Renewable Energy

Prof. Hafez A. El-Salmawy

Dr. Abdel Salam Zoklout Dr. Ayman Mohmoud Dohda
Dr. Reda Gad Ragab Dr. Islam Saief

Teaching Assistants
Eng. Abdel Rahman Farouk and Eng. Mhamoud Bekhit
Lecture contents
• Course contents and Assessment
• Importance of Renewable Energy
• Types of Renergy Energy Systems
• Renewable Energy in Egypt and its future
Course Contents
1. Introduction to Renewable Energy (Prof. Hafez)
2. Solar Energy Resource Assessment (Dr. Reda)
3. Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plants and Their Performance (Dr. Abdel Salam)
4. Solar PV and solar farms (Dr. Reda)
5. Hybrid Solar plants and thermal storage (Dr. Reda)
6. Wind Energy Resource Assessment (prof. Hafez)
7. Types of Wind Turbines and their performance and Wind Farms (Prof. hafez)
8. Biomass and Biogas (Dr. Ayman)
9. Green Hydrogen (Dr. Islam)
10. Energy Storage (Dr. Islam)
11. Policies for Supporting Renewable Energy (Prof. Hafez)
Evaluation
• The cost has 2 credit hours- one lecture per week
• The total is 75 degree
• Final 50 Degree
• Mid term 10 degree
• Two control exams 4 degrees each (total 8 degrees)
• Two reports one on solar and one on wind -2.5 degrees for each.
• Attendance and class works 2 degrees
 Advantages and Challenges of
Renewable Energy
• It is one of the principal mitigation measures for climate change.
• It relies on indigenous natural resources which ensures security of supply as well as
sustainability
• Cost effective, where electricity generated from most of the matured renewable energy
technologies (solar and wind) are cheaper than that generated from fossil fuel plants by
almost 50%
• Less venerable to market turbulence such as those happens with oil and gas and
consequently it have higher cost predictability.
• It has several externalities such as developing new businesses and employment
opportunities.
• Although many RE technologies have reached reasonable degree of maturity however
researches are still needed to improve its integration with the current power systems,
improve its reliability, reduce the need for balancing energy and improve energy storage
techniques, thus implementations are needed for boosting these researches as well as to
ensure the necessary cash flow.
Sources of Renewable Energy
• Sources of renewable energy can be classified according to their
dispatchability:
• Variable Sources
• Dispatchable sources
• Also They can classified according to their environmental impact:
• Emission free sources
• Low emission sources
• Electricity and thermal energy generated from renewable energy is
known as scoundary energy, while hydrogen gerenarted from
renewable electricity is known as tertiry energy.
 Classification of Renewable Energy Renewable
Sources

• Dispatchable Source: Means the No Emission Low Net

Renewable Sources Emission Source
ability to control the output
according to the demand.
Dispatchable Variable Wind Biomass
• Variable Source: Means that the Resources Resources
output is variable with the time and
do not follow the demand Hydro Wind Solar Geothermal

• For No emissions sources: the

conversion to power does not result Biomass Solar Tidal

in emitting CO2 or any other

pollutants Geothermal Tidal Wave
• Low Emissions Sources: means the
net emissions is below that when Waves Hydro
fossil fuel is used to generate an
equivalute amount of Energy Classification According to Dispatchability
Classfication According to Net
Emission Level
Hydraulic Power Plants
◼ Rely on the availability of water head
◼ Dams are built to generated such head as well
as to control the flow
◼ Design of hydraulic turbine differs according to
the available head
◼ Clean as well as cheap energy source
◼ High reliability, durability and simple
compared with other power sources.
◼ In case if the hydraulic turbine is installed in a
The high dam in Aswan with total capacity
dam used for agriculture purposes, operation
2100 MW (12 Turbine each with capacity 175
of the turbine is usually controlled by MW)
agriculture demand.
 Wind Energy
◼ Wind power plants are usually constructed in
the form of what is called wind farms
◼ A wind farm consists of many wind mills
operating in parallel.
◼ The wind mill has a recovery factor between
20-60%, this recovery factor present the
percentage of the average recovered energy
compared with the available energy. This
usually known as the capacity factor.
◼ The capacity factor depends on wind speed,
continuity and site constraints as well as good
match between the turbine power curve and
the wind diurnal curve Picture for the 220 MW wind farm in Gabal El
Ziet, each turbine has a capacity of 2 MW.
◼ Currently one turbine can produce up to 8
MW
Solar Energy

Solar

Solar Thermal
Solar Light Solar Ponds
(CSP)

Concentrating
Parabolic Concentrated Solar Water
Dish/ Stirling PV
Trough Tower Heaters
Engine

Flat Plate

Vacuum Tube
 Concentrated Solar Power Plants (CSP)
◼ Solar power plant relays on solar
concentrators or collector to convert solar
energy into heat
◼ Heat is used to raise steam to generate
power
◼ A solar power plant can be part of a hybrid
power plant in this context solar is used for
supplementary heating such as in Tower Concentrator
combined cycle or steam power plant
◼ Also it can used with thermal storage
system for off sun operation
◼ Picture is a schematic for a solar Tower
concentrator (up) and parabolic trough
(down)
Parabolic Trough
Solar PV power Plants

• It is a direct conversion technique of solar radiation to electricity through the use of Silicon
cells
• Its cost has been reduced tremendously from 3000 USA$/kW (around -77%) to less than
700 US$/kW in the last ten years
• Recent bids showed prices less are than 2 US$c/kWh, which is less than 50% of the
equivalent best efficiency conventional generation
• It is suitable for large power plants as well as top roof applications
• It is suitable for grid connected as well as isolated system with storage battery
Solar Water Heaters
• Both falt plate and vaccum tube solar
water heaters (SWH) are used for
providing hot water
• They are the most common types of
heaters used for domestic and industrial Flat Plate SWH
water heating
• Flate plate collector can prorvide heated
water up to 60oC
• Vaccum Tube water heater can provide
hot water up to 90oC they enjoys higher
efficiency

Vaccum Tube SWH

Biomass and Bio-Fuels

Biomass
Fuels

Energy Crops and

Lignocellulosic Bio Ethanol Chain Waste Vegetable
Chain for the Biogas Chain
(Biomethane) Fermentation oil recovery
production of Pyrolysis for the
Solid Fuels in the Digester Gas Process of glucose ( jatropha, UFO) production of
Form of: to produce bio- transesterification Syngas
Landfill Gas methanol
Pellets of glycerides to
Sewage Gas Bagasse produce Bio-
Briquetting Diesel
Tidal Power
• Tidal power or tidal energy is
harnessed by converting
energy from tides into useful
forms of power, mainly
electricity using various
methods.
• Although not yet widely used,
tidal energy has the potential
for future electricity generation.
• Tides are more predictable than
the wind and the solar One of the 24 turbines in the La Rance Tidal Power Station
in France. The world’s first, it was built in 1966
 Wave Power
• Wave power is generated from the
conversion of the kinetic energy
associated with the rise and fall of
ocean waves into electrical energy via a
range of capture and conversion
technologies, including hydraulic rams,
pumps and turbine technologies.
• The amount of energy in a wave
depends on its height and wavelength Mechanical Transmission
as well as the distance over which it
breaks.
• Given equal wavelengths, a wave with
greater amplitude will release more
energy when it falls back to sea level
than a wave of lesser amplitude.
Classification of Wave Energy
• Theoretical potential of wave energy Recovery Systems
is 29,500 TWh/yr and can mainly be
found between 30⁰ and 60⁰ latitude and
in deep water (> 40 metres) locations
Air Flow
Geothermal Energy
• Geothermal energy is heat energy
from the earth—Geo (earth) +
thermal (heat).
• Geothermal resources are reservoirs
of hot water that exist or are human
made at varying temperatures and
depths below the Earth's surface.
• Egypt does not enjoy high potential
of Geothermal Energy. Most of the
available sites have medium to low
temperature potential
Temperature profiles at two different locations
(A) Elzeit Bay, (B)Hammam Faroun
Potential of RE in Egypt (1/2)
❑ Egypt is a rich country with renewable sources which can be used for
power generation on commercial scale. These sources include; wind,
solar and biomass
❑ Atlases for both wind and solar energies have been developed
❑Two third of the country area has a solar energy intensity more than
6.4 kWh/m2 day (an annual global solar insolation of 2300 kWh/m2
year)
❑In some areas especially on the Red sea cost the wind speed
approaches 10 m/sec or even higher
Potential of RE in Egypt (2/2)

Solar Atlas of Egypt Wind Atas of Egypt

Renewable Energy in Egypt
Benban Solr PV
plant with a
capacity 1465
MW, The
fourth in the
world and the
largest in Africa
and the Middle
East

Gabal El Ziet
Wind
Complex with
a capacity
585 MW
Potential Areas for On-Shore and Off-
Shore with High Wind Energy

Source: Update of the Comprehensive Re Master

Plan (CREMP) 2022
Energy Strategy of Egypt 2040 (1/2)
Energy Strategy of Egypt 2040 (2/2)

By 2040 the Sharre of Re of the total Electricity Mix will reach 69%
Thank You