1 (a) forces balance/cancel or no net force or upward force = downward force

or weight = air resistance/drag/air friction B1 [1]

(b) (i) 9.8–10 m/s2 B1 [1]

(ii) a = v(–u)/t algebraic or numerical C1

2(.0) m/s ecf (i) A1 [2]

(iii) straight line from (0,0) to (0.2,2) ecf (ii) B1

after 0.2 s, decreasing but not negative gradient B1 [2]

2 (a) where extension/stretching stops being proportional to force/load/weight/mass

or extension/load = constant
or point where length or extension against load graph curves C1 [1]

(b) 4 = k 6 or 4/6 or 6/4 or 6 × 2/4 or 3 (cm) seen C1

11 cm A1 [2]

(c) different weights/masses/load and measure new length B1

how extension is found e.g. reading on scale for loaded spring subtracted from
reading with no load/mass/original B1 [2]

3 (a) (master cylinder creates) pressure in brake fluid or pressure from master piston
transmitted to slave piston B1
fluid/pressure produces force/push (not press) (on slave piston) or force from
master piston transmitted (to slave piston) B1 [2]

(b) (i) P = F/A or 140/2.0 C1

70 (N/cm2) A1 [2]

(ii) 70 × 2.8 C1
200 N accept 196 N ecf (i) A1 [2]

(iii) distance foot to pivot larger than piston to pivot B1

force × distance constant B1 [2]

(c) (i) molecules hit against walls/piston (ignore hit each other) B1 [1]

(ii) hit more often/more frequently (accept hit each other more often) B1
smaller volume or molecules closer/less space B1 [2]

(iii) P1V1 = P2V2 or PV = constant B1

1 × 105 × 6 (×2) = P × 4 × (2) C1
1.5 × 105 Pa A1 [3]

(d) air/bubbles compress/reduce in volume or brakes pushed further/spongy B1 [1]

ignore: efficiency; less pressure; less force transmitted
4 (a) components shown on correct diagram with correct resultant (i.e. towards NE) and
a scale given B1
540 (±10) m B1
22º ± 3° E of N with correct diagonal B1 [3]

(b) idea that ends at start, returns in opposite direction B1 [1]

[Total: 4]

5 (a) energy/time C1
1 joule in one second A1 [2]

(b) (i) 5800 N or 5684 N or 5700 N B1 [1]

(ii) mgh algebraic, words or numerical (i.e. 580 ×10 × 12) C1

69 600 J or 70 000 J or 68 208 J or 68 000 J A1 [2]

(iii) (efficiency =) output power or energy/input power or energy algebraic or

numerical or 93 000 seen or 4 640 seen C1
0.75 or 75% (accept 0.748) e.c.f. from (ii) A1 [2]

[Total: 7]

6 (a) (i) distance travelled while thinking/in reaction time or before braking starts B1 [1]

(ii) distance travelled while brakes applied/car decelerates B1 [1]

(b) (i) speed (of cars) or same force/pressure on pedal or same braking force
or same tyres or condition of brakes B1 [1]

(ii) greater inertia/kinetic energy/momentum or smaller deceleration/acceleration B1 [1]

(c) any road condition, e.g. icy, wet, poor surface, slippery/smooth/rough surface
and its correct effect on distance B1
correct explanation that refers to friction e.g. more friction when dry B1 [2]

(d) pressure low(er) (with larger area) B1 [1]

(e) (i) a = v/t any algebraic or numerical value e.g. 20/4; 20/3.4; 20/4.6; 20/0.6 C1
5(.0) m/s2 A1 [2]

(ii) F = ma algebraic or numerical e.g. 900 × (i) C1

4500 N e.c.f. (i) A1 [2]

(iii) correct axes labelled with quantity and/or unit B1

horizontal line at 20 m/s from 0 to 0.6 s B1
straight line from end of horizontal section or from (0.6,20) to (4.6,0) or (4,0) B1 [3]

(iv) area (under graph or of trapezium) B1 [1]

[Total: 15]
7 (a) in river/(emerging from or entering) turbine house B1

(b) (i) 0.9 or 90% or 0.47 or 47% (penalise unit error) B1

(ii) P = E/t in symbols or any energy/any time C1

30 x 60 or 1800 seen C1
2.5 x 106 (W)
(150 or 2.78MW score 2/3) A1

(c) any sensible suggestion e.g. no costs for water/energy supply

or less pollution (accept coal produces smoke/dust/harmful gases/CO2
or no need to transport coal or renewable
or rapid response to power demand or less heat produced/more efficient B1

(d) any sensible suggestion e.g. flooding or fish unable to pass or turbines kill fish
or destroy habitats or less land or uses up large space or fells trees
or unsightly/destroys scenery or lake/river silt up or more rain/evaporation B1 7

8 (a) (at 8.4 m/s) resistive force = 320 N/forward force or no resultant or forces
cancel/balance

or if forward force > resistive force then runner accelerates

or if forward force < resistive force then runner decelerates B1

(not resistive force a maximum, accept backwards force = resistive force)

(b) (i) ½ mv2 B1

½ x 60 x 8.42 C1

2100 J (accept 2120, 2117, 2116.8) A1

(ii) mgh C1

2117/60 x 10 or h = P.E. or K.E./mg e.c.f. (i) C1

3.5 m

(accept 3.50, 3.52, 3.53 i.e. 2 or 3 significant figures only) A1 7

9 (a) speed uniform or 20 m/s B1

stationary/not moving till 20 minutes or after 65 minutes or moves for 45 minutes

B1

(not if inconsistent; all times +2 min; ignore acceleration/deceleration periods)

(b) d = st any algebraic or area calculated

or 20 x 45, 20 x 90, 20 x 45 x 60, 20 x 90 x 60 C1

54 000 m or 54 km A1

(c) any constant speed from 0 to 90 minutes (may stop at 90 or go down to axis) M1

10 m/s (no e.c.f. b) A1 6

10 (a) (i) (M =) force × perpendicular distance or 840 × 5

(formula mark can be scored if not given in 3(a)(ii)) C1
4200 N m A1

(ii) 350 N or (a)(i)/12 and calculated B1

(iii) weight of ladder/hose or friction at P/pivot/axle

(not air resistance; ign. friction) B1

(b) any four lines:

(mesh) traps air
air poor conductor/good insulator or convection prevented
(shiny surface) reflects/(good) reflector of IR/radiation/heat
(shiny surface) does not absorb/poor absorber of IR/radiation/heat
(not with radiator/emitter/conductor)
less heat transmitted/to firefighter B4 [8]
11 (a) (i) 32 000 N B1

(ii) two arrows/lines in correct direction by eye B1

(iii) scale given B1

two arrows/lines and correct resultant drawn B1
32.0 → 35.0 kN (2/3 sig. fig. only) B1
58.5 → 61.5° to horizontal
(2/3 sig. fig. only; don’t penalise twice) B1

(iv) zero/no force/0 B1 [7]

(b) weight/gravitational force/gravitational attraction (not gravity) B1

higher in gravitational field or (to gravitational) potential energy B1
friction/air resistance B1
heat/thermal/internal energy B1 [4]

(c) (i) labelled axes and correct way round (x → t) B1

straight line of positive slope B1
followed only by horizontal line (ign curve at junction) B1

(ii) distance travelled/time taken (from points) or calculate the gradient B1 [4]

12 (a) (i) (W =) mg or 70 × 10 or 70 × 9.8(1) etc. C1

700(.0) N A1 [2]

(ii) (P =) F/A or 700/35 C1

700/(35 × 4) or 700/0.0035 or 700/(0.0035 × 4) C1
50 000 Pa or 50.0 kPa or 5.0 N/cm2 A1 [3]

(b) (i) molecules/atoms/particles move or collide B1

molecules/atoms/particles collide with cylinder/walls M1
exert force on walls (as they collide) A1
spread out effect (of forces) is pressure or (force)/m2 or similar B1 [4]

(ii) molecules/atoms/particles closer/denser/more in given volume C1

more collisions per (unit) area/m2 or per (unit) time/s (not faster) A1 [2]

(c) (i) speed (of molecules/atoms/particles) increases/k.e. increases B1 [1]

(ii) car (body) higher (off the ground) B1

collisions more violent or gas in cylinder expanded B1
fewer collisions of molecules/atoms/particles needed or pressure rises
initially B1 [3]
13 (a) (i) 11.5 m / s B1

(ii) decrease in speed // negative gradient C1

equal changes/decreases in speed in the same time // const. neg. grad. on
v-t graph A1

(b) (i) flat line at 18 m / s from t = 0 to 15 B1

constant slope downwards parallel to initial line (by eye) B1

(ii) greater area under graph // higher initial/average speed B1 [6]

14 (a) (i) curve with decreasing gradient from origin to 50 m / s at 10 s B1

constant speed from 10 to 20 s B1
decrease to 5 m / s at 25 s B1
constant speed from 25 s until at least 30 s B1

(ii) gradient/slope not constant/decreases // graph curves // graph not a (straight)

line // increase (in speed) per second/unit time not equal B1

(b) any mention of air resistance/drag/upward force B1

(initially) force upwards larger than force downwards // resultant force upwards B1
air resistance decreases (with fall in speed) B1
(at constant speed) air resistance/friction/drag equals weight //
forces (up and down) balance // zero resultant force B1

(c) 500 m B1

v −u
(d) (i) (a =) in any numerical or algebraic form, e.g. 45/5 C1
t
9(.0) m/s2 ecf (a)(i) A1

(ii) (F = ma) in any numerical or algebraic form, e.g. 60 × 9 ecf (i) C1

540 N A1

(iii) area under graph/line/curve B1 [15]

15 (a) at start:chemical (potential) energy B1
at end: PE/GPE/gravitational energy B1
at end: heat/thermal/internal energy B1
at end: KE or intermediate KE from chemical energy B1

(b) (i) 0 B1

(ii) it increases B1
to constant value B1

(iii) gradient or (v–u)/t or (1400-600)/40 or other correct numbers C1

20 m / s2 A1

(iv) (F =) ma or 1.6 × 106 × 20 C1

3.2 × 107 N A1

(v) 4.8 × 107 N B1

(c) (i) to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

or forces act in pairs of equal size and in opposite directions/on
different bodies B1

(ii) downward force on gas B1

equal and opposite to upward/(b)(v) force (on rocket) B1 [15]

16 (a) (i) force × distance C1

force × perpendicular distance (from the axis) A1

(ii) 8200 × 0.05 C1

410 N m A1

(iii) (perpendicular) distance reduced/force not perpendicular/only a component

of the force is perpendicular B1

(b) (i) (P =) F/A or 8200/0.0067 C1

1.2(23881) × 106 C1
1.3(23881) × 106 Pa A1

(ii) friction M1
exerts opposing force or between piston and cylinder A1

(c) pressure decreases or F decreases (no contradiction) B1

(d) any four lines:

molecules collide with/hit walls
molecules move faster/kinetic energy increases
molecules collide harder (with walls)
molecules collide more frequently (with walls)
greater force/impulse/momentum change (on walls) B4 [15]
17 (a) (i) p1V1 = p2V2 B1

(ii) 2.5 × 107 × 18 = 1.0 × 105 × V2 C1

4500 m3 A1

(b) balloon inflates higher up/bursts (if fully inflated on ground) B1

(atmospheric) pressure is less higher up/decreases with height B1
OR
(otherwise) greater upthrust/upwards force B1
(otherwise) rises (too) high/fast B1 [5]

18 (a) (i) straight line continues to 6 ± 0.2 s B1

(ii) 3(.0) s OR the time on Fig. 1.1 when v = 0 B1

(b) (a =) (v – u)/t in any form numerical or algebraic C1

(–)1.6 m / s2 A1

(c) any TWO lines:

(at first) graph steeper/higher acceleration/deceleration
caught sooner/shorter time to maximum
graph curves (due to air resistance) B2 [6]

19 (a) (i) (amount of) matter/material/substance it contains B1

(ii) use of scale and subtraction/difference/increase in lengths/readings

OR read distance between two marks on the scale with different masses B1

(b) (i) two force values with FA > FB for the same extension
OR two extension values with eB > eA for the same force/at maximum B1

(ii) idea that A is a straight line and B is not

OR gradient constant in A but not in B
OR same increase in F every cm for A but not B B1

(iii) 15 N B1 [5]
20 (a) 950 N B1
upwards B1

(b) correct rectangle and diagonal and at least one velocity labelled
or correct triangle and at least one velocity labelled
(either way round) B1
from 7.8(0000) to 8.0(0000) m / s (inclusive) B1
scale stated B1 [5]

21 (a) (i) (WD = )mgh or 54 × 10 × 2.8 C1

1500/1510/1512 J A1

(ii) (P = ) WD/t or E/t or 1500/3 or 1510/3 or 1512/3 C1

500/503/504 W A1

(b) any two of:

also lifting board/rope
heat in motor/wires/cable
friction with something named e.g. axle/spindle/air B2

(c) (i) power supply, motor and ammeter in series

(ignore series voltmeter and other components) B1
voltmeter to measure voltage across motor B1

(ii) current (reading) × voltage (reading) or VI B1 [9]

22 (a) (i) (∆P= ) ρgh or 1000 × 10 × 120 C1
1.2 × 106 Pa A1

(ii) 1.3 × 106 Pa B1 [3]

(b) (i) (F = )PA or 1.2 × 106 × 0.45 or 1.3 × 106 × 0.45 or 5.4 × 105 (N) C1
5.8/5.85/5.9 × 105 N A1

(ii) any two of:

weight of hatch
pressure inside submarine
friction at seal/hinge/water resistance
lever effect B2 [4]

(c) (i) sound or pressure wave B1

frequency > 20 kHz/frequency beyond human hearing/inaudible B1

(ii) (water) molecules/particles vibrate/oscillate B1

molecules collide with other molecules/neighbours B1
pass on vibration/energy (to neighbours)
or longitudinal (vibration/wave) or compressions and rarefactions B1

(iii) 1. speed of sound/ultrasound (in water/sea water) B1

2. speed × t ÷ 2 B1

(iv) cleaning/quality control/detecting cracks/prenatal screening/

kidney stones/detecting shoals of fish/(used by dolphins/bats) B1 [8]

[Total: 15]

23 (a) appropriate apparatus e.g. ruler, weights, fulcrum B1

action e.g. balance weights on each side B1
one of: force/mass × distance or calculate moment B1
vary or repeat B1

(b) F × d or 8.0 × 0.15 C1

1.2 N m (not J) A1 [6]
24a) (i) (p = )ρhg or 1000 × 15 × 10 C1
1.5 × 105 Pa A1

(ii) 2.5 × 105 Pa B1 [3]

(b) (i) p1V1 = p2V2 or 250 000 × 0.048 = 100 000 × V2 C1

0.12 m3

(ii) molecules/particles: further apart or their speed is unchanged

(molecular) collisions with balloon/walls/unit area B1
less frequent collisions (not if force/violence of each collision less) B1 [5]

(c) water molecules: close(r)/move in clusters/move within the liquid

or air molecules: far/further apart/move individually/move throughout container

(d) (i) net/resultant/unbalanced force upwards (at first)

or upwards force greater B1

friction/resistance/drag/downward force increases

(until) downward force = upward force/forces balance/no resultant force B3

(ii) starts from marked (0,0) or initial gradient = 0 B1

A1
increasing gradient initially B1
constant gradient (must be greater than zero) finally B1
B1 [6]

[Total: 15]

B1 [1]