Hydration Energy
Hydrated Radius (H.R.)
It is the distance from the centre of ion to the last layer of water which is
bonded with ion.
q
Hydrated Radius ∝ Hydration energy ∝
r
Example
Radii order
Li(g) Na(g) K(g) Rb(g) Cs(g)
Solution
Ans. Li(g) < Na(g) < K(g) < Rb(g) < Cs(g)
Hydration Energy
Ionic Mobility (I.M) in water
1
Ionic mobility ∝
Hydrated Radius
Example
Ionic mobility order
Li+(aq) Na+(aq) K+(aq) Rb+(aq) Cs+(aq)
Solution
Ans. Li+(aq) < Na+(aq) < K+(aq) < Rb+(aq) < Cs+(aq)
Hydration Energy
Condition for solubility of ionic compound in water
∆Hsol
NaCl (s) Na+ (aq) + Cl– (aq)
∆Hhyd (Na+) +H2O +H2O ∆Hhyd (Cl–)
L.E.
Na+ (g) + Cl- (g)
∆Hsol = L.E. + ∆Hhyd
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞
When hydration energy is dominant over lattice energy then, that particular
ionic compound is soluble in water.
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞
Some Important Solubility order
1. LiF < NaF < KF < RbF < CsF
2. LiOH < NaOH < KOH < RbOH < CsOH
3. Be(OH)2 < Mg(OH)2 < Co(OH)2 < Sr(OH)2 < Ba(OH)2
4. MgF2 < CaF2 < SrF2 < BaF2 < BeF2
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞
1. BeSO4 > MgSO4 > CaSO4 > SrSO4 > BaSO4
2. BeCO3 > MgCO3 > CaCO3 > SrCO3 > BaSO3
3. Li2CO3 < Na2CO3 < K2CO3 Rb2CO3 < Cs2CO3
4. NaHCO3 < KHCO3 < RbHCO3 < CSHCO3
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞
1. AgF > AgCl > AgBr > AgI
2. PbF2 > PbCl2 > PbBr2 > PbI2
Fajan’s
Rule
Fajan’s Rule
Fajan’s Rule
No bond is 100 % covalent bond due to Vander Waal forces or weak forces
or London dispersion forces as well as no bond is 100% ionic bond due to
polarization which is explained by Fajan’s rule.
Polarisation
Deformation of electron cloud of anion by cation is known as polarization.
Polarising Power
It is the power of cation with which it can deform electron cloud of anion.
Fajan’s Rule
Polarisability
It is the easiness of anion with which it can get deform.
Fajan’s Rule
Factors affecting Polarisation
1
1. Polarisation ∝ ∝ size of anion (rA)
Size of cation
2. Polarisation ∝ charge on cation ∝ charge on anion
Charge on cation
3. Polarisation potential (𝜑) = charge density of cation φ=
Size of cation
Polarisation potential (𝜑) increases, polarisation also increases.
4. If all above factors are same then cation having pseudo inert gas electronic
configuration causes more polarization due to the poor shielding of d-
electron.
Example
Polarising power order
Li+ Na+ K+ Rb+ Cs+
Solution
Ans. Li+ > Na+ > K+ > Rb+ > Cs+
Example
Polarising power order
Na+ Mg2+ Al3+
Solution
Ans. Al3+ > Mg2+ > Na+
Example
Polarisibility order
F– Cl– Br– I–
Solution
Ans. F – < Cl– < Br– < I–
Example
Polarisibility order
F- O2- N3-
Solution
Ans. F – < O2– < N3–
Properties Affected
by
Polarisation
Fajan’s Rule
Properties which are affected by polarisation
Solubility in polar
Covalent character increases solvent decreases
Solubility in non-polar
Ionic character decreases
solvent increases
High
Melting point decreases polarisation
means Electrical conductivity decreases
Thermal stability decreases
Acidic nature of oxide increases
Intensity of colour increases
Properties Affected
by
Polarisation
Example
Covalent character order.
LiCl NaCl KCl RbCl CsCl
Solution
Ans. LiCl > NaCl > KCl > RbCl > CsCl
Example
Covalent character order.
NaF NaCl NaBr NaI
Solution
Ans. NaF < NaCl < NaBr < NaI
Example
Covalent character order.
NaF MgF2 AlF3
Solution
Ans. NaF < MgF2 < AlF3
Example
Covalent character order.
SnCl2 SnCl4
Solution
Ans. SnCl2 < SnCl4
Example
Covalent character order.
NaCl CuCl
Solution
Ans. CuCl > NaCl
Example
Covalent character order.
ZnCl2 CdCl2 HgCl2
Solution
Ans. ZnCl2 < CdCl2 < HgCl2
Example
Electrical conductivity order.
KF KCl KBr KI
Solution
Ans. KF > KCl > KBr >KI
Example
Electrical conductivity order.
BeO MgO CaO SrO BaO
Solution
Ans. BeO < MgO < CaO < SrO < BaO
Fajan’s Rule
Nature of Oxide
Example
Acid character order-
Li2O BeO B2O3 CO2 N2O5
Solution
Ans. Li2O < BeO < B2O3 < CO2 < N2O5
