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 RFID and Auto-ID
in Planning and Logistics
A Practical Guide for Military UID Applications

Erick C. Jones, PhD

Christopher A. Chung, PhD
 RFID and Auto-ID
in Planning and Logistics
A Practical Guide for Military UID Applications
 RFID and Auto-ID
in Planning and Logistics
A Practical Guide for Military UID Applications

Erick C. Jones, PhD

The University of Texas at Arlington, USA

Christopher A. Chung, PhD

Seabrook, Texas, USA

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CRC Press
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Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................................... xxiii
Acknowledgments.........................................................................................................................xxvii
Authors...........................................................................................................................................xxix

Part Iâ•… History and Background

Chapter 1 Introduction and History of Military Logistics............................................................. 3

1.1 Introduction........................................................................................................3
1.2 Assyrians............................................................................................................3
1.3 Philip II of Macedon and Alexander the Great..................................................4
1.3.1 Reduction of Logistical Burdens...........................................................4
1.3.2 Naval Logistics......................................................................................4
1.3.3 Advanced Supply Depots......................................................................5
1.4 Middle Ages Logistics: 1000–1400 AD.............................................................5
1.4.1 Early Scorched Earth Policy................................................................. 5
1.4.2 Siege Logistical Considerations............................................................5
1.5 Early British Naval Logistics: 1700–1800s........................................................ 6
1.5.1 Lord Nelson...........................................................................................6
1.5.2 Logistical Requirements to Prevent Scurvy.......................................... 7
1.5.3 Prevention of Spoilage of Supplies........................................................ 7
1.5.4 Cannon Logistics Considerations..........................................................7
1.5.5 Gunpowder Logistics Considerations.................................................... 8
1.6 American Revolutionary War.............................................................................8
1.6.1 Logistical Acquisition and Supply Difficulties.....................................8
1.6.2 Host Nation Support..............................................................................8
1.7 Early 1800s.........................................................................................................9
1.8 U.S. Civil War..................................................................................................... 9
1.8.1 Railways and Trains.............................................................................. 9
1.8.2 Mortuary Logistics................................................................................9
1.9 Zulu Wars......................................................................................................... 10
1.9.1 British Ammunition Logistics............................................................. 10
1.10 Spanish–American War.................................................................................... 10
1.10.1 Logistical Problems at the Departure Port.......................................... 10
1.10.2 Logistical Problems at Sea.................................................................. 11
1.10.3 More Logistical Problems in the Field................................................ 11
1.11 World War I...................................................................................................... 11
1.11.1 Use of Railways and Trains................................................................. 11
1.11.2 Fortified Defensive Positions............................................................... 12
1.11.3 Heavier than Air Aircraft.................................................................... 12
1.11.4 U-Boats................................................................................................ 12
1.11.5 Poison Gas........................................................................................... 13

v
vi Contents

1.12 World War II..................................................................................................... 13

1.12.1 Use of Widespread Air Transportation............................................... 13
1.12.2 Use of Long-Range Bombers.............................................................. 14
1.12.3 Ammunition........................................................................................ 14
1.12.4 U-Boats................................................................................................ 14
1.12.5 Russian Campaign............................................................................... 14
1.13 Korean War....................................................................................................... 15
1.13.1 ANTIAC.............................................................................................. 15
1.13.2 First Widespread Use of the Helicopter for Logistical
Operations....................................................................................15
1.14 Cold War........................................................................................................... 16
1.14.1 Stockpiling of Supplies....................................................................... 16
1.14.2 Dependence on Civilian Aircraft........................................................ 16
1.15 Vietnam War: U.S. Perspective........................................................................ 17
1.15.1 Rapid Removal of Battlefield Casualties............................................. 17
1.15.2 Increased Firepower............................................................................ 17
1.16 Vietnam War: Viet Cong Perspective............................................................... 17
1.16.1 Military Supply Recycling.................................................................. 18
1.16.2 Acquisition of Supplies on the Open Market...................................... 18
1.16.3 Viet Cong Medical Logistics............................................................... 18
1.16.4 Viet Cong Mortuary Logistics............................................................ 18
1.17 Soviet–Afghanistan War................................................................................... 18
1.17.1 Use of Local Support.......................................................................... 19
1.17.2 Logistical Operations without Local Support..................................... 19
1.18 Iran–Iraq War................................................................................................... 19
1.18.1 Use of Modern Foreign Weapons Systems......................................... 19
1.18.2 World Involvement in Military Logistics............................................20
1.18.3 Overreliance on Foreign Military Suppliers.......................................20
1.19 Falkland Islands War........................................................................................20
1.19.1 British Vulcan Bombing of Port Stanley Airfield...............................20
1.19.2 Exocet Missiles................................................................................... 21
1.20 Gulf War........................................................................................................... 22
1.20.1 Lack of Resupply................................................................................. 22
1.20.2 Incompatibility of Logistical Information Systems............................ 22
1.21 War on Terrorism in Afghanistan..................................................................... 22
1.22 Iraq War............................................................................................................ 23
1.22.1 Personal Body Armor.......................................................................... 23
1.22.2 Widespread Use of Military Contractors............................................ 23
1.22.3 U.S. Soldiers Forced to Steal Water....................................................24
1.23 Future of Military Logistics.............................................................................24
1.24 Summary..........................................................................................................24

Chapter 2 U.S. Department of Defense and North Atlantic Treaty Organization Supply
Classes and National Stock Numbers.........................................................................25
2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................25
2.2 Specific Supply Class Details...........................................................................26
2.2.1 Class I: Food........................................................................................26
2.2.2 Class II: Clothing................................................................................26
2.2.3 Class III: Fuel and Lubricants............................................................. 27
2.2.4 Class IV: Barrier or Fortification Materials........................................ 27
Contents vii

2.2.5 Class V: Ammunition.......................................................................... 27

2.2.6 Class VI: Personal Demand Items...................................................... 27
2.2.7 Class VII: Major End Items................................................................ 27
2.2.8 Class VIII: Medical Supplies.............................................................. 27
2.2.9 Class IX: Repair Parts.........................................................................28
2.2.10 Class X: Materials for Nonmilitary Programs....................................28
2.3 Summary.......................................................................................................... 28

Chapter 3 DOD Shipping Level Containers RFID Designations................................................ 29

3.1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 29
3.2 Layer 0: Product Item....................................................................................... 29
3.3 Layer 1: Package............................................................................................... 29
3.4 Layer 2: Transport Unit or Shipping Container................................................ 29
3.5 Layer 3: Unit Load or Palletized Unit Load..................................................... 29
3.6 Layer 4: Freight Container................................................................................ 30
3.7 Layer 5: Movement Vehicle.............................................................................. 30
3.8 Summary.......................................................................................................... 30

Part IIâ•… Overview of RFID and AIT Technologies

Chapter 4 Overview of AIT Technologies................................................................................... 33

4.1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 33
4.2 Automatic Information Technologies............................................................... 33
4.2.1 AIM Global......................................................................................... 33
4.2.1.1 Bar Codes............................................................................ 34
4.2.1.2 RFID.................................................................................... 35
4.2.1.3 RFDC................................................................................... 36
4.2.1.4 RTLS................................................................................... 36
4.2.1.5 Satellite Tags with GPS....................................................... 36
4.2.1.6 MEMS................................................................................. 37
4.2.1.7 Contact Memory Buttons..................................................... 37
4.2.1.8 Biometrics............................................................................ 38
4.2.1.9 Common Access Cards........................................................ 38
4.2.1.10 Optical Character� Recognition............................................ 38
4.3 Bar Codes......................................................................................................... 39
4.3.1 Early History of the Bar Code............................................................. 39
4.3.2 Industry Acceptance............................................................................40
4.3.2.1 Railroads..............................................................................40
4.3.2.2 Grocery Industry.................................................................40
4.3.3 Universal Product Code......................................................................40
4.3.3.1 Economic Impact of the UPC..............................................40
4.3.4 Technology behind the Bar Code........................................................ 41
4.3.5 Current Level of Use........................................................................... 42
4.3.6 Future Uses.......................................................................................... 43
4.4 RFID................................................................................................................. 43
4.4.1 Prior to IFF..........................................................................................44
4.4.2 How the Great Bug Seal Worked........................................................ 45
viii Contents

4.4.3 Research on RFID............................................................................... 45

4.4.3.1 In the Twentieth Century..................................................... 45
4.4.3.2 The First RFID Patents........................................................46
4.4.3.3 Toll Road and Animal Tracking..........................................46
4.4.4 Development of Cost-Effective Protocol............................................. 48
4.4.5 Overview of Passive and Active Radio Frequency Identification
Technologies........................................................................................ 49
4.5 Global Positioning Systems.............................................................................. 50
4.5.1 Integration of Real-Time Technologies and GPS................................ 51
4.5.2 Conclusion........................................................................................... 52
4.6 Real-Time Location Systems............................................................................ 52
4.7 Differences in Using RFID, RTLS, and GPS................................................... 53
4.8 Trend to Integrated AIT Applications.............................................................. 53
4.9 Summary.......................................................................................................... 55

Chapter 5 Basic Introduction to Common RFID Components.................................................... 57

5.1 General Component Overview......................................................................... 57
5.1.1 Tags..................................................................................................... 57
5.1.2 Reader.................................................................................................. 58
5.1.3 Antennas.............................................................................................. 59
5.1.4 Host.....................................................................................................60
5.2 Tags...................................................................................................................60
5.2.1 Power Sources.....................................................................................60
5.2.1.1 Passive Tags.........................................................................60
5.2.1.2 Active Tags.......................................................................... 61
5.2.1.3 Semi-Active Tags................................................................. 62
5.2.1.4 SAW RFID Tags.................................................................. 62
5.2.2 Tag Frequencies................................................................................... 62
5.2.3 Writing Capabilities............................................................................ 63
5.2.3.1 Read Only............................................................................ 63
5.2.3.2 Write Once Read Many....................................................... 63
5.2.3.3 Read–Write.......................................................................... 63
5.2.4 Tag Components..................................................................................64
5.2.4.1 Tag Integrated Circuitry......................................................64
5.2.4.2 Tag Antennas.......................................................................64
5.2.4.3 Tag Substrate or Tag Housing.............................................. 65
5.2.5 Tag Generations................................................................................... 65
5.3 Scanners and Readers.......................................................................................66
5.3.1 Scanners..............................................................................................66
5.3.2 Readers................................................................................................66
5.3.3 Reader Frequencies.............................................................................66
5.3.4 Reader Interrogation Modes................................................................66
5.4 Antennas........................................................................................................... 68
5.5 Hosts................................................................................................................. 69
5.5.1 Communication Protocols................................................................... 69
5.5.1.1 RS-232................................................................................. 69
5.5.1.2 RS-485................................................................................. 69
5.5.1.3 Ethernet................................................................................ 70
5.6 Summary.......................................................................................................... 70
Questions..................................................................................................................... 70
Contents ix

Chapter 6 Passive RFID System Components............................................................................. 71

6.1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 71
6.1.1 Major Advantages to Passive RFID .
Systems................................................................................................ 71
6.1.1.1 Lower Expense.................................................................... 71
6.1.1.2 Smaller Sizes....................................................................... 71
6.1.1.3 Greater Operational Life..................................................... 72
6.1.1.4 Environmental Robustness.................................................. 72
6.1.2 Major Disadvantages to Passive RFID Systems................................. 72
6.1.2.1 Less Range........................................................................... 72
6.1.2.2 Less Identification Capability.............................................. 73
6.2 Chapter Organization....................................................................................... 73
6.3 Trovan Electronic Identification Systems......................................................... 73
6.3.1 Trovan Passive Tags............................................................................ 73
6.3.1.1 ID 100 Series....................................................................... 73
6.3.1.2 ID 200 and 300 Series......................................................... 74
6.3.1.3 ID 400 Series....................................................................... 75
6.3.1.4 ID 600 Series....................................................................... 75
6.3.1.5 ID 700 Series....................................................................... 75
6.3.1.6 ID 800 Series....................................................................... 75
6.3.1.7 ID 1000 Series..................................................................... 77
6.3.2 Trovan Portable Readers..................................................................... 77
6.3.2.1 LID WAPR Workabout Pro Reader..................................... 77
6.3.2.2 GR-250 High-Performance Reader..................................... 78
6.3.2.3 LID Pocket Series Readers.................................................. 78
6.4 SmartCode........................................................................................................ 79
6.4.1 SmartCode Inlays................................................................................ 79
6.4.2 SmartCode Passive Tags..................................................................... 79
6.5 Symbol Technologies........................................................................................ 79
6.5.1 RFX3000 Series Inlays....................................................................... 79
6.5.1.1 RFX3000 1 × 1 Read/Write Tag.........................................80
6.5.1.2 RFX3000 1 × 6 Read/Write Tag.........................................80
6.5.1.3 RFX3000 2 × 2 Read/Write Tag......................................... 81
6.5.1.4 RFX3000 4 × 4 Read/Write Tag......................................... 81
6.5.2 Gen 2 RFX6000 Series Read/Write Inlay.......................................... 81
6.5.2.1 RFX6000 1 × 1 Series Read/Write Inlay............................ 81
6.5.2.2 RFX6000 2 × 4 Series Read/Write Inlay............................ 81
6.5.2.3 Cargo Tag............................................................................. 82
6.5.3 Symbol Antennas................................................................................ 83
6.5.3.1 AN200 General Purpose Antenna....................................... 83
6.5.3.2 AN400 High-Performance Area .
Antenna................................................................................84
6.5.4 Symbol Readers...................................................................................84
6.5.4.1 RD5000...............................................................................84
6.5.4.2 XR400 Series.......................................................................84
6.6 Intermec............................................................................................................ 85
6.6.1 Intellitag Windshield Tag.................................................................... 85
6.6.2 Intellitag Container Tag...................................................................... 85
6.6.3 Intellitag ID Card................................................................................ 86
6.6.4 Intermec Readers................................................................................. 86
x Contents

6.6.4.1 IF Series of Fixed Readers.................................................. 87

6.6.4.2 IP4 Handheld Reader Handle with Intermec
700 Series Computer........................................................... 87
6.6.4.3 IV7 Vehicle Mount Reader.................................................. 88
6.7 Summary.......................................................................................................... 88

Chapter 7 Active RFID System Components.............................................................................. 89

7.1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 89
7.1.1 Major Advantages to Active RFID Systems....................................... 89
7.1.1.1 Greater Range...................................................................... 89
7.1.1.2 Greater Identification Capability......................................... 89
7.1.2 Major Disadvantages to Active RFID Systems...................................90
7.1.2.1 More Expensive...................................................................90
7.1.2.2 Less Operational Life..........................................................90
7.1.2.3 Larger Physical Size............................................................90
7.2 Savi Corporation............................................................................................... 91
7.2.1 Savi Active Tags.................................................................................. 91
7.2.1.1 SaviTag ST-602.................................................................... 91
7.2.1.2 SaviTag ST-604....................................................................92
7.2.1.3 SaviTag ST-654....................................................................92
7.2.1.4 SaviTag ST-656....................................................................92
7.2.2 Savi Fixed Readers.............................................................................. 92
7.2.2.1 SR-650 Fixed Reader........................................................... 93
7.2.2.2 Savi Signpost....................................................................... 93
7.2.3 Savi Mobile Readers............................................................................94
7.3 Mark IV Industries........................................................................................... 95
7.3.1 Mark IV Transponders........................................................................ 95
7.3.1.1 Mark IV Internal Flat Pack Transponder............................ 95
7.3.1.2 License Plate Transponder................................................... 95
7.3.1.3 Roof Mount Transponder..................................................... 95
7.3.1.4 Fusion Transponder.............................................................96
7.3.1.5 Ubiquity Transponder.......................................................... 96
7.3.2 Mark IV Readers................................................................................. 96
7.3.2.1 Badger Reader......................................................................97
7.3.2.2 MGate Reader......................................................................97
7.3.3 Mark IV Antennas...............................................................................99
7.4 Summary..........................................................................................................99

Part IIIâ•…Overview of Equipment Interoperability Protocols

and Standards

Chapter 8 Important RFID Mandates........................................................................................ 103

8.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 103
8.2 Department of Defense Mandate.................................................................... 103
8.2.1 Commencing January 1, 2005........................................................... 103
8.2.2 Commencing January 1, 2006........................................................... 103
8.2.3 Commencing January 1, 2007........................................................... 104
8.2.4 Guidelines and Requirements........................................................... 104
Contents xi

8.3 Walmart Mandate........................................................................................... 104

8.4 Other Organizations....................................................................................... 105

Chapter 9 Standards Organizations and RFID Standards......................................................... 107

9.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 107
9.2 International Standards Organization .
Standards........................................................................................................ 107
9.3 ISO Standards and RFID............................................................................... 107
9.3.1 18000-1 Part 1: Generic Parameters for the Air Interface
for Globally Accepted Frequencies................................................... 108
9.3.2 18000-2 Part 2: Parameters for Air Interface Communications
below 135â•›kHz................................................................................... 108
9.3.2.1 Protocol and the Commands............................................. 108
9.3.2.2 Compliance Rules.............................................................. 109
9.3.3 18000-3 Part 3: Parameters for Air Interface Communications
at 13.56â•›MHz..................................................................................... 109
9.3.3.1 Intellectual Property.......................................................... 109
9.3.4 18000-4 Part 4: Parameters for Air Interface Communications
at 2.45â•›GHz........................................................................................ 109
9.3.4.1 Frequency.......................................................................... 109
9.3.4.2 Interface Definitions.......................................................... 109
9.3.5 18000-5 Part 5: Parameters for Air Interface Communications
at 5.8â•›GHz.......................................................................................... 110
9.3.5.1 Intellectual Property.......................................................... 110
9.3.6 18000-6 Part 6: Parameters for Air Interface Communications
at 860–930â•›MHz................................................................................ 110
9.3.7 18000-7 Part 7: Parameters for Air Interface Communications
at 433â•›MHz........................................................................................ 111
9.3.7.1 DASH7 Alliance................................................................ 111
9.4 Work Group on RFID for Item Management (WG 4).................................... 111
9.4.1 ISO Standards Summary................................................................... 112
9.5 EPC Global Standards.................................................................................... 112
9.6 GS1 and GS1 US............................................................................................. 113
9.7 EPC/GTIN Integration................................................................................... 114
9.8 EPC Generation 2........................................................................................... 114
9.9 Other Standards.............................................................................................. 115
9.10 Electronic Product Code Details.................................................................... 115
9.10.1 Serialized Global Trade Item Number.............................................. 116
9.10.2 Serialized Global Location Number................................................. 116
9.10.3 Global Returnable Asset Identifier.................................................... 117
9.10.4 Global Individual Asset Identifier..................................................... 117
9.10.5 Global Identifier (GID-96)................................................................ 118
9.11 Department of Defense UID.......................................................................... 119
9.12 EPC Global Tag Data Construct Option........................................................ 120
9.13 FCC Part 15 Radiation Regulation................................................................. 122

Chapter 10 UID and RFID Standards for Military..................................................................... 123

10.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 123
10.2 UID................................................................................................................. 123
xii Contents

10.3 RFID............................................................................................................... 124

10.3.1 Passive RFID..................................................................................... 124
10.3.1.1 DOD-96 Identifier.............................................................. 124
10.3.1.2 Data Fields......................................................................... 124
10.3.2 Active RFID...................................................................................... 126
10.4 Implementation............................................................................................... 126
10.4.1 Implementation Strategies................................................................. 129
10.4.2 Replacement for Bar Codes............................................................... 130
10.5 Summary........................................................................................................ 130

Part IVâ•…Implementation, Decision Making, and Testing

Approaches

Chapter 11 RFID Project Management....................................................................................... 133

11.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 133
11.2 RFID Project Selection................................................................................... 133
11.2.1 Project Selection Models and Factors............................................... 134
11.2.2 Nonnumeric Project Selection Models.............................................. 134
11.2.2.1 Sacred Cow........................................................................ 134
11.2.2.2 Operating Necessity........................................................... 134
11.2.2.3 Competitive Necessity....................................................... 134
11.2.2.4 Comparative Models.......................................................... 135
11.2.3 Numeric Project Selection Models.................................................... 135
11.2.3.1 Payback Time.................................................................... 135
11.2.3.2 Average Rate of Return..................................................... 136
11.2.3.3 Unweighted 0–1................................................................. 136
11.2.3.4 Unweighted Scoring.......................................................... 136
11.2.3.5 Weighted Scoring.............................................................. 137
11.2.3.6 Constrained Weighted Scoring.......................................... 137
11.3 RFID Project Parameters............................................................................... 138
11.4 RFID Implementation Life Cycle................................................................... 138
11.4.1 Conceptual Phase.............................................................................. 139
11.4.2 Planning Phase.................................................................................. 139
11.4.3 Installation Phase.............................................................................. 139
11.4.4 Startup Phase..................................................................................... 139
11.5 RFID Project Manager................................................................................... 139
11.6 RFID Project Manager Authority.................................................................. 139
11.7 RFID Project Manager Functions.................................................................. 140
11.7.1 Planning............................................................................................ 140
11.7.2 Organizing......................................................................................... 140
11.7.3 Motivating......................................................................................... 140
11.7.3.1 Maslow’s Theory............................................................... 140
11.7.3.2 Herzberg’s Theory............................................................. 141
11.7.4 Directing............................................................................................ 141
11.7.4.1 Situational Leadership Theory.......................................... 141
11.7.5 Controlling........................................................................................ 142
11.8 Developing the Project Plan........................................................................... 143
11.8.1 Work Breakdown Structure............................................................... 143
Contents xiii

11.8.2 Linear Responsibility Chart.............................................................. 144

11.8.3 Gantt Chart........................................................................................ 145
11.8.3.1 Finish-to-Start Relationship.............................................. 145
11.8.3.2 Start-to-Start Relationship................................................. 145
11.8.3.3 Finish-to-Finish Relationship............................................ 146
11.8.3.4 Lags.................................................................................... 146
11.9 Compressing and Crashing Projects............................................................... 146
11.9.1 Compressing the Acquisition of Hardware and Software................. 147
11.9.2 Compressing the Testing of RFID Tags............................................ 147
11.9.3 Compressing the Installation of Hardware and Software................. 147
11.9.4 RFID Project Tasks That Cannot or Should Not Be Compressed.......147
11.9.4.1 Hardware and Software Selection..................................... 148
11.9.4.2 Avoid Compressing Pilot Testing...................................... 148

Chapter 12 RFID System Design................................................................................................. 149

12.1 System Design Approach............................................................................... 149
12.2 Step 1: Gain Ideas through Understanding.................................................... 149
12.2.1 On-Site Analysis................................................................................ 149
12.2.2 Equipment Evaluation....................................................................... 150
12.2.3 Environmental Evaluation................................................................. 151
12.2.3.1 Radio Frequency Interference Testing............................... 151
12.2.4 Human Factor Evaluation.................................................................. 151
12.3 Step 2: Create Preliminary Designs............................................................... 151
12.4 Step 3: Prototype Development...................................................................... 151
12.5 Step 4: Choose an Alternative........................................................................ 151
12.6 Step 5: Test and Retest Chosen System.......................................................... 152
12.7 Step 6: Implement the Solution...................................................................... 152
Appendix 12.A.......................................................................................................... 152
12.A.1 Sample RFID Dock Door Survey..................................................... 152
12.A.1.1 Dock Doors Checklist....................................................... 153
12.A.2 RFID Environment Evaluation......................................................... 154
12.A.2.1 Common Problems............................................................ 154
12.A.2.2 Best Practices..................................................................... 154
12.A.3 Using a Spectrum Analyzer to Test EMI.......................................... 155
12.A.3.1 General Directions for Using a Spectrum Analyzer.......... 156
12.A.3.2 General Guidelines and Notes........................................... 157
12.A.3.3 Other.................................................................................. 158
12.A.4 Overview of Work Measurement and Times Studies........................ 158
12.A.4.1 Brief History of Industrial Engineering............................ 158
12.A.4.2 Industrial Engineering Organizations............................... 159
12.A.5 Cognitive Turnover Job Satisfaction Survey..................................... 160
12.A.5.1 Background........................................................................ 160
12.A.5.2 Study Limitations.............................................................. 164
12.A.5.3 Lessons Learned and Recommendations.......................... 164

Chapter 13 RFID Supply Chain Planning Levels........................................................................ 167

13.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 167
13.2 RFID Supports Supply Chain Planning and Operational Optimization........ 167
13.2.1 Tactical Level.................................................................................... 168
xiv Contents

13.2.2 Intermediate-Level Problems............................................................ 168

13.2.2.1 Transportation Strategy..................................................... 168
13.2.2.2 Common Transportation Decisions................................... 169
13.2.2.3 Transportation Mode......................................................... 169
13.2.2.4 Intermediate-Level Summary............................................ 169
13.2.3 Strategic Level................................................................................... 169
13.2.3.1 Facilities Strategy.............................................................. 170
13.2.3.2 Facilities Decisions............................................................ 170
13.3 RFID Best Practices for Success.................................................................... 171
13.4 Summary........................................................................................................ 171

Chapter 14 Implementing RFID Systems.................................................................................... 173

14.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 173
14.1.1 Make the ROI Case for RFID........................................................... 173
14.1.2 Choose the Right RFID Technology................................................. 173
14.1.3 RFID System Details........................................................................ 174
14.1.4 Six Sigma Methodology.................................................................... 174
14.2 3P’s Theoretical Model................................................................................... 174
14.3 Plan................................................................................................................. 175
14.3.1 Define................................................................................................ 175
14.3.2 Measure............................................................................................. 175
14.4 Predict............................................................................................................. 176
14.4.1 Analyze............................................................................................. 176
14.4.2 Design................................................................................................ 176
14.5 Perform........................................................................................................... 177
14.5.1 Optimize............................................................................................ 177
14.5.1.1 Factors and Levels............................................................. 178
14.5.2 Verify................................................................................................. 178
14.6 Conclusion...................................................................................................... 179

Chapter 15 Obsolete Inventory Reduction with Modified Carrying Cost Ratio......................... 183
15.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 183
15.2 Two-Echelon Model....................................................................................... 183
15.3 One-Echelon Model........................................................................................ 185
15.4 Modified Carrying Cost Ratio Model............................................................ 186
15.5 Results: Case Study........................................................................................ 187
15.6 Facilities Costs................................................................................................ 187
15.7 Purchasing Costs............................................................................................ 188
15.8 Modified Carrying Cost Ratio........................................................................ 188
15.9 Inventory Turn Analysis................................................................................. 189
15.10 Decision.......................................................................................................... 189
15.11 Conclusion...................................................................................................... 189

Part Vâ•…Overview of Logistics Planning and Inventory Control

Chapter 16 Engineering Economics of RFID.............................................................................. 193

16.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 193
16.2 Problem Statement.......................................................................................... 193
Contents xv

16.3 Background..................................................................................................... 194

16.4 Cost Justification............................................................................................. 194
16.4.1 Scenario 1: Baseline.......................................................................... 194
16.5 Audit Costs..................................................................................................... 194
16.6 Rework Costs.................................................................................................. 196
16.7 Scrap Costs..................................................................................................... 196
16.8 Management Costs......................................................................................... 196
16.9 Customer Service Costs.................................................................................. 197
16.10 Total Annual Cost........................................................................................... 198
16.10.1 Scenario 2: RFID Implementation.................................................... 198
16.11 Tag Costs........................................................................................................ 198
16.12 Reader Costs................................................................................................... 199
16.13 Software Costs................................................................................................ 199
16.14 Implementation Costs..................................................................................... 199
16.14.1 Investment for Scenario 2.................................................................. 199
16.15 Net Present Value Comparison.......................................................................200
16.16 Comparison.................................................................................................... 201
16.17 Sensitivity Analysis........................................................................................ 201
16.18 Limitations.....................................................................................................203
16.19 Conclusions..................................................................................................... 203
Appendix 16.A..........................................................................................................204
16.A.1 Investment.........................................................................................204
16.A.2 Yearly Cost........................................................................................204
16.A.3 Maintenance Cost..............................................................................205
16.A.4 Discount Rate (i)...............................................................................206
16.A.5 Number of Periods (N)......................................................................206

Chapter 17 Forecasting................................................................................................................209
17.1 Time Horizon in Forecasting..........................................................................209
17.2 Characteristics of Forecasts............................................................................209
17.3 Subjective Forecasting Models....................................................................... 210
17.4 Objective Forecasting Methods...................................................................... 211
17.4.1 Causal Models................................................................................... 211
17.4.2 Time Series Methods......................................................................... 212
17.5 Notation Conventions..................................................................................... 212
17.6 Evaluating Forecasts....................................................................................... 213
17.7 Methods for Forecasting Stationary Series.................................................... 214
17.7.1 Moving Averages............................................................................... 214
17.7.1.1 Moving Average Lags behind the Trend........................... 215
17.7.2 Exponential Smoothing..................................................................... 216
17.7.3 Comparison of Exponential Smoothing and Moving .
Averages............................................................................................ 217
17.7.3.1 Similarities......................................................................... 217
17.7.3.2 Differences......................................................................... 217
17.8 Trend-Based Methods..................................................................................... 217
17.8.1 Regression Analysis.......................................................................... 218
17.8.2 Double Exponential Smoothing Using Holt’s .
Method.............................................................................................. 219
17.9 Advanced Methods......................................................................................... 219
xvi Contents

Chapter 18 Manpower Planning.................................................................................................. 221

18.1 Aggregate Units of Production....................................................................... 221
18.2 Overview of the Aggregate Planning Problem............................................... 223
18.3 Costs in Aggregate Planning.......................................................................... 223
18.4 Prototype Problem.......................................................................................... 225
18.4.1 Evaluation of a Chase Strategy (Zero Inventory Plan)...................... 226
18.4.2 Evaluation of the Constant Workforce Plan...................................... 228
18.5 Solution of Aggregate Planning Problems by Linear .
Programming����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓��������������������������� 229
18.5.1 Cost Parameters and Given Information........................................... 229
18.5.2 Problem Variables............................................................................. 229
18.5.3 Problem Constraints.......................................................................... 230
18.6 Solving Aggregate Planning Problems by Linear Programming:
An Example.................................................................................................... 231
18.7 Advantages and Disadvantages...................................................................... 232

Chapter 19 Production Planning and Scheduling........................................................................ 233

19.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 233
19.2 Schedule Design............................................................................................. 233
19.2.1 Process Requirements....................................................................... 233
19.2.2 Scrap Estimates................................................................................. 234
19.3 Tools for Production Scheduling.................................................................... 234
19.3.1 Affinity Diagram............................................................................... 234
19.3.2 Interrelationship Digraph.................................................................. 235
19.3.3 Activity Network Diagram................................................................ 235
19.4 Summary........................................................................................................ 235

Chapter 20 RFID in Logistics...................................................................................................... 237

20.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 237
20.2 RFID Supports Information Use in the Supply Chain................................... 237
20.2.1 Data Analysis and Information Gathering........................................ 237
20.2.1.1 Push and Pull Operational Strategies................................ 238
20.2.1.2 Supply Chain Coordination............................................... 238
20.2.1.3 Forecasting......................................................................... 238
20.2.1.4 Aggregate Planning........................................................... 238
20.2.2 RFID and Other Enabling Technologies........................................... 239
20.2.2.1 EDI Business Transmissions.............................................. 239
20.2.2.2 Web-Based Application Systems....................................... 239
20.2.2.3 Business Operations Systems............................................ 239
20.2.2.4 Overall Trade-Off: Responsiveness versus .
Efficiency...........................................................................240
20.2.2.5 e-Commerce and Technology............................................240
20.2.2.6 RFID as Part of the Information Supply .
Chain����������������������������������尓������������������������������������尓����������� 241
20.2.3 RFID as an Intelligent Agent System................................................ 241
20.2.4 Summary of RFID and Information Enablers.................................. 242
20.2.5 RFID Provides Timely Visibility in Logistics.................................. 242
20.3 Inventory in the Supply Chain........................................................................ 243
Contents xvii

20.4 Business Responsiveness................................................................................244

20.4.1 Cycle Inventory.................................................................................244
20.4.2 Safety Inventory................................................................................244
20.4.3 Seasonal Inventory............................................................................244
20.4.4 Level of Product Availability............................................................ 245
20.4.4.1 Inventory-Related Metrics................................................. 245
20.4.5 Bullwhip Effect................................................................................. 245
20.5 Summary........................................................................................................246
Questions................................................................................................................... 247

Chapter 21 Inventory Control Basics........................................................................................... 249

21.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 249
21.2 Inventory Carrying Costs............................................................................... 249
21.3 Stock-Out Costs.............................................................................................. 250
21.4 Safety Stocks.................................................................................................. 250
21.5 Economic Order Quantity.............................................................................. 251
21.6 Inventory Flows.............................................................................................. 254
21.7 Fixed-Order-Interval System.......................................................................... 255
21.8 Just-in-Time Inventory Systems..................................................................... 256
21.9 RFID and Inventory Control.......................................................................... 256
21.9.1 Automatic Replenishment................................................................. 257
21.9.2 Safety-Stock Reduction..................................................................... 257
21.9.3 Picking and Routing.......................................................................... 257
21.9.4 Order Batching of Waves.................................................................. 258
21.10 Summary........................................................................................................ 258

Chapter 22 Transportation and RFID Applications..................................................................... 261

22.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 261
22.2 Transportation Definitions.............................................................................. 262
22.2.1 Small-Volume Shippers..................................................................... 262
22.2.2 LTL Shippers..................................................................................... 263
22.2.3 Freight Forwarders and Other Consolidators.................................... 263
22.2.4 Shippers’ Cooperatives......................................................................264
22.2.5 Truckload and Carload Shippers.......................................................264
22.2.6 Large Bulk Shippers..........................................................................264
22.2.7 Bulk Cargo........................................................................................264
22.2.8 Truckload Hauls................................................................................264
22.2.9 Railroads...........................................................................................264
22.2.10 Water Carriers................................................................................... 265
22.2.11 Pipelines............................................................................................ 265
22.2.12 Slurry Systems.................................................................................. 265
22.2.13 Comparison of Modes....................................................................... 265
22.3 Transportation in SCM...................................................................................266
22.4 Information Technology and SCM................................................................. 267
22.5 Real-Time Technologies................................................................................. 267
22.6 Future Technologies....................................................................................... 269
22.7 Conclusion...................................................................................................... 270
xviii Contents

Chapter 23 Optimizing RFID Portal Locations in Distribution Using Systematic

Layout Planning........................................................................................................ 271
23.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 271
23.2 Modeling Procedure....................................................................................... 272
23.2.1 Phase 1: Multi-Objective RF Warehouse Architecture..................... 272
23.2.2 Phase 2: Data Environment Analysis................................................ 273
23.3 Layout Improvement Alternatives and Numerical Results............................ 277
23.4 Computer-Aided Program Algorithm Approach (BLOCPLAN)................... 277
23.4.1 Relationship Data.............................................................................. 277
23.5 RFID-Enabled Forklift System vs. RFID Portal System............................... 278
23.6 Discussion and Conclusion.............................................................................280

Chapter 24 RFID Uses in Warehousing...................................................................................... 281

24.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 281
24.2 Warehouse Applications................................................................................. 281
24.3 Receiving........................................................................................................ 282
24.4 Storage............................................................................................................ 282
24.5 Pick/Pack........................................................................................................ 282
24.6 Shipping.......................................................................................................... 283
24.7 Reliability....................................................................................................... 283
24.8 IT Infrastructure Issues.................................................................................. 283
24.9 RFID Warehouse Implementation Examples.................................................284
24.9.1 Gillette...............................................................................................284
24.9.2 International Paper............................................................................284
24.9.3 Proctor & Gamble.............................................................................284
24.10 Conclusion...................................................................................................... 286

Part VIâ•… Military RFID Initiatives and Applications

Chapter 25 U.S. Army RFID Initiatives...................................................................................... 289

25.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 289
25.2 Total Asset Visibility and In-Transit Visibility.............................................. 289
25.3 Tracking Trainees........................................................................................... 290
25.4 Gun Monitoring..............................................................................................290
25.5 Using RFID to Track Army Medical Records............................................... 290
25.5.1 Introduction.......................................................................................290
25.5.2 Application........................................................................................ 291
25.5.3 Summary........................................................................................... 291
25.6 Chapter Summary.......................................................................................... 291

Chapter 26 Marine Corps and Navy RFID Initiatives................................................................. 293

26.1 Marine Corps Active RFID Initiatives........................................................... 293
26.1.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 293
26.1.2 Active Tagging Requirements........................................................... 293
26.1.3 Containers inside the Defense Transportation System...................... 294
26.1.4 Active RFID Tags and Placement..................................................... 294
26.1.5 Summary of Marine Corps Active RFID Initiatives........................ 294
Contents xix

26.2 Marine Corps Passive RFID Initiatives......................................................... 295

26.2.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 295
26.2.2 Passive RFID Pilot Project: 2004..................................................... 295
26.2.3 Implementation Plan Pilot Project 1: 2008....................................... 295
26.2.4 Implementation Plan Pilot Project 2: 2009....................................... 295
26.2.5 Implementation Plan Pilot Project 3: 2010........................................ 296
26.2.6 Implementation Plan Pilot Project 4: 2011........................................ 296
26.2.7 The Future of Marine Corp Passive Applications............................. 296
26.2.8 Summary of Marine Corps Passive Initiatives................................. 297
26.3 Personnel Records Applications..................................................................... 297
26.3.1 Application........................................................................................ 297
26.3.2 Tracking Tag...................................................................................... 297
26.3.3 Tracking Pad..................................................................................... 297
26.3.4 Handheld Tracker.............................................................................. 298
26.3.5 Summary........................................................................................... 298

Chapter 27 Marine Terminal RFID Applications........................................................................ 299

27.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 299
27.2 Tracking Containers....................................................................................... 299
27.3 Container Tags................................................................................................ 299
27.3.1 Tag Operation.................................................................................... 299
27.3.2 Tag Mounting....................................................................................300

Chapter 28 Other Foreign Countries Armed Forces Adoption of RFID Technology................. 301
28.1 New Zealand Military Clothing RFID Applications..................................... 301
28.1.1 Application........................................................................................ 301
28.1.2 Summary...........................................................................................302
28.2 Spanish Armed Forces RFID Efforts.............................................................302
28.2.1 Application........................................................................................ 303
28.2.2 Summary of Spanish Armed Forces RFID Efforts.......................... 303
28.3 French Armed Forces RFID Efforts.............................................................. 303

Part VIIâ•…Other Potential Military RFID Applications

and Radio Theory

Chapter 29 Military Physical Fitness RFID Applications...........................................................307

29.1 Introduction....................................................................................................307
29.2 Application Considerations............................................................................307
29.3 Tags.................................................................................................................308
29.3.1 Mounting Considerations..................................................................308
29.4 Antenna Systems............................................................................................ 310
29.5 Reader Systems............................................................................................... 310
29.6 Performance Issues......................................................................................... 311
xx Contents

29.7 Extensions to Other Sports Competitions...................................................... 312

29.7.1 Special Cycling RFID Considerations.............................................. 312
29.7.2 Special Skating RFID Considerations.............................................. 312
29.8 Summary........................................................................................................ 312
Questions................................................................................................................... 313

Chapter 30 Marine RFID Security Applications......................................................................... 315

30.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 315
30.2 Special RFID Hardware Considerations........................................................ 315
30.2.1 Water Resistance and Water Resistance Ratings.............................. 315
30.2.2 Circuit Board Hardening................................................................... 316
30.2.3 Shock Resistance............................................................................... 316
30.2.4 UV Protection................................................................................... 317
30.2.5 RFID Tag Positioning....................................................................... 317
30.3 Infrastructure Considerations......................................................................... 317
30.3.1 Marine Portals................................................................................... 317
30.3.2 Antenna Mounting............................................................................ 319
30.4 Other Considerations...................................................................................... 321
30.5 Marine RFID Security Applications.............................................................. 321
30.5.1 Vessel Registration Tag Applications................................................ 321
30.5.2 Scanning Recreational Vessel RFID Tags........................................ 322
30.6 Stolen Vessel Identification............................................................................ 323
30.7 Hostile Vessel Identification........................................................................... 323
30.7.1 RFID Chaff....................................................................................... 324
30.8 Summary........................................................................................................ 324
Questions................................................................................................................... 324

Chapter 31 Military Mortuary RFID Implantation Applications................................................ 325

31.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 325
31.2 VeriChip......................................................................................................... 325
31.3 Implantation Process...................................................................................... 325
31.4 Post Mortem Operations................................................................................. 326
31.5 Medical Other than Mortuary Uses............................................................... 326
31.6 Summary........................................................................................................ 326

Chapter 32 Railroad Car Tracking by an RFID System to Organize Traffic Flow..................... 327
32.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 327
32.2 Current Problem............................................................................................. 328
32.3 Reason for Improvement................................................................................ 328
32.4 Strategy........................................................................................................... 329
32.5 Methodology................................................................................................... 329
32.5.1 Testing the Active Tags..................................................................... 329
32.5.2 Test Results........................................................................................ 329
32.5.3 Finding a Practical Way to Send Data to the Control Center............ 329
32.5.4 Determining the Appropriate Layout to Set the Devices.................. 330
32.6 Simulation Results.......................................................................................... 330
32.7 Cost Analysis.................................................................................................. 330
Contents xxi

32.8 Recommendations.......................................................................................... 331

32.9 Conclusion...................................................................................................... 331

Chapter 33 Six Sigma.................................................................................................................. 333

33.1 Six Sigma........................................................................................................ 333
33.2 Six Sigma Methodologies............................................................................... 333
33.2.1 Design for Six Sigma......................................................................... 333
33.2.2 Lean Six Sigma................................................................................. 334
33.3 Six Sigma as an Industrial Engineer.............................................................. 335
33.3.1 Roles in Six Sigma............................................................................ 335
33.3.2 Industrial Roles................................................................................. 335
33.3.3 Six Sigma/Industrial Engineering Interface .
Framework......................................................................................... 335
33.4 Six Sigma in Logistics: A Case Study............................................................ 337
33.4.1 Typical Issue within the Supply Chain.............................................. 337
33.4.2 Background....................................................................................... 338
33.4.2.1 Capacitated Plant Location Model.................................... 339
33.4.3 Network Modeling Steps Incorporated into a Six Sigma
Service Project..................................................................................340
33.4.3.1 Define.................................................................................340
33.4.3.2 Measure.............................................................................340
33.4.3.3 Analyze..............................................................................340
33.4.3.4 Improve..............................................................................340
33.4.3.5 Control............................................................................... 341
33.4.4 Case Description............................................................................... 341
33.4.4.1 Organizational Description............................................... 341
33.4.4.2 Project Description............................................................ 341
33.4.5 Lessons Learned............................................................................... 342
33.4.6 Implications for the Engineering Manager....................................... 343
33.4.7 Conclusions.......................................................................................344
33.5 Six Sigma Best Practices................................................................................344
33.5.1 Good to Great....................................................................................344
33.5.2 Six Sigma’s Effect on Profit.............................................................. 345
33.5.3 Six Sigma and Quality Awards .
and ISO Standards.............................................................................346
33.5.4 Six Sigma Best Practices...................................................................346
33.6 Six Sigma in Military Logistics..................................................................... 347
33.7 Six Sigma in the Military: A Case Study....................................................... 347
33.7.1 Test Plan............................................................................................348
33.7.2 Plan.................................................................................................... 349
33.7.2.1 Define................................................................................. 349
33.7.2.2 Measure............................................................................. 350
33.7.3 Predict............................................................................................... 352
33.7.3.1 Analyze.............................................................................. 352
33.7.3.2 Identify............................................................................... 353
33.7.3.3 Design................................................................................ 353
33.7.4 Perform.............................................................................................. 353
33.7.4.1 Optimize............................................................................ 353
33.7.4.2 Verify................................................................................. 353
33.7.5 Tools Utilized in Each Theme........................................................... 353
xxii Contents

Chapter 34 Case Study: Multichannel RFID............................................................................... 355

34.1 Background..................................................................................................... 355
34.2 VerdaSee Technologies Frequency-Agile .
RFID System.................................................................................................. 355
34.3 Military in the Box......................................................................................... 357
34.4 Last Mile Visibility........................................................................................ 357
34.5 Conclusion...................................................................................................... 360

Chapter 35 Radio Frequency Theory........................................................................................... 361

35.1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 361
35.2 Common Terms.............................................................................................. 361
35.3 Units and Prefixes........................................................................................... 363
35.4 Wave Theory.................................................................................................. 363
35.4.1 Electromagnetic Waves..................................................................... 363
35.4.2 Radio Waves...................................................................................... 363
35.4.3 Frequency Spectrum.........................................................................364
35.4.4 Measuring Power Loss...................................................................... 365
35.4.5 Smith Chart....................................................................................... 366
35.4.6 Return-Loss....................................................................................... 366
35.4.7 Coupling............................................................................................ 367
35.4.8 Polarization....................................................................................... 367
35.5 Antennas......................................................................................................... 367
35.5.1 Standard Antenna Impedance........................................................... 368
35.5.2 Impedance Matching......................................................................... 368
35.5.3 Tuning................................................................................................ 369
35.5.4 Range and Path Loss......................................................................... 370
35.6 Modulation..................................................................................................... 370
35.6.1 Signal Propagation............................................................................ 370
35.6.2 Modulation........................................................................................ 371
35.6.3 Frequency Modulation...................................................................... 372
35.6.4 Amplitude Modulation...................................................................... 373
35.6.5 Phase Modulation.............................................................................. 373
35.6.6 Pulse Modulation.............................................................................. 373
35.6.7 Amplitude Shift Keying.................................................................... 374
35.6.8 Handshaking..................................................................................... 374
35.6.9 Frequency Hopping........................................................................... 376
35.7 Value Proposition: Wave of the Future........................................................... 377
Questions................................................................................................................... 377

Chapter 36 Future RFID Applications......................................................................................... 379

36.1 RFID and AIT Centers................................................................................... 379
36.2 RFID in Research........................................................................................... 379
36.3 Broader Impact............................................................................................... 381
36.4 Future of RFID in Specific Areas.................................................................. 382
Bibliography.................................................................................................................................. 385
Preface
RFID AND AIT IN PLANNING AND LOGISTICS
The use of RFID technology is becoming increasingly popular due to the perceived reduction in
costs that it may bring to the operational costs. In 2003, we opened the RFID and Supply Chain
Logistics Lab at the University of Nebraska, one of the first RFID labs focused on RFID and
logistics. We believed that RFID technology was not mature enough to enter mainstream logistics
operations and that an unbiased application lab was the best way to test and prove concepts prior
to operational deployment. The academic lab setting would provide the researchers an opportunity
to test the applications unlike vendor-driven labs that could potentially become biased.
After the lab opened, mandates from large retailers such as Walmart and TESCO motivated
manufacturers to implement RFID initiatives into their supply chain. Unfortunately, because there
was no developed testing or implementation plan, most of these implementations were on a trial-
and-error basis. The most common challenges to implementation were lack of knowledge of pas-
sive and active technologies, not testing of the manufacturing specifications, and not realizing the
operational impact of changing technologies.
The logistics consulting background of the researchers combined with the research they have
conducted over the past several years has led to innovative implementation models for applying
RFID into logistics operations. This approach, for example, first provides the reader with foun-
dational relationships in RFID such as how antennae, integrated circuitry, and substrates work
together. The approach then leads the reader to reach an understanding of which technology he or
she is seeking to use such as passive, semi-passive, or active tags. These foundational relationships
are not explained in other books in enough detail for implementers to determine if there is a design
problem with tags in their troubleshooting process. In our previous RFID symposium at University
of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL), participants have asked how to validate that manufacturers are provid-
ing accurate specifications, what are true points of failure, and how do we set up and validate our
prototypes. By working in close collaboration with other researchers, manufacturers, and integra-
tors, this book will provide some opportunities to implement these more effectively.
In 2005, universities such as the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Oklahoma State University
offered a course on RFID. The books that were available did not provide enough robust material
for engineering students, engineers, and operational personnel to use for foundational concepts for
integrating logistics and RFID. The foundational concept of increased inventory visibility due to
the automatic data capture abilities of RFID provides an opportunity to reduce inventory levels. The
proof of this concept should be validated by changing the amended economic order quantity (EOQ)
model to focus on the reorder point strategy. This can affect how the logistics professional config-
ures his warehouse management system (WMS) or enterprise resource planning (ERP) system.
This book will provide the foundational understanding on how these are integrated into an overall
logistics model.

DESCRIPTION OF RFID AND AIT IN PLANNING AND LOGISTICS

With RFID and Auto-ID in Planning and Logistics, we hope to establish the concepts and prin-
ciples by which students, military personnel and contractors, and corporate managers can learn
about RFID and other automatic information capture technologies, and the ways in which it can be
integrated into planning and logistics functions. A comparative evaluation of RFID along with other

xxiii
xxiv Preface

technologies such as bar codes, satellite tags, and global positioning systems provides a complete
understanding of which technologies to use in specific planning and distribution operations. Also,
integration of unique identification standards that are required for military contractors will allow
this book to provide a useful knowledge base for military personnel and contractors. Moreover, the
description of these technologies’ histories, current use, and future application will serve to educate
students, academia, and military personnel and contractors on supply chain planning and logistics
uses for RFID and AIT technologies.
Also, we hope to provide self-help for military personnel and contractors, individuals, and cor-
porate managers who wish to regain productivity.

UTA RfAID
Dr. Erick C. Jones currently works at the University of Texas at Arlington. In an effort to support the
marriage of industry’s supply chain needs like automatic identification technology with academia’s
theoretical applications, he has created an industry/academia collaboration in the RFID and Supply
Chain Lab (RFSCL). The purpose of this facility is to support project initiatives like radio fre-
quency identification (RFID), logistics (supply chain engineering), manufacturing (six sigma and
Lean initiatives), and information technology (ERP, WMS). The facility’s goal is to enhance the
industrial engineering field by utilizing some of the research methodologies to provide solutions in
the areas of RFID, supply chain logistics, and engineering management. The mission of the RFSCL
is “providing integrated solutions in logistics and other data driven environments through automatic
data capture, real world prototypes, and analysis.” Equipment used in the lab include active and
passive tags/readers and software (Matrics, Alien, Samsys, IMPINJ, SERIT), hytrol conveyor, and
GCS WMS, HP5555 Mobile Active Reader and Software, RF Code active tags, and SAVI Active
Tags and Reader (WMRM/WORM). The methodology utilized for research in the lab is known
as DFSS (design for six sigma), which is similar to the six sigma DMAIC methodology. The seven
steps in this methodology are define, measure, analyze, identify, design, optimize, and verify. The
RFSCL team consists of approximately 15 graduate students, with 7 being PhD students and the
rest masters’ students. The RFSCL has received over 40 research awards that have amounted to over
$3,067,756. The lab has also received over $1,726,357 in research funding. Research projects focus
on four areas: logistics systems analysis and design, supply chain modeling, material flow design
and improvement, and intelligent systems. In the RFSCL, projects are either applied research or
theoretical research models. RFID applied research concentrates on areas such as RFID and bar
code integration into WMS and ERP systems or RFID in industrial applications such as conveyors.
Theoretical research models for RFID include RFID integration into GPS/GIS or alternate active
tag standard development. Supply chain applied research focuses on facility/transportation network
modeling and RFID and bar code systems integration for inventory. Theoretical research models
include mathematical modeling inventory polices and stochastic modeling of supply chain net-
works. Current projects dealing with RFID include embedded RFID license plates (DOT), ROW
underground RFID tags (TxDOT), and RFID RTLS (NASA). Current projects in logistics include
corporate supply chain analysis and grain terminal network analysis.

BOOK PURPOSES AND USES

RFID is an emerging technology that has come of age. Other AIT technologies have been useful in
logistics, and there are numerous challenges between choosing RFID in lieu of, in conjunction with,
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Discovering Diverse Content Through
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464 Diosma ovata Oval-leaved G. Shrub. May.
Diosma H.
Straddling-leaved G.
465 Protea divaricata Shrub. July.
Protea H.
G.
466 Goodenia tenella Slender Goodenia Shrub. June.
H.
Lythrum G. All
467 Shrubby Lythrum Shrub.
fruticosum H. Summer.
H.
468 Aloe arborescens Tree Aloe Shrub. June.
H.
Crown-flowered G.
469 Protea coronata Shrub. July.
Protea H.
G.
470 Ophrys arachnoides Spider-like Ophrys Shrub. July.
H.
G.
471 Ophrys myodes Fly-like Ophrys Shrub. July.
H.
Scolloped-leaved G.
472 Hibbertia crenata Shrub. July.
Hibbertia H.
473 Yucca gloriosa Superb Yucca Har. Shrub. July.
Winged-leaved G.
474 Psoralea pinnata Shrub. July.
Psoralea H.
Heart-bearing H.
475 Serapias cordigera Shrub. June.
Serapias H.
Melaleuca Diosma-leaved G.
476 Shrub. July.
diosmæfolia Melaleuca H.
477 Linum venustum Graceful Linum Har. Shrub. July.
Broad-leaved H.
478 Crinum latifolium Bulb. August.
Crinum H.
479 Fragaria indica Indian Strawberry Har. Herb. July.
Shining-leaved
480 Vaccinium nitidum Har. Shrub. June.
Whortle-berry
West India Bark- H.
481 Cinchona caribæa Shrub. August.
tree H.
482 Dianthus alpinus Alpine Pink G. Shrub. July.
 H.
Dwarf winged- G.
483 Dahlia pinnata nana Herb. September.
leaved Dahlia H.
G.
484 Nicotiana glutinosa Clammy Tobacco Herb. August.
H.
Melaleuca Willow-leaved G.
485 Shrub. July.
salicifolia Melaleuca H.
486 Pæonia Daurica Dauric Pæony Har. Herb. June.
Xeranthemum Herbaceous Eternal G. All
487 Herb.
herbaceum Flower H. Summer.
Broussonetia
488 Paper Mulberry Har. Shrub. June.
papyrifera
Gnaphalium Large-flowered G.
489 Shrub. August.
grandiflorum Gnaphalium H.
H.
490 Pontederia dilatata Dilated Pontederia Aquatic. September.
H.
H.
491 Gardenia radicans Rooting Gardenia Shrub. August.
H.
Oxylobium Heart-leaved G.
492 Shrub. July.
cordifolium Oxylobium H.
 ERRATA.
Plate 438 read 433.
467 instead of Lythrum of Linnæus, read Lythrum fruticosum of Linnæus.
468 line 4 from the bottom, instead of height read size.
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