University of Northeastern Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

San Roque, Iriga City, 4431
Tel. No. (054)299-2698 loc. 28

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literature

This chapter presents a review of related literature and studies, which are relevant

to the present study. The researcher gathered this literature and studies from professional

books, journals, pamphlets, magazines, and other supplementary sources from the

internet, public and private school libraries. They serve as a frame of reference in the

study conducted.

Foreign

Numerous studies have been conducted to enhance agricultural performance

(Shiraz, 2017), which detailed a microcontroller-based automatic watering system. They

were also able to avoid watering at the wrong time of day, which could have damaged or

destroyed the crop, and to avoid overwatering already wet soils. Other contemporary

controllers, like Arduino, which are much more functional but far less expensive and do

not require an ADC, can readily be added to this microcontroller-based system to

improve it. Additionally, there is no user-controlled application on this straightforward

but functional system.

(Rajeshwari, 2016), within the parameters of his suggested framework. A

monitoring unit placed on the farm, a control unit placed in the pump house, a server
 University of Northeastern Philippines
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Roque, Iriga City, 4431
Tel. No. (054)299-2698 loc. 28

mobile stationed close to the control unit, and a remote client mobile stationed close to

the server mobile station are its four main parts. Critical agricultural parameters like soil

moisture, pH, temperature, and humidity are continuously monitored by the field-

installed monitoring unit, which sends the data to the mobile server. The server mobile

analyzes the detected data and determines the best irrigation strategy. It is situated close

to the pump house's control unit. Additionally, there are four main parts to the proposed

system's architecture: a server mobile near the control unit, a remote client mobile, a

monitoring unit placed in the farm, and a control unit placed in the pump house.

Important agricultural parameters like soil moisture, pH, temperature, and humidity are

tracked by the field-based monitoring unit, which sends the data to a mobile server. The

server mobile, which is positioned near the control unit in the pump house, interprets the

sensed data and determines the proper irrigation schedule.

An Arduino-Based Smart Irrigation System was designed and implemented by

(Singh and Saikia ,2016). In order to simplify the function, application, maintenance, and

cost, Arduino-based communication was developed. The machine is dependable and

completely automated. In nanoseconds, sensors communicate with the website

communication system from a great distance, increasing user productivity. The entire

system is based on the Arduino, which makes use of a low-cost microcontroller; for a

comparatively small investment, this system can be implemented in large areas.

 University of Northeastern Philippines
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Roque, Iriga City, 4431
Tel. No. (054)299-2698 loc. 28

An Android-based automatic irrigation system with a WSN and GPRS module is

provided by (Reddy and Rao, 2016). The user and the Arduino microcontroller

communicate via SMS. The motor pump can be turned on or off from any location while

the user receives an SMS alert via the GSM/GPRS module thanks to the Android

automatic system, which continuously displays sensor data in an Android application and

on a webpage.

A wireless sensor-based smart irrigation system for agriculture was developed by

Gavali et al. (2016). A sensor for soil temperature and moisture is part of their approach.

A temperature probe, a soil moisture probe, and a data-gathering device made up each

wireless sensor node.

In order to effectively manage the drip irrigation system's operations, Hambarde

(2016) developed an Android-based Automated Irrigation System on the Raspberry Pi.

Furthermore, Ata et al. (2016) used an embedded Linux board and a wireless sensor

network to create a web-based automatic irrigation system. The goal of their study was to

use a web page to remotely control components and monitor the system.

Local

Ecija, Medalla, Morales, et al (2015), developed a wireless irrigation system that

involvesthe development and formation of an automatic irrigation system that uses a sens

or thatdetermines soil moisture (by soil moisture sensor), water level indicator also it's a

pumping system that aims to deliver the needed water based on the assigned soil moisture

value. Their system is a prototype design of a microcontroller based on water irrigation

 University of Northeastern Philippines
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Roque, Iriga City, 4431
Tel. No. (054)299-2698 loc. 28

which detects soil if watering is required then the water will be maintained at a constant

level. If the specific area is irrigated too much with water, there are possibilities that the

plant may die due to excessive irrigation. The proposed system uses a microcontroller a

platform device called ARDUINO where sensors are connected in its internal and

external ports. Whenever there is a variation in moisture content of the soil these sensors

will determine the change and will give an interrupt signal to the microcontroller and

eventually will send the signal to the relay driver and thus the water pump is now

activated. The irrigation system also includes a water level indicator in the water tank

which will indicate the water capacity of the reservoir itself whether it is low level or

high level

Moreover, the project mentioned above is limited to a small area garden design

focuses primarily on soil moisture content as the basis for the irrigation system, no other

sensor will be implemented, maintenance of the system still requires human intervention

to keep irrigation on course, sensitive to weather condition which may interrupt the

effectiveness of the soil moisture sensor, manual refill of the water tank to store and

establish the adequate amount of water enough for irrigation also study will not cover

about Fluid Mechanics.

Related Studies

Foreign

Nolz et al (2015) integrated the sensors into a wireless monitoring network

to determine and evaluate calibration functions for the integrated sensors, and compare
 University of Northeastern Philippines
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Roque, Iriga City, 4431
Tel. No. (054)299-2698 loc. 28

the measuring range and the reaction time of both sensor types in a soil layer during

drying. The integration of the sensors into the telemetry network worked well. Data were

transmitted over several kilometers and made available via Internet access.

Khriji et al (2014) presented a complete irrigation solution for the farmers based

on WSN. The automated irrigation system using low-cost sensor nodes having reduced

power consumption can reduce the water waste and is cost-effective. A node is deployed

using Telos B mote and adequate sensors/actuators. Field nodes are used to detect the

level of moisture and temperature in the soil. Weather nodes monitor the climatic

changes, and the nodes connected to actuators are used to control the opening of the

irrigation valve when needed. Patil (2014), developed the system that was integrated with

sensors into a wireless

monitoring network to determine and evaluate calibration functions for the integrated sen

sors. The system compares the measuring range and the reaction time of both sensor

types in a soil layer during drying. Data were transmitted over several kilometers and

made available via Internet access.

Patil (2014), developed the system that was integrated with sensors into a

wireless monitoring network to determine and evaluate calibration functions for the

integrated sensors. The system compares the measuring range and the reaction time

of both sensor types in a soil layer during drying. Data were transmitted over several

kilometers and made available via Internet access.

Drip irrigation, also known as trickle irrigation, involves pouring water onto the

soil at extremely low rates (2-20 litres/hour) through a network of small diameter plastic
 University of Northeastern Philippines
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Roque, Iriga City, 4431
Tel. No. (054)299-2698 loc. 28

pipes equipped with emitters or drippers. Water is applied near to the plants, wetting only

the soil profile in which the roots grow, as opposed to surface and spray irrigation, which

wets the entire soil profile. Drip irrigation water is applied more frequently (typically

every 1-3 days) than other systems, which results in a very desirable high moisture

content in the soil for plants to thrive (Patil, 2014).

Drip irrigation is ideal for a wide variety of soil types. Water must be

administered gently on clay soils to avoid surface water ponding and runoff. Higher

emitter discharge rates will be required on sandy soils to guarantee appropriate lateral

wetting of the soil.

Xin et al (2013) described an autonomous precision irrigation system through the

integration of a center pivot irrigation system with wireless underground sensor

networks. The wireless underground sensor-aided center pivot system will provide

autonomous irrigation management capabilities by monitoring the soil conditions in real-

time using wireless underground sensors. Experiments were conducted with a hydraulic

drive and continuous-move center pivot irrigation system.

Singh et al (2012) present a solution for an irrigation controller for the

cultivation of vegetable plants based on the fuzzy logic methodology. In this

system, the amount of water given to the plants depends on its size, moisture control

of soil, which is affected by the temperature of the environment, evaporation due to

wind velocity, and water budget. The system feed water to plants in a controlled and

optimal way. Solar energy conversion technology is used to feed power to the pump

controller.
 University of Northeastern Philippines
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Roque, Iriga City, 4431
Tel. No. (054)299-2698 loc. 28

Local

According to Sebastian (2015), stated that the water supply is the process of

providing water in a systematic early through installed pumps and pipelines. Before water

is provided to a specific area it undergoes approximately sanitation to ensure that the

quality of water received is made for human consumption. The Philippines water supply

system dates back to 1946 after the country achieved independence from government

agencies.

A manual irrigation system does not promote water conservation that results in

too much water or a too-small amount of water in the soil thus poor plant growth.

Automated irrigation systems are capable of determining and maintaining the right

amount of water for the soil. Two TEGS were used as the soil moisture sensors (one as

the control and the other in the plant area) that produced voltage differentials proportional

to the relative wetness or dryness of the compared to control the uses of the

thermoelectric generator as the soil moisture sensor that uses the temperature difference

between the air and the soil as a basis for irrigation. Thermoelectric generator as soil

moisture requires a relatively constant heat source and have slow technology progression

and have limited applications. But irrigates according to the proper needs of the soil, thus,

saving water consumption and improving water efficiency and use.

According to Dr. Roger A. Luyun Jr., UPLB’s project leader, WAISS is

composed of a field unit and computer software. The field unit comprises three pieces of

equipment: a set of soil moisture sensors, a transmitting data logger, and a 5-volt solar

panel. “The sensors are installed underground where crops are planted and are connected
 University of Northeastern Philippines
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Roque, Iriga City, 4431
Tel. No. (054)299-2698 loc. 28

to the transmitting data logger, which sends the measurement to the software via text

message.”

Furthermore, Dr. Luyun said that in the software, “the real-time monitoring of the

soil moisture status of the farm is shown. If the moisture content is within the green area,

the soil moisture condition is at optimum. If in the yellow area, the plant experiences

stress, while if the moisture reaches the red area, the plant is under extreme stress.

Negative effects may be irreversible and productivity is highly affected. WAISS will

send irrigation alerts once the moisture reaches the yellow area. WAISS will continue to

send daily irrigation alerts until the farm has been irrigated.”The farmer, wherever he is,

can know if his farm needs irrigation. Aside from receiving daily irrigation advisories, he

can text WAISS for the STATUS of his farm and the system will respond accordingly.

Belonio (2011), stated the windpump irrigation system is suitable either for

individuals, groups of farmers, large corporate farms, or even government experiment

stations. He said that the windpump irrigation system is environmentally friendly. No

manual operation during stormy periods and there is no risk of losing the machine even if

it is installed and left in the field. The researcher learned that the Farmers will benefit

from using wind pumps for irrigation purposes. It eliminates the use of imported fossil

fuel which is generally expensive. Also, it ensures a year-round supply of, water,

especially during windy periods.

University of Northeastern Philippines
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
San Roque, Iriga City, 4431
Tel. No. (054)299-2698 loc. 28