Metaphor: Two different things are compared directly

• Love is a battlefield
• Time is money
• Heart of gold
• Light of my life
• ഈ #ാ% എ'ാ _________േയാ?

Personification: Giving human nature to things

• The trees danced in the wind
• The sun smiled down at us
• The clouds cried drops of rain

Hyperbole: Exaggerated statements

• I can eat a horse now
• This tea is hotter than the Sun
• നിെ$ കാണാൻ ഒരു അ.ികൂടം േപാെലയു6േല7ാ
 Second person – father to son/poet to reader
(universality of the message)

Anaphora Didactic
Repetition of a Indented to
word or teach/advice
expression at the
beginning of
sentences or
verses
 Personification Metaphor Hyperbole
• Dreams • Triumph and
personified as Disasters equated
one’s master to impostors
• Triumph and • Worn out tools
Disasters equated to
personified as human potential
impostors
 Imagery Personification
Imagery uses imaginative Will is personified here
language to
represent objects, action
s, and ideas in such a
way that it appeals to
our physical senses
Hyperbole Metaphor
Minute (time) is equated
to being unforgiving
Q. Write an appreciation of the poem ’If’ by Rudyard Kipling

⭐ Introduction: Rudyard Kipling's poem 'If' is a celebrated poem that has captured
the hearts of readers for generations. The poem is a didactic piece that teaches
valuable lessons on how to handle life's ups and downs, showcasing the
importance of perseverance, courage, and determination.
⭐ Brief Summary: The poem 'If' is written in the form of advice from a father to his
son. The father encourages the son to develop his inner strength, remain humble,
and stay true to himself, regardless of the circumstances he faces.
⭐ Themes: The themes of the poem 'If' include perseverance, courage,
determination, humility, self-reliance, and leadership. The poem emphasizes the
importance of taking responsibility for one's actions and learning from one's
mistakes.
⭐ Structure: The poem is structured in four stanzas of eight lines each, with a regular
rhyme scheme of aaaa bcbc for first stanza, abab cdcd for the remaining stanzas.
By using the second person point of view, the reader feels that the poet is speaking
directly to him
Sound effects: The poem uses various sound devices such as alliteration,
assonance, and consonance to create a rhythmic effect.
 Images: The poem uses vivid imagery to convey its message. For example,
“one heap of all your winnings” is meant to show one’s wealth or success in
the past.
⭐ Poetic devices and symbols: The poem employs various poetic devices such
as metaphor, personification, and symbolism. Dreams assume human role
to control our lives. Success is personified as triumph. Failure is personified
as disaster. Will is personified as a person who encourages us to succeed.
We can also see the use of metaphor used by the poet to make the poem
more beautiful. ‘Unforgiving minute’ refers to time that waits for no man. .
‘Knaves’ represent scoundrels, liars or common people. ‘Kings’ represent for
important people. The poem also makes use of the conditional clause “if” to
talk about conditional fulfilment
⭐ Conclusion: In conclusion, 'If' is a powerful and inspiring poem that teaches
valuable lessons on how to handle life's challenges. The poem's universal
message and timeless appeal continue to inspire people around the world.
The use of various literary devices such as symbolism, metaphor, and sound
effects enhances the poem's didactic tone and makes it more impactful.
Detailed Explanation
Stanza 1
The poet tells his son that he should keep calm and patient when others
do fail and put the blames on him. He should trust himself when all
others doubt him. However, he should also make a room for their
doubts and try understanding what made them doubt him.
In the fifth line, the poet says that one should wait patiently for success
and should never be tired by waiting because success comes to those
who work hard and remain patient.
Next, the poet tells his son that other people will often tell him lies.
However, he should never lie in his life and always remain truthful.
Others will hate him. But he should never hate them back and rather
spread love.
In the last line, the poet advises him to neither look too good, nor talk
too wise because if he acts upon all the advises the poet gave above,
he (his son) will look too good and wise among the common people
Stanza 2
The poet says that he should dream big but
never make the dreams his master. Similarly, he
should think good (about goals, future, etc ) but never make
thoughts his aim because in order to succeed in life one has to
work hard.
Mere dreaming and thinking will never lead one to the path of
success. Hence one should dream of goals and think of a better
future and at the same time should work hard to achieve them.
In the 3rd line, the poet says that one should meet with
Triumph and Disaster and treat those two impostors just the
same. Note that the first letters “triumph and disaster” have
been capitalized. These are the two extremes of life. The poet
calls them impostors i.e. fake. They either make one extremely
happy or miserable. However, they are not long-lasting and
hence one should not take them seriously.
In the fifth line, the poet says that one should only speak the
truth and should also have the courage to face it when it is
misused by others to mislead others. He should also have the
courage to see the things build by him in broken conditions and
try rebuilding them with worn-out tools i.e. with what energy
or skills you have.
Stanza 3
The poet says that one should make one heap of all the
achievements one has made and then take big risks. In
other words, one should never be afraid of doing things
that can either make one successful or ruin everything
(pitch-and-toss). If one fails after taking big risks, he
should start again from the beginning without thinking or
saying anything about the loss to others. One should try
again and again until one succeeds.
In the fifth line, the poet says that one should use
his heart and nerve and sinew i.e. courage when one
becomes tired or fails. When nothing is left in life, one
should have strong will power which may encourage one
to “Hold on!”
Oxymoron: When contradictory words come together
• Big baby
• Original copy
• Open secret

Consonance: Repetition of consonant sounds

• Mike Likes his new bike
• The lumpy, bumpy road
• The string was strong
Hyperbole: Mimicing sound
• My phone rings
• The corn popped in the oven
• The wind was howling
Simile: Comparing with ‘like’ or ‘as’
• He jumps like a frog
• She moves like a snail
• It is as tall as a giraffe
 Sky
Visual imagery
Sunrise

Strong winds
Sun covered valley

Clouds surrounding the trees

Like defeated soldiers
Personification Oxymoron Simile
 Tops of trees

Pine trees ആടു$ു

No leaves, ruined
Clouds dissapeared

Waterfall

Consonance

Alliteration
 Auditory imagery

Trees bent towards the lake

Onomatopoeia
Hornbill

Smoke from cooking

(indicating human life)
Exhausted & Depressed
Q. Write an appreciation of the poem ’Sunrise on the Hills’
Introduction: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poem "Sunrise on
the Hills" is a beautiful piece that many people have loved for a
long time. It talks about the beauty of nature and how it can
make us feel calm and happy.
Brief Summary: The poem tells us to appreciate nature and
find peace in it. The poet wants us to understand that being in
nature can help us feel better when we're sad or stressed.
Structure: The poem has a pattern in how the lines rhyme,
which makes it sound nice when you read it out loud. The
poem makes us feel like the poet is talking directly to us. The
rhyme scheme follows, aa bb cc dd and so on.
Sound effects: The poem uses words that sound nice together, like
"whirl" and "flash," to create a picture in our minds.
Images: The poem paints pictures in our minds with words. It describes
the sunrise, the hills, and the beauty of nature in a way that makes us
feel like we're there.
Poetic devices and symbols: The poet uses oxymoron in soft gales,
personification for Sun when he says that the Sun went for to kiss the sun
clad vales. He uses simile when he compares the clouds to soldiers in a
battle overthrown. Further, more uses of consonance in ”mist thrust” and
assonance in blasted, bare are used.
Conclusion: "Sunrise on the Hills" is a wonderful poem that reminds us to
appreciate the beauty of nature. It teaches us that spending time outside
can make us feel happier and more peaceful. The poem's use of
descriptive language and sounds helps bring the scene to life in our
minds. It's a poem that can inspire us to take a moment to enjoy the
world around us.