Modified True/False

Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to
make the sentence or statement true.

Figure 9-1
1. The pathway labelled A in Figure 9-1 is called glycolysis. ______________________________

Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

2. Which of the following is an autotroph?

a. mushroom b. impala c. leopard d. tree

3. Which of the following is NOT a stage of cellular respiration?

a. fermentation b. electron transport c. glycolysis d. Krebs cycle

4 Which of the following is released during cellular respiration?

a. oxygen b. air c. energy d. lactic acid

5. Cellular respiration uses one molecule of glucose to produce

a. 2 ATP molecules b. 34 ATP molecules c. 36 ATP molecules d. 38 ATP molecules
6. Which of these is a product of cellular respiration?
a. oxygen b. water c. glucose d. all of the above

7. Which of these processes takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell?

a. glycolysis b. electron transport c. Krebs cycle d. all of the above

8. Glycolysis provides a cell with a net gain of

a. 2 ATP molecules b. 4 ATP molecules c. 18 ATP molecules d. 36 ATP molecules.9. Lactic
acid fermentation occurs in
a. bread dough b. any environment containing oxygen c. muscle cells d. mitochondria

10. The two main types of fermentation are called

a. alcoholic and aerobic. b. aerobic and anaerobic c. alcoholic and lactic acid d. lactic acid and anaerobic
11. Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion?
a. cytosol b. electron transport chain c. outer membrane
d. inner membrane e. mitochondrial matrix

12. In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in the production of
a. ATP, CO2and ethanol (ethyl alcohol) b. ATP, CO2, and lactate c. ATP, NADH, and pyruvate.
d. ATP, pyruvate, and oxygen e. ATP, pyruvate, and acetyl CoA.

13. You have a friend who lost 7 kg (about 15 pounds) of fat on a "low carb" diet. How did the fat leave her
body?
a. It was released as CO2 and H2O. b. Chemical energy was converted to heat and then released
c. It was converted to ATP, which weighs much less than fat d. It was broken down to amino acids
and eliminated from the body e. It was converted to urine and eliminated from the body

14. Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H + ions into which location?
a. cytosol b. mitochondrial outer membrane c. mitochondrial inner membrane
d. mitochondrial intermembrane space e. mitochondrial matrix

15. What contains the greatest concentration of lactic acid?

a. a bottle of alcoholic drink b. a loaf of freshly baked bread c. muscle cells during vigorous
exercise d. yeast cells kept in glucose at 70 °C for 30 minutes

16. Which process depends on energy from respiration?

a. diffusion b. osmosis c. peristalsis d. photosynthesis

17. Which process, inside cells, releases energy useful to the human body?
a. digestion b. excretion c. mitosis d. respiration

18. During aerobic cellular respiration, a proton gradient in mitochondria is generated by ____ and used
primarily for ____.
a. the electron transport chain; ATP synthesis b. the electron transport chain; substrate-level
phosphorylation c. glycolysis; production of H2O d. fermentation; NAD+ reduction
e. diffusion of protons; ATP synthesis

19. An athlete produces lactic acid in the leg muscles while running a race. After the race he is seen to breathe
faster and deeper.
How does this help to remove the lactic acid?
a. More carbon dioxide is used up. b. More energy is needed c. More lactic acid is breathed
out d. More oxygen is breathed in.

20. Which chemical contains energy that is released in aerobic respiration?

a. carbon dioxide b. glucose c. oxygen d. water

SECTION B
1. Researchers designed an investigation to find the effect of increasing levels of exercise on two groups of
people.
The first group of people were trained cyclists and the second group were untrained cyclists.
The researchers asked all the people to cycle at four levels of effort: 30%, 45%, 60% and 75% of their maximum
cycle speed.
They cycled for eight minutes at each level of effort.
(a) The researchers predicted that the pulse rate of all the cyclists would increase during exercise.
Explain this prediction.

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Fig. 3.1 shows the average concentration of lactic acid in the blood of the trained cyclists and
untrained cyclists in the investigation.

level of effort after

30% 45% 60% 75% exercise

10 key

8 untrained cyclists
trained cyclists
average lactic 6
acid
concentration / 4
arbitrary units
2

0
0 8 16 24 32 40

time / minutes

Fig. 3.1

Fig. 3.1 shows the average concentration of lactic acid in the blood of the trained cyclists and untrained cyclists
in the investigation.
level of effort after
30% 45% 60% 75% exercise
average lactic acid concentration / arbitrary units
0 8 16 24 32 40
time / minutes

Fig. 3.1

(b) Describe the effect of the increasing levels of effort on the average lactic acid concentration in the
blood of the untrained cyclists.
You should use data from Fig. 3.1 in your answer.
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(c) Lactic acid is produced in the muscles during anaerobic respiration.

(i) Define the term anaerobic respiration.

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(ii) Describe how the lactic acid produced in muscle cells enters the blood.

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(iii) Name the component of the blood that transports lactic acid.

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(d) Explain why the lactic acid concentration in the blood in trained cyclists is different from the untrained
cyclists eight minutes after the exercise.
You should use data from Fig. 3.1 in your answer.
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[Total: 13]

2. The lungs and the kidneys are excretory organs of the human body.

(a) (i) Define the term excretion.

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(ii) State an excretory product that is passed out through the lungs.

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(iii) Outline the role of the liver in excretion.

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(b) Fig. 4.1 is a vertical section of the kidney.
 K

P L

Fig. 4.1

Table 4.1 shows the functions of parts of the

kidney.

Complete the table by:

• naming the part of the kidney that carries out each function •
using letters from Fig. 4.1 to identify the part of the kidney
named.
One row has been completed for you.
Table 4.1
function name of part letter from Fig. 4.1

blood is filtered

concentration of urine is
medulla L
determined

urine flows to the

bladder

blood is carried into the

kidney

blood flows out of the

kidney
[4]

(c) People with kidney disease are often treated in renal dialysis clinics. Their blood passes through
tubes lined with a special membrane for about three hours.

(i) State two waste substances that are removed from the blood by dialysis.

1 ........................................................................................................................................
 2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Kidney patients may be given a kidney transplant. State one advantage and one disadvantage
of kidney transplants compared with dialysis.

advantage .......................................................................................................................... .......

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disadvantage ..................................................................................................................... .......

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[Total: 15]