating lower temperatures for ice formation. Thus,
understanding how varying salt concentrations affect freezing points is crucial for applications ranging
from environmental science to food preservation.

Review of Related Studies:

Numerous studies have explored the impact of salt concentration on water’s freezing point. For
instance, a study on supercooled drops found that increasing NaCl concentrations resulted in higher
median freezing temperatures for varying drop sizes. Another investigation highlighted that the
presence of salt not only lowers the freezing point but also alters the dynamics of ice formation and
melting processes in saline environments (Byju’s, 2022)

Experimental comparisons between saline and pure water revealed that while pure water freezes
solidly at 0°C, saline solutions tend to form slushy mixtures at lower temperatures, demonstrating the
practical implications of salt on freezing behavior. Furthermore, research has shown that adding salt to
icy surfaces can significantly delay refreezing, which is particularly relevant for winter road maintenance
strategies. Overall, these studies underscore the critical role of salt concentration in influencing phase
changes in water and its broader environmental implications.
REFERENCES/ BIBLIOGRAPHY Journal Article

Barma, M. C., Peng, Z., Moghtaderi, B., & Doroodchi, E. (2021). Effects of drop size and salt
concentration on the freezing temperature of supercooled drops of salt solutions. Separation
and Purification Technology, 274, 118925.

Lamas, C. P., Vega, C., & Noya, E. G. (2022). Freezing point depression of salt aqueous solutions
using the Madrid-2019 model. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 156(13).

Ming, F., Chen, L., Li, D., & Du, C. (2020). Investigation into Freezing Point Depression in Soil
Caused by NaCl Solution. Water, 12(8), 2232.

Online Article

Byju’s. (2022, July 4). If salt is dissolved in water- state its effect on Freezing point of water

Helmenstine, A. M., PhD. (2019, May 5). How salt melts ice and prevents freezing. ThoughtCo.

Grainger Engineering Office of Marketing and Communications. (n.d.). How does the amount of salt
affect the freezing point of water? Physics Van | Illinois.

Why does salt reduce the freezing point of water? (2019, April 9). Physics Forums: Science
Discussion, Homework Help, Articles.

Video

Europlanet. (2021, April 8). How does salt affect freezing rate? (4. Martian Chemistry) [Video].
YouTube.
Electronics

• https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118925

• https://byjus.com/question-answer/if-salt-is-dissolved-in-water-state-its-effect-on-
freezing-point-of-water/
• https://van.physics.illinois.edu/ask/listing/29579
• https://www.thoughtco.com/how-salt-melts-ice-3976057
• https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0085051
• https://doi.org/10.3390/w12082232
• https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/why-does-salt-reduce-the-freezing-point-of-
water.969877/
• https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118925
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4thXp3lqGy4
• https://van.physics.illinois.edu/ask/listing/29579
• https://www.thoughtco.com/how
Name of Researche:
Stephen James P. Cabiles
Arman Jacob I. Capua
Mikhail Bviktor P. Dayawon
Jean Kleighfferson G. Gutierrez
Karl Ghiancel A. Marukot
King Forbes Branzon DV. Tamani