YANGON TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES I

(CE - 51034)

Prepared by;
Dr. Ni Ni Moe Kyaw
Professor
Yangon Technological University
 Course Contents
Topic 1: Introduction
Topic 2: Steels and Properties
Topic 3: Tension Members
Topic 4: Structural Fasteners
Topic 5: Welding
Topic 6: Compression Members: Column
Topic 7: Beams: Laterally Supported
 6.1. General
Members subjected to axial subjected to axial compression forces are to
be treated (such as column, stanchion, post and strut) are called compression
members and these members are rarely if ever actually carrying only axial
compression.
6.1. General
 6.3. Basic Column Strength
To determine a basic column strength, certain conditions may be assumed for ideal column.

With regard to material,

1) There are the same compressive stress-strain properties throughout the section
2) No initial internal stresses exist such as those due to cooling after rolling and those due to welding.

With regard to shape and end conditions,

1) The column is perfectly straight and prismatic
2) The load resultant acts through the centroidal axis of the member until he member begins to bent.
3) The end conditions must be determinate

With regard to buckling,

1) The small deflection theory of ordinary bending is applicable and shear may be neglected.
2) Twisting or distortion of the cross-section does not occur during bending.
 6.3. Basic Column Strength
Critical Buckling Load
 6.3. Basic Column Strength
A compression member is usually
subjected to two modes of failure
Material Failure (yielding) due to inelastic
buckling
Geometric Failure (slender column) due to elastic
buckling

Elastic buckling occurs before yielding of

material of which the member is made.

And in case if the material of the member yields

first followed by buckling in the inelastic zone , it
is called plastic buckling or inelastic buckling.
 6.4. Inelastic Buckling
Basic Tangent Modulus Theory
𝑃𝑡 π2 𝐸𝑡
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = = 𝐾𝐿 2
𝐴𝑔 ( Τ𝑟)
Where, 𝑃𝑡 =the tangent modulus load
𝐸𝑡 =the tangent modulus of elasticity at stress 𝐹𝑐𝑟

Double Modulus Theory

𝜋2 𝑑 𝑑
𝑃𝑐𝑟 = 2 [𝐸𝑡 ‫׬‬0 1 𝑦1 2 𝑑𝐴1 + 𝐸 ‫׬‬0 2 𝑦2 2 𝑑𝐴2 ]
𝐿
 6.5. Residual Stress, Fr
Residual stresses are stresses that remain in a member after it has been
formed into a finished product. Such stresses release from plastic deformations,
which in structural steel may result from several sources.
1) Uneven cooling which occurs after hot rolling of structural shapes
2) Cold bending or cambering during fabrication
3) Punching of holes and cutting operations during fabrication
4) Welding
Under ordinary conditions those residual stresses resulting from uneven
cooling and welding are the most important.
6.5. Residual Stress, Fr
Strong Axis and Weak Axis Bendings
6.6 Development of Column Strength Curves including Residual Stress

strong axis

weak axis

weak strong
axis axis
buckling buckling
6.7. Structural Stability Research Council (SSRC) Strength Curves
Parabolic Equation_Basis for Allowable Stress Design
The SSRC parabolic curve is
Strength Equation_Basis for Load and Resistance Factor Design

inelastic

elastic
Columns Having Varying Axial Load, Stepped Columns and Tapered Columns
Special treatment is required when the axial load varies along the length and/ or the member is not
prismatic over the entire column length.
 6.8. Load and Resistance Factor Design – Compression Members (Columns)
Notation ;

= 0.85

= Nominal Strength =

(in design of ordinary rolled H-shaped section Columns)

= Factored serviced load

▪ When a thin-walled plate elements are used in cross-section, ( LRFD-E2 & LRFD Appendix B provide
for using a reduction efficiency of the section.)
▪ When a thin element exhibits instability (local buckling), such an element does not carry its
proportionate share of the load. (when width/thickness ratio limits of LRFD-Table B-5.1 are exceed.)
▪ LRFD - Appendix B introduces a reduction factor for Q into equations,
(when width/thickness ratio limits of LRFD-Table B-5.1 are not satisfied.)

Q = 1 for all rolled H-shaped,

standard W, S and M shapes
Singly Symmetric Double Angles and Tees
▪ Hot-rolled Double Angles and Tees sections usually buckle in the flexural mode on KL/r with respect
to the x- or y- axis.
▪ The shear center does not coincide with the centroid of the section, a torsional effect (Ch-8) is possible.
▪ The LRFD Manual tables “COLUMNS” giving design axial strength for double angles and
structural tees include the effect of the flexural-torsional buckling limit state in the calculation of .
▪ Since the torsional stiffness is significantly related to the cube of the thickness of the elements (flanges
and webs) , this effect will only be significant on sections having very thin components, having lightest
gage section. 𝜆𝑐 (LRFD- Appendix E-3).
Built-up Section
▪ The compression strength of built-up sections is affected by the shear transfer strength of the fasteners
attaching the elements together, the slip resistance of these connectors.
▪ A double angle compression chord member of a truss can behaves as a single element compression
member only when two angles are adequately to each other so that when flexural limit state is reached
there will not relative axial moments (Shear Deformation) of one angle relative to another.
▪ The Strength of Built-up sections as affected by fastener strength, spacing and installation (Slip-
resistance) of bolts.
Tubular Sections
▪ The formulae for 𝐹𝑐𝑟 are applicable for tubular-sections.
Single Angular Sections
▪ The strength of single-angle strut are considered by AISC recommendation for many years because of
their having torsional of torsional-flexural (Ch-9) limit states for strength.
▪ For the design of single-angle members subjected to compression, bending and beam-column action,
use Load and Resistance Factor Design of Single-Angle members (6.83) by AISC.
Column Strength as Affected by Connector Spacing
▪ The modified slenderness ratio is also dependent on the slip-resistance of the connections.
LRFD-E4 provides:

1. For snug-tight bolted connections,

2. For welded connectors and for fully-tightened bolted connections,

Notation ;
= slenderness ratio of the built-up members acting as a unit (for the y-axis in double angles and tees
= largest slenderness ratio of an individual component ( for the z-axis of a single angle for the
double angle members)
= modified (increased) slenderness ratio based on the connectors (for double angle members this
replaces KL/r based on y-axis)
a = distance between connectors measured along member length
= minimum radius of gyration of individual components (the z-axis for an angle)
= radius of gyration of individual components relative to its centroidal axis parallel to member axis
of buckling (for double angle members this is )
= = separation ratio
h = distance between centroid of individual components perpendicular to the member axis of buckling
= column slenderness ratio of individual components relative to its centroidal axis parallel to
member axis of
6.9. Effective Length
6.9. Effective Length
Braced Frame
▪ A braced frame according to LRFD-C2.1 is one in which “ lateral stability is provided by diagonal
bracing, shear walls or equivalent means.
▪ The vertical bracing system must be “adequate” as determined by structural analysis. “ to prevent
buckling of structure and to main the lateral stability of the structure, including the overturning effects
of drift.
▪ Under factored loads, a vertical columns is a braced frame would have no sideways moments of its
top relative to its bottom.
▪ The figures may observe that end restraint in braced frames always reduces the distance between
inflection points (reduce the effective length KL from pinned end connections).

▪ The effective length factor KL/r will always be less than unity.
Unbraced Frame
▪ An unbraced frame according to LRFD-C2.2 is one in which “ lateral stability depends upon the
bending stiffness of rigidity connected beams and columns.

▪ The buckling of an unbraced frame is one of sideways where, the top of a column moves to the side
relative to the bottom.

▪ The effective length KL may be obtained by matching the buckled shape of column with a portion of
the pinned-end columns buckled shape. (The effective length KL will always exceed L)

▪ The minimum value of K in an unbraced frame is theoretically 1.0. (Figure d)

▪ The effective length factor K is always greater than unity. (practical situation)
Alignment Charts for Evaluating Effective Length Factor K

for Inelastic Column Behavior

(for ASD)

(for LRFD)
;
 1. The subscripts A and B refer to the joints at the two ends of
the column section being considered.

2. For column ends supported by but not rigidly connected to a

footing or foundation, G is theoretically infinity, but, unless
actually designed as a true friction-free pin, may be taken as
“10” for practical designs.

3. If the column end is rigidly attached to a properly designed

footing, G may be taken as 1.0. Smaller values may be used
if justified by analysis.

Fig: Alignment Chart for effective length of columns in continuous

;

Fig: Effective length factors for centrally loaded columns having various idealized end conditions
;
 6.10. Load and Resistance Factor Design of Rolled Shapes (W.S and
M) Subject to Axial Compression
For Structural Safety Requirement,

▪ the strength of a compression member is based on its gross are 𝐴𝑔 .

▪ a function of the effective slenderness ratio KL/r, and for short columns the yields stress 𝐹𝑦 of the steel.
▪ Since the radius of gyration r depends on the section selected, the design of compression members is an
indirect process unless column load tables are available.
The general procedures;
1. Compute the factored service load 𝑃𝑢 using all appropriate load combinations.
2. Assume a critical stress 𝐹𝑐𝑟 based on an assumed KL/r .
3. Compute the gross area 𝐴𝑔 required from 𝑃𝑢 / (𝜙cr 𝐹𝑐𝑟 ).
4. Select a section. Note that the width/thickness 𝜆𝑟 limitations of LRFD- Table B5.1 to prevent local
buckling must be satisfied.
5. Based on (KL/r)x or (KL/r)y for the section selected, compute the critical stress 𝐹𝑐𝑟 .
6. Compute the design strength 𝜙c 𝑃n = 𝜙c 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔 for the section.
7. Compare 𝜙c 𝑃n with 𝑃𝑢 . When the strength provided does not exceed the strength required by more than
a few percent the design would be acceptable, otherwise repeat Steps 2 through 7.
Load and Resistance Factor _ Design Examples

Slenderness ratio might be estimated

at about 70 to 80.
Load and Resistance Factor _ Design Examples
......... axis controls.
kyly/ry
λc
Fcr
ϕcPn = ϕcFcrAg
Load and Resistance Factor _ Design Examples

440 kips

440 kips
Load and Resistance Factor _ Design Examples
Allowable Stress Design - Compression Members (Columns)
For Structural Safety Requirement, (ASD-E2)
Notation ;
𝑓𝑎 = service load compression stress = P/ 𝐴𝑔
𝑃 = service load axial compression force
𝐴𝑔 = gross-cross sectional area of columns
𝐹𝑎 = allowable stress at service load

(used for typical rolled W sections

satisfying the local buckling limitations
on width/thickness ratio for plate
compression elements)
Allowable Stress _ Design Examples
 References

1. Steel Structures, Design and Behavior Emphasizing Load and Resistance Factor Design Fourth
Edition by Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson
2. Internet Source
Thank You