MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT

Magnet is an object that attracts objects made of iron, cobalt and nickle. Magnet comes to
rest in North – South direction, when suspended freely.
Use of Magnets: Magnets are used
in refrigerators.
in radio and stereo speakers.
in audio and video cassette players.
in children’s toys and;
on hard discs and floppies of computers.

Properties of Magnet
1. A free suspended magnet always points towards the north and south direction.
2. The pole of a magnet which points toward north direction is called north pole or north-
seeking.
3. The pole of a magnet which points toward south direction is called south pole or south
seeking.
4. Like poles of magnets repel each other while unlike poles of magnets attract each
other.

Magnetic field: The area around a magnet where a magnetic force is experienced is called
the magnetic field. It is a quantity that has both direction and magnitude, (i.e., Vector
quantity).
Magnetic field and field lines: The influence of force surrounding a magnet is called
magnetic field. In the magnetic field, the force exerted by a magnet can be detected using a
compass or any other magnet.
The magnetic field is represented by magnetic field lines.

The imaginary lines of magnetic field around a magnet are called field line or field line of
magnet. When iron fillings are allowed to settle around a bar magnet, they get arranged in a
pattern which mimicks the magnetic field lines. Field line of a magnet can also be detected
using a compass. Magnetic field is a vector quantity, i.e. it has both direction and magnitude.
Direction of field line: Outside the magnet, the direction of magnetic field line is taken from
North pole to South Pole. Inside the magnet, the direction of magnetic field line is taken
from South pole to North pole.

Strength of magnetic field: The closeness of field lines shows the relative strength of
magnetic field, i.e. closer lines show stronger magnetic field and vice – versa. Crowded field
lines near the poles of magnet show more strength.

Properties of magnetic field lines:

(i) They do not intersect each other.
(ii) It is taken by convention that magnetic field lines emerge from North pole and merge at
the South pole. Inside the magnet, their direction is from South pole to North pole. Therefore
magnetic field lines are closed curves.

Magnetic field lines due to current carrying straight conductor

A current carrying straight conductor has magnetic field in the form of concentric circles,
around it. Magnetic field of current carrying straight conductor can be shown by magnetic
field lines.
The direction of magnetic field through a current carrying conductor depends upon the
direction of flow electric current.

Let a current carrying conductor be suspended vertically and the electric current is flowing
from south to north. In this case, the direction of magnetic field will be anticlockwise. If the
current is flowing from north to south, the direction of magnetic field will be clockwise.
The direction of magnetic field, in relation to direction of electric current through a straight
conductor can be depicted by using the Right Hand Thumb Rule. It is also known as
Maxwell’s Corkscrew Rule.

Right-Hand Thumb Rule: If a current carrying conductor is held by right hand, keeping the
thumb straight and if the direction of electric current is in the direction of thumb, then the
direction of wrapping of other fingers will show the direction of magnetic field.
Maxwell’s Corkscrew rule: As per Maxwell’s Corkscrew Rule, if the direction of forward
movement of screw shows the direction of the current, then the direction of rotation of screw
shows the direction of magnetic field.

Properties of magnetic field

1. The magnitude of magnetic field increases with increase in electric current and
decreases with decrease in electric current.
2. The magnitude of magnetic field produced by electric current decreases with increase
in distance and vice – versa.
3. The size of concentric circles of magnetic field lines increases with distance from the
conductor, which shows that magnetic field decreases with distance.
4. Magnetic field lines are always parallel to each other.
5. No two field lines cross each other.

Magnetic field lines when the current moves through a circular loop
In case of a circular current carrying conductor, the magnetic field is produced in the same
manner as it is in case of a straight current carrying conductor.
In case of a circular current carrying conductor, the magnetic field lines would be in the form
of concentric circles around every part of the periphery of the conductor. Since, magnetic
field lines tend to remain closer when near to the conductor, so the magnetic field would be
stronger near the periphery of the loop. On the other hand, the magnetic field lines would be
distant from each other when we move towards the centre of the current carrying loop.
Finally, at the centre, the arcs of big circles would appear as a straight line.

The direction of the magnetic field can be identified using Right Hand Thumb’s Rule. Let us
assume that the current is moving in anti-clockwise direction in the loop. In that case, the
magnetic field would be in clockwise direction, at the top of the loop. Moreover, it would be
in an anti-clockwise direction at the bottom of the loop.

Clock Face Rule: A current carrying loop works like a disc magnet. The polarity of this
magnet can be easily understood with the help of Clock Face Rule. If the current is flowing
in anti – clockwise direction, then the face of the loop shows north pole. On the other hand,
if the current is flowing in clockwise direction, then the face of the loop shows south pole.

Magnetic field and number of turns of coil: Magnitude of magnetic field gets summed up
with increase in the number of turns of coil. If there are ‘n’ turns of coil, magnitude of
magnetic field will be ‘n’ times of magnetic field in case of a single turn of coil.

The strength of the magnetic field at the centre of the loop(coil) depends on :
(i) The radius of the coil: The strength of the magnetic field is inversely proportional to the
radius of the coil. If the radius increases, the magnetic strength at the centre decreases
(ii) The number of turns in the coil : As the number of turns in the coil increase, the
magnetic strength at the centre increases, because the current in each circular turn is having
the same direction, thus, the field due to each turn adds up.
(iii) The strength of the current flowing in the coil: As the strength of the current
increases, the strength of three magnetic fields also increases.

Magnetic field due to a current in a Solenoid: Solenoid is the coil with many circular turns
of insulated copper wire wrapped closely in the shape of a cylinder. A current carrying
solenoid produces similar pattern of magnetic field as a bar magnet. One end of solenoid
behaves as the North Pole and another end behaves as the South Pole.
Magnetic field lines are parallel inside the solenoid, similar to a bar magnet, which shows
that magnetic field is same at all points inside the solenoid.
Magnetic field produced by a solenoid is similar to a bar magnet.
The strength of magnetic field is proportional to the number of turns and magnitude of
current.
By producing a strong magnetic field inside the solenoid, magnetic materials can be
magnetized. Magnet formed by producing magnetic field inside a solenoid is called
electromagnet.

Electromagnet: An electromagnet consists of a long coil of insulated copper wire wrapped

on a soft iron.
Magnet formed by producing magnetic field inside a solenoid is called electromagnet.

Force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field: A current carrying conductor

exerts a force when a magnet is placed in its vicinity. Similarly, a magnet also exerts equal
and opposite force on the current carrying conductor. This was suggested by Marie Ampere,
a French Physicist and considered as founder of science of electromagnetism.
The direction of force over the conductor gets reversed with the change in direction of flow
of electric current. It is observed that the magnitude of force is highest when the direction of
current is at right angles to the magnetic field.

Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule: If the direction of electric current is perpendicular to the

magnetic field, the direction of force is also perpendicular to both of them. The Fleming’s
Left Hand Rule states that if the left hand is stretched in a way that the index finger, the
middle finger and the thumb are in mutually perpendicular directions, then the index finger
and middle finger of a stretched left hand show the direction of magnetic field and direction
of electric current respectively and the thumb shows the direction of motion or force acting
on the conductor. The directions of electric current, magnetic field and force are similar to
three mutually perpendicular axes, i.e. x, y, and z-axes.
Many devices, such as electric motor, electric generator, loudspeaker, etc. work on
Fleming’s Left Hand Rule.

Electric motor: A device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. It is of two
types : AC and DC Motor.
Electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy by using and electric motor. Electric
motor works on the basis of rule suggested by Marie Ampere and Fleming’s Left Hand Rule.

Principle of Electric Motor: When a rectangular coil is placed in a magnetic field and a
current is passed through it, force acts on the coil, which rotates it continuously. With the
rotation of the coil, the shaft attached to it also rotates.
A.C and D.C Current
A.C – Alternate Current: Current in which direction is changed periodically is called
Alternate Current. In India, most of the power stations generate alternate current. The
direction of current changes after every 1/100 second in India, i.e. the frequency of A.C in
India is 50 Hz. A.C is transmitted upto a long distance without much loss of energy is
advantage of A.C over D.C.

D.C – Direct Current: Current that flows in one direction only is called Direct current.
Electrochemical cells produce direct current.

Advantages of A.C over D.C

1. Cost of generatior of A.C is much less than that of D.C.
2. A.C can be easily converted to D.C.
3. A.C can be controlled by the use of choke which involves less loss of power whereas,
D.C can be controlled using resistances which involves high energy loss.
4. AC can be transmitted over long distances without much loss of energy.
5. AC machines are stout and durable and do not need much maintenance.

Disadvantages of AC
1. AC cannot be used for the electrolysis process or showing electromagnetism as it
reverses its polarity.
2. AC is more dangerous than DC.
Domestic Electric Circuits: We receive electric supply through mains supported through
the poles or cables. In our houses, we receive AC electric power of 220 V with a frequency
of 50 Hz.
The 3 wires are as follows
Live wire – (Red insulated, Positive)
Neutral wire – (Black insulated, Negative)
Earth wire – (Green insulated) for safety measure to ensure that any leakage of current to a
metallic body does not give any serious shock to a user.

Short Circuit: Short-circuiting is caused by the touching of live wires and neutral wire and
sudden a large current flows. It happens due to:
1. damage pf insulation in power lines.
2. a fault in an electrical appliance.

Overloading of an Electric Circuit: The overheating of electrical wire in any circuit due to
the flow of a large current through it is called overloading of the electrical circuit.
A sudden large amount of current flows through the wire, which causes overheating of wire
and may cause fire also.

Electric Fuse: It is a protective device used for protecting the circuit from short-circuiting
and overloading. It is a piece of thin wire of material having a low melting point and high
resistance.

Fuse is always connected to live wire.

Fuse is always connected in series to the electric circuit.
Fuse is always connected to the beginning of an electric circuit.
Fuse works on the heating effect.