Edexcel (B) Biology A-level

4.7 - Transport in plants

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Relate the structure of xylem to their
function.

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Relate the structure of xylem to their function.
● Long, continuous columns made of dead
tissue, allowing transportation of water.
● Contain pits, allowing water to move
sideways between vessels.
● Thickened with a tough substance,
providing structural support.
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Relate the structure of phloem to their
function.

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Relate the structure of phloem to their function.
● Sieve tube elements transport sugars
around the plant.
● Companion cells designed for active
transport of sugars into tubes.
● Cytoplasms linked by plasmodesmata,
allowing flow of substances between cells.
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Explain what is meant by the apoplastic
pathway.

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Explain what is meant by the apoplastic pathway.

Water moves through the cell walls

and intercellular spaces by mass flow.
This pathway can only be used until
water reaches the Casparian strip.

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Explain what is meant by the symplastic
pathway.

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Explain what is meant by the symplastic pathway.

A method of osmosis through the root

hair cells, where water moves through
the cytoplasm. To begin this pathway,
water must be actively transported into
cells.
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Explain the cohesion-tension theory.

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Explain the cohesion-tension theory.
Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with
each other, causing them to ‘stick’ together
(cohesion). The surface tension of the water
also creates this sticking effect. Therefore as
water is lost through transpiration, more can be
drawn up the stem from the roots.
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How does root pressure affect water
movement?

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How does root pressure affect water movement?

High mineral content gives the root a low

water potential, meaning there is strong
osmotic flow into the roots. This creates
a weak push effect, moving water from
the roots into the stem.
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How does temperature affect rate of
transpiration?

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How does temperature affect rate of transpiration?

A higher temperature increases random

motion and rate of evaporation, therefore
increasing rate of transpiration.

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How does light affect rate of
transpiration?

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How does light affect rate of transpiration?

A higher light intensity increases rate of

photosynthesis, causing more stomata to
open for gas exchange, therefore
increasing rate of transpiration.

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How does humidity affect rate of
transpiration?

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How does humidity affect rate of transpiration?

High humidity means the water content

of the air next to the leaf is high. This
reduces the concentration gradient,
therefore decreasing rate of
transpiration.
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How does air movement affect rate of
transpiration?

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How does air movement affect rate of transpiration?

Large amounts of air movement blow

moist air away from the leaves, creating
a steep concentration gradient.
Therefore increases rate of transpiration.

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Summarise the mass-flow hypothesis of
translocation.

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 Summarise the mass-flow hypothesis of
translocation.
● Sugar loaded into sieve tubes via active
transport.
● Lowers water potential, causing water to
move in from xylem.
● Hydrostatic pressure causes sugars to move.
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Give evidence for the mass-flow
hypothesis.

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Give evidence for the mass-flow hypothesis.

● Sap is released when a stem is cut,

therefore there must be pressure in the
phloem.
● There is a higher sucrose concentration
in the leaves than the roots.
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Give evidence against the mass-flow
hypothesis.

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Give evidence against the mass-flow hypothesis.

● Not all solutes move at the same

speed.
● There is bidirectional movement in the
sieve tubes.

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