JARA GUIDE - FOR HSC - I YEAR (2023-24)

SECTION – A (VOCABULARY – 14 MARKS)

1-3. SYNONYMS
LESSON – 1 LESSON – 3
1. Pallor – appearance 1. Vintages – high quality
2. Absurd - inconsistent / illogical 2. Antipathy- strong dislike
3. Fables - tales / stories 3. Fortunes – huge
4. Hobbled - – walked unsteadily 4. Reluctant – unwilling
5. Pucker –- to contract the face into wrinkles 5. Delinquent – Wrong doing
6. Expanse - widespread 6. Abstracted – lacking
7. Monotonous -– boring, unchanging 7. Prosaic – dull
8. Snapped - broke/ cut 8. Sieve – filter
9. Seclusion - isolation, separation 9. Audacious – bold
10. Bedlam - noisy, confusion 10. Indignant – very angry
11. Perched - sat comfortably, rested 11. Quivering – trembling
12. Rebukes -– scolding 12. Vexation – annoyance
13. Dilapidated - damaged
14. Mantelpiece -– shelf above a fireplace
15. Shroud –- cloth used to wrap a dead person

LESSON – 2 LESSON – 4
1. Princely – very large 1. Bloatocrat – aristocrat
2. Jet lag – unpleasant 2. Electrified – unexpected
3. Appetite – hunger 3. Congealed – through fear
4. Lauded – appreciated 4. Smothered – suppressed
5. Conviction – belief 5. Glibly – sincerely
6. Felicitation – congratulatory 6. Rectitude – honesty
7. Adulation - appreciation 7. Guile – cunning
8. Etched- imprinted 8. Baize – woolen materials
9. Farthings – paisa
10. Indelibly – rubbed
LESSON – 5 LESSON – 6
1. Conferred – benefit 1. Alley – narrow
2. Reiterate – do again 2. Yanked – pulled
3. Enunciated – spoke clearly 3. Consternation – worry
4. Ruggedness – toughness 4. Extravagantly – excessively
5. Repositories – storehouses 5. Cascade – waterfall
6. Emissaries – deputies 6. Concourse- public building
7. Eschewed – nothing 7. Gashed – cut deeply
8. Venerable – valued 8. Exasperation – irritation
9. Feudal – middle 9. Catastrophes – a terrible disaster
10. Confronting – resisting 10. Suave – sophisticated
11. Inherent – inborn
12. Secluded spheres – isolated areas
13. Cloistered – restricted
14. Inheritors – successors
15. Sermons – speeches
16. Replenish – refill

4-6 ANTONYMS
LESSON – 1 LESSON – 2
1. Moist X arid 1. Amateurs X Professional
2. Frivolous X serious 2. Compulsory X unnecessary
3. Omitted X included 3. Traditional X modern
4. Protest X accept 4. Expensive X cheap
5. Serenity X Anxiety 5. Hopeful X desperate

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6. Scattered X Gathered 6. Accepted X refused
7. Monotonous X Interesting 7. Risible X copious
8. Adverse X favourable
9. Shrouded X expose
LESSON – 3 LESSON – 4
1. Vintage X modernistic 1. Crescendo X bottom
2. Antipathy X amity 2. Valiant X coward
3. Reluctant X inclined 3. Muffling X uncovering
4. Exploits X bummer 4. Indelible X forgettable
5. Prosaic X exceptional 5. Guile X artlessness
6. Shrouded X uncovered 6. Rectitude X immortality
7. Vanish X appear 7. Nonchalant X concerned
8. Eventually X initially 8. Electrified X discourage
9. Mediocre X unacceptable 9. Sated X tantalize
10. Eccentric X conformist 10. Grieved X Sympathize
11. Indignant X pleased
12. Vexations X delight
13. Quivering X settled
14. Suspicious X certain
15. Sullen X cheerful
16. Despise X appreciate
17. Trusted X believed
18. Liberal X conservative
LESSON – 5 LESSON – 6
1. Lustre X flatness 1. Yanked X Wedge
2. Success X loss 2. Drops X unfall
3. Faithfull X disloyal 3. Disgorged X restrain
4. Praise X criticize 4. Extravagantly X temperately
5. Traitor X patriots 5. Obscure X clear
6. Gift X loan 6. Perfect X Imperfect
7. Endowed X exhaust 7. Gashed X ragged
8. Despondent X enraptured 8. Irritated X pleasure
9. Tillers X farmer 9. Catastrophe X godsend
10. Indebted X inappreciative 10. Suave X unrefined
11. Inherent X external 11. Venerable X wicked
12. Enunciate X whisper
13. Rugged X yielding

7. ABBREVIATION (Text book Page – 39)

1. ELTS - International English Language Testing System. 16. ECG – Electro Cardio Gram
2. GST - Goods and Service Tax 17. NCC – National Cadet Corps
3. TNPSC - Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission 18. LED - Light Emitting Diode
4. STD- Subscriber Trunk Dialing. 19. CPU – Central Processing Unit
5. ISD - International Subscriber Dialing 20. CBSE – Central Board of Secondary
6. MBA - Master of Business Administration Education
7. MHRD - Ministry of Human Resources Development 21. GDP – Gross Domestic Product
8. GDP - Global Positioning System 22. NRI - Non Resident Indian
9. NSS - National Service 23. IIT - Indian Institute of Technology Referee
Scheme 24. ITI - Industrial Training Institute
10. PTA- Parent Teacher 25. RSC - Referee Stopped Contest
Association 26. USA – United States of America
11. NGO - Non Governmental Organization 27. AIBA - Association International de Boxe
12. ICU - Intensive Care Unit Amateur
13. IIM Indian Institute of Management 28. United States of America
14. LCD – Liquid Crystal Display 29. USB Universal Serial Bus
15. MRI – Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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 8. COMBINATION OF COMPOUND WORDS
Mantel piece, eye lashes, water proof, bee hive, toll gate, door knob, spinning wheel
1. Noun+Noun - dream-world, bed-time, chess- board, shoe maker, moon light, sun-dial,
honeybee
2. Possessive noun+noun - craftsman, sportsman, childsplay
3. Noun+Adjective - hand made, home sick, sky blue, henpecked, lifelong, jet black
4. Adverb+noun - insight, out-patient, postscript, over coat, off spring
5. Gerund+Noun - looking-glass, washing machine , walking stick, drawing room, visiting
card
6. Verb+Noun - popcorn, crybaby, play ground, dare devil
7. Noun+Gerund - horse riding, story telling, time consuming
8. Adjective+Gerund - curious-looking, bad-looking, good-looking, easy – going
9. Adjective+ Past participle - well planned, long forgotten, dreamy-eyed, long-awaited
10. Verb+object - push-button, treadmill
11. Adjective+Verb - safeguard, whitewash
12. Adverb+verb - overthrow, upset, overtake, undertake
13. Object+Noun - telephone operator, science teacher
14. Object+Gerund - air-conditioning, sightseeing
15. Adjective+Noun - blackboard, blue print, sweet heart, short hand, noble man

9. PREFIX
a - atheist , aglow , anew , attribute mis – misunderstand, mistake, misplace, misuse,
anti - antinational , anticlimax, antibiotic multi – multinational, multivitamins, multilingual
co – cooperate, coinside, cprocessor, copolymerize, non – non-violence, non-coperative, non-violence
de – degrade, depart, deface, design, decode out – outdoor, outline, output, outcome,
dis – disagree, dishonest, disprove, disconnect, dislike over – overlap, overcut, overjoy, overtax, overact,
en – encourage, enlarge, encounter, enclose poly – polysyllabic, polytechnic, polytrophic
em – empower,emancipate, embalm, emblaze post – post paid, post man, post poned
ex- exminister, exservice man pre – prepaid, preface, precaution,
fore- forehead, foretold, forenoon, forefather pro – proclaim, proactive
hyper – hyperactive, hypertension, hypersensitive re – reappear, recheck, rearrange, re-election,
il – illegible, illiterate, illegal semi- semicircle, semifinal, semiliquid
ig – ignoble, ignorant, ignitable sub – substandard, subdivide, subscription
im – immortal, immature, impossible, imprison, immobile, sur – surface, surname, surpass, surplus
in – income, indirect, ineffective, irrelevant tele – telephone, telecom, telebank
inter – interact, interchange, interview, international trans – transform, transport, transnational,
ir – irrespective, irrational, irregular , irrelevant un – unable, unacceptable, uncommon, uncertain,
mal – malfunction, malpractice, malnutrition under – underestimate, understand
micro – microbiology, microbeam uni - unicorn, uniform, unicellular, unilateral

SUFFIX
-ish - boyish, greenish, bookish, childish, feverish, -ile - docile, voltaile, fragile, ductile, juvenile
-ment - engagement, government, appointment -ous - joyous, desirous, chivalrous, victorious
-mania - squandermania, megalomania, bibliomania, -er - teacher, follower, driver, keeper, preacher,
-let - leaflet, bracelet, eaglet, booklet -ly – gladly, happily, highly, lovely, loudly, lowly,
-ise - familiarise, popularise, verbalise, cirticise, -ness - fitness, clearness, goodness, neatness,
-etee - noveletee logy - psychology, physiology, zoology
-ling - princeling, hireling, duckling -al - partial, regional, formal, visual, nominal,
-graph - auto graph, photograph, video graph -ship - kinship, scholarship, relationship
-ism - pessimism, optimism, communism, realism, -hood - boyhood, manhood, childhood,
tion - superstition, suction, reception, collection, -ity - activity, possibility, relativity, creativity,

10. DEFINITION OF THE TERM

Definition of a Term - Professions with relevant job Definition of the term

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descriptions (page no 73) 1. Bibliophile a great lover of books and has a huge
1. Pathologist studies diseases. collection at home.
2. Ornithologist studies birds. 2. Teetotaler one who never consumes alcohol,
3. Entomologist studies insects. coffee, tea, milk
4. Archaeologist studies artefacts and physical 3. Optimist one who has positive attitude
remains. 4. Philanthropist One who donates for social causes
5. Sociologist studies functioning of human society. 5. Globetrotter one who travels widely
6. Geologist studies the matter that constitutes the 6. Ambidextrous ability to use both hands
earth. 7. Misanthrope one who hates or mistrust mankind
7. Linguist studies languages and their structure. 8. Polyglot well versed and fluent in multiple
8. Seismologist studies earthquake. languages.
9. Herpetologist studies reptiles and amphibians. 9. Nanogenarian one who is between 90 and 99 year
10. Meteorologist studies atmosphere, weather and old
climate. 10. Thespian an actor or actress
11. Psychologist One who studies the human mind 11. Sadist one who derives pleasure from inflicting
and behavior pain on others.
List of specialists (page no:101) -ism words (page no 145)
1. One who specializes in lung problems 1. Love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it.
Pulmonologist Patriotism
2. One who specializes in skin problems 2. A brutal, barbarous, savage act. Barbarism.
Dermatologist 3. The doctrine that your country ‘s interests are
3. One who treats diseases specific to women superior. Nationalism
Gynecologist 4. Participate in sports as a hobby rather than for
4. One who treats kidney diseases Nephrologist money Amateurism
5. One who treats diseases and disorders of the 5. Belief that the best possible concepts should be
nervous system Neurologist pursued. Idealism
6. One who treats stomach disorders 6. A serious examination and judgment of something.
Gastroenterologist Criticism
7. One who treats vision problems Ophthalmologist 7. Habitual failure to be present at work.
8. One who specializes in critical infants Absenteeism
Neonatologist 8. A doctrine that advocates equal rights for women.
9. One who treats heart problems Cardiologist Feminism
10. One who treats the problems of ear, nose, tongue 9. Concern for your own interests and welfare.
Otolaryngologist Egocentrism
10. Exceptional courage when facing danger.
Words ending in –ology Heroism.
1. Ecology - The study of relationship between using 11. The hopeful feeling that all is going to turn out well
organism and their environment Optimism
2. Technology- the scientific knowledge and / or
equipment that is Needed for a particular industry, etc.
3. Pathology - the scientific study of disease
4. Cynology - the study of dog training;
5. Ichthyology - the study of fish;
6. Ornithology - the study of birds
7. Oology - the study of birds' eggs.

11. DEFINITION FOREIGN WORDS (B. PG: 172)

1. ‘en famille’ - as a family 8. bon voyage – saying good bye
2. ‘bons mots’ – a witty remark 9. In toto –totally
3. viva voce - - a spoken examination 10. Liasion – co-ordination of activities
4. sine die - – without a date being fixed 11. exgratia – bonus
5. resume- - a brief summary 12. en masse – as a whole group
6. rapport -- close relationship with good 13. en route – on the way
understanding 14. ad hoc – for a particular purpose
7. bonafide – genuine 15. .faux pass - mistake

12. QUESTION TAGS (page no:120-121)

1. You are a student, aren’t you?

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 2. Aji is not a lawyer, is she?
3. Lawrence saw the snake, didn’t he?
4. Jordi attends the class regularly, doesn’t he?
5. Madhav doesn’t speak Telugu, does he?
6. Cities are increasingly becoming urbanised, aren’t they?
7. They experiment with ways to improve air quality, don’t they?
8. The aim should be to reduce congestion, Shouldn't it?
9. There is an urgent need to provide affordable energy, isn’t there?
10. Automation and shared mobility will play a key role in this transformation, won’t they?
11. It changes the way people commute in cities, doesn’t it?
12. Before long, a fleet of electric autonomous vehicles could drive people to their destination, couldn't
it?
13. These shared AVs will run at higher utilization rates, Won’t they?
14. They can reduce the cost of mobility and congestion, Can’t they?
15. These should not be thought of as luxury but as necessity, Should they?

C. Complete each sentence with the correct tag question. PRESENT and FUTURE tenses.
e.g.: Mary likes him, doesn.t she?:
1. He plays football, ______________________? doesn’t he
2. Mary is going to see that movie, ______________________? isn’t she
3. You.re living in France, ______________________ ? aren’t you
4. You live in France, ______________________? Don’t you
5. Thomas is coming over tonight, ______________________? Isn’t he
6. Fiona is Irish, ______________________?
7. Peter and Nancy are coming to the party, ________________? aren’t they
8. The neighbours like us, ______________________? don’t they
9. Stefan is German, ______________________? isn’t he
10. We have another carton of milk, ________________? don’t we

D. Complete each sentence with the correct tag question.

e.g.: Mary liked him, didn.t she?:
1. He called you, ________________? didn’t he
2. He has seen that movie, ________________? hasn’t he
3. You were living in France, ______________? weren’t you
4. You lived in France, ______________________? didn’t you
5. Thomas came over last night, ________________? didn’t he
6. Your grandmother was Irish, __________________? wasn’t she
7. Peter and Nancy have been arguing, ___________? haven’t they
8. The neighbours moved away, _________________? didn’t they
9. It was cold yesterday, ___________________? wasn’t it
10. You’ve spoken with her, ________________? haven’t you

12. IDIOMS MEANING / PHRASAL VERBS MEANING

Idioms (page no: 40,64, 111, 112,173) Phrasal Verb (page no: 112)
1. Throw in the towel - to give up 1. Stand up - be held as
2. In our corner - on your side in an argument or 2. Stand for - represent
dispute 3. Stand by - support
3. On the ropes - near collapse or defeat 4. Look into – examine
4. below the belt - unfair or an unsporting behavior 5. Look at - observe / study
5. square off - prepare for a conflict 6. Look through - understand
6. Tight corners - difficult situation 7. Run over - exceed time/ cross by running/ drive
7. Shot his bolt - exhaust one's energy or strength over/rehearse quickly / over flow
8. In a nice pickle - to be in a tight spot 8. Run away - escape
9. Have cold feet - become nervous and afraid 9. Run into - met by chance
10. Alarm bells ringing - sign of something wrong 10. Put on - wear
11. Back to the wall - in serious difficulty 11. Put up - hang/present/hang, mount/store away/
12. Grasp /Clutch at straws- try any method to present/ place in high position
overcome a crisis 12. Put off – postpone

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 13. Saved by the bell - help at the last moment from Text book page – 6
a difficult situation. i. the thought was almost revolting - The thought
14. Hang out to dry - abandoning one in difficulty that the author's grandmother was once young and
15. By the skin of teeth - a narrow escape pretty raises a doubt in the mind of the author
16. Right up one’s alley - appeals to one strongly ii. an expanse of pure white serenity - It refers to the
17. Drive one up the wall - grew irritated calm, peaceful and serene character and conduct of
18. Hit the road - began the journey. the author's grandmother.
19. Take one for a ride - deceive one. iii. a turning point - It refers to the point where the
20. In panic mode - became confused or afraid. author's relationship with his grandmother changes
drastically after they move to the city-house.
a) on approval - officially accepting something iv. accepted her seclusion with resignation - he
b) a rustic holiday – holiday on the country side authors grandmother took her loneliness without
c) a double-distilled idiot – behaving in a stupid way any complains.
d) a tinge of coldness – unfriendly v. frivolous rebukes - the author's grandmother
e) making up for lost time – compensate for the criticized or checked on the sparrows, in vain
wasted time

14. PREPOSITIONS (Page no 47)

i) The English language is vital in the medical field.
ii) He climbed up the stairs to get into the terrace.
iii) This seat is not very comfortable to sit in.
iv) My father gave me some pictures to look at.
v) Was it worth waiting for?

A) Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with appropriate prepositions.

(i) In case of difficulty, you should refer to a dictionary and then respond to the question.
(ii) The clothes that he has put on are very impressive. He is going to his hometown to pay homage
to the village head.
(iii) The nearest hospital to this place is at a distance of twenty kilometers. You can reach it either by
car or by a bicycle.

1. We fought against the measure. 22. I put the book upon the table.
2. The cat jumped onto the table. 23. Please treat us as equals.
3. The cat climbed up the tree. 24. Dessert will be served after dinner.
4. My story is shorter than yours. 25. My house is near the school.
5. Cats are unlike dogs. 26. We walked to the store.
6. Put the cookie in the jar. 27. No eating during class
7. Let’s walk through the park. 28. The book fell off my desk.
8. The vegetables were planted beside the Apple tree. 29. I will not leave until the speech is finished.
9. Banu sings like a bird. 30. The store is open every day but Sunday.
10. My story is about my pets. 31. The dog is outside the house.
11. Subash is the president of our class 32. The cat is hiding below my bed.
12. We live by the river. 33. The cat jumped over the dog.
13. Let’s walk into class together. 34. He is hiding behind the book case.
14. The bank is opposite the park. 5. 35 Dinner is on the table.
15. We live within the city limits. 36. I put my hands inside my pockets.
16. I saw John waving above the crowd. 37. We will eat before the play.
17. I’m more cautious since the fall. 38. The cat is sleeping under the bed.
18. I have a present for you. 39. This letter is from my aunt.
19. We strolled along the river. 40. We ran past the other kids.
20. He ran between us. 41. The English language is vital in the medical field.
21. The leaves had collected beneath the trees. 42. He climbed up the stairs to get into the terrace.

15. LINK WORDS - TASK - 1

1. Despite/Inspite of working hard, he failed in his exams
2. In spite of his blindness, he worked his way to great academic achievement

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 3. They continued the match in spite of / despite the rain
4. In spite of / Despite his being rich, he is humble
5. She kept on reading in spite of / Despite the disturbance
6. In case of / In the event of your playing well, you will win the match
7. He became a great businessman due to/ owing to/ because of his hard work
8. We enjoyed out outing, even though the weather was terrible
9. Please wait here till/until I return
10. Though/Although I reached in time, I was not permitted
11. When/ As the cat is away, the mice are at play
12. I reached on time but/yet I missed my train
13. Man proposes but God disposes
14. Though his mother tongue is Tamil, he always speaks English
15. He works hard and so he may get a medical seat
16. Hurry up or else/or/otherwise you will be late.
17. They continued the match though it rained
18. Wise men love virtue but fools shun it
19. The bus was crowded so we had to stand
20. We are hungry and thirsty
21. I like chocolate, yet I do not eat chocolate
22. Would you prefer coffee or tea?
23. I take milk and sugar in my tea.
24. Switzerland is not in the European Union, nor is it a member of NATO.
25. I’ve drunk six cups of coffee today, so I’ve got a headache.
26. I like coffee, but my wife prefers tea.
27. He doesn’t eat cake, nor does he eat biscuits.
28. I wanted to go to the beach, but Mary refused.
30. I am a vegetarian, so I don’t eat any meat.

16. CLIPPED WORDS

No CLIPPED WORDS SHORTERNED No CLIPPED WORDS SHORTERNED FORM
FORM
1 Advertisement Ad 31 Demonstration Demo
2 Aeroplane Plane 32 Photograph Photo
3 Caravan Van 33 Handkerchief Kerchief
4 Matriculation Matric 34 Fountain pen Pen
5 Laboratory Lab 35 Gymnasium Gym
6 Perambulator Pram 36 Discotheque Disco
7 Refrigerator Frige 37 Helicopter Copter
8 Zoological park Zoo 38 Taxicab Taxi
9 Telephone Phone 39 Hamburger Burger
10 Suitcase Case 40 Fascimile Fax
11 Microphone Mike 41 Pantaloons Pant
12 Kilogram Kilo 42 Influenza I buy Flu
13 Demarcate Mark 43 Public House Pub
14 Telepathy Tele 44 Raccoon Coon
15 Signature Sign 45 Examination Exam
16 Mathematics Math 46 Alligator Gator
17 Professor Prof 47 Pajamas Jams
18 Chimpanzee Chimp 48 Omnibus Bus
19 Memorandum Memo 49 Cafeteria Cafe
20 Representative Rep 50 Spectacles Specs
21 Viva voce Viva 51 Telephone Phone
22 Information Info 52 Champion Champ
23 Gasoline Gas 53 Moving Picture Movie
24 Earthquake Quake 54 Submarine Sub
25 Necktie Tie 55 Executive Exec
26 Grandmother Grandma 56 Grandfather Grandpa
27 Statistics State 57 Teenager Teen

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 28 Graduate Grad 58 Automobile Auto
29 Hippopotamus Hippo 59 Bridegroom Groom
30 Luncheon Lunch 60 Fanatics Fan

17. POLITE ALTERNATIVES / EUPHEMISMS

Accidental death - collateral damage Idiot - intellectually challenged
Barber - Hair dresser Jail - correctional facility
Beating children - with a cane corporal punishment Killed - whacked
Blind – visually impaired Killing someone - neutralizing the target
Cheap - economical Old person - senior citizen
Dead - dearly departed Poor - people in poverty
Deaf - hearing impaired Prison camp - center
Death - put to sleep, going to the other side Retarded - mentally challenged
Die - bite the big one Short - vertically challenged
Died - passed away, bit the dust , croaked, kicked the bucket Slow-learners - late – bloomers
Handicapped - physically challenged / differently abled Stupid - academically challenged
Homeless - on the streets Unemployed - between jobs

18. RELATIVE PRONOUN

Tips : Person ____ Verb = who
Thing / action _____ Verb = which / that
Person ____ Pronoun / thing = whom
Person ____ Person / place = whose
Place _____ Pronoun = where
Verb _____ Pronoun = what

1. This is the boy who won the race

2. Is there anyone who can help me?
3. The teacher who teaches Biology put the snake in a jar
4. My father who is over eighty, is an ardent fan of Dhanraj Pillai
th
5. Shakespeare who lived in the 16 century is considered to be the greatest dramatist
6. The film is about a leader who led the freedom struggle of his country
7. Students who speak English fluently will easily get jobs
8. The water which is brought by the lorries is contaminated with rusted iron particles
9. Show me the book that/which you bought yesterday
10. The wrong deeds that/which we do are more often remembered than our good ones
11. This fountain pen, which I bought only a week ago, leaks badly
12. The Chairman whom you want to meet is busy now
13. Most of the friends whom she invited came for her wedding
14. My friend whose father works in Agra, has made a clay modal of the Taj Mahal
15. Kumaraswamy whose house I live in, owns most of the mills in this town
16. The cow whose milk we drink is a useful animal
17. Siva whose father is a rich man, donated liberally for the cause
18. That is the house where I was born
19. This is what I heard about him
20. You can’t lose what you never have

19. SENTENCE PATTERN

1. Mr. Raja / is / a teacher = S+V+C
2. He / is / my friend = S+V+C
3. I / wrote / him / a letter = S+V+IO+DO
4. Ram / invited / me / to Trichy / last week = S+V+O+A+A
5. We / travelled / in his car = S+V+A
6. His car / is painted / green = S+V+C
7. We both / enjoyed / the trip = S+V+O
8. We / are meeting / on Friday = S+V+A
9. Rayaan / is/ a professor/ with lot of experience = S+V+C+A
10. My mother / keeps / the house / clean = S+C+O+C
11. Dr. Nanjappa / is / a dentist = S+V+C

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 12. His clinic / is / at Nungampakkam = S+V+A
13. He / shows / kindness / to his patients = S+V+DO+IO
14. He / has dedicated / his life / for their welfare = S+V+O+A
15. Jacopo / works / cheerfully / throughout the day = S+V+A+A
16. Never / is / he / tired = A+S+V
17. He / loves / his profession = S+V+O
18. All his patients / adore / him = S+V+O
19. I / come / to bury Caesar = S+V+C
20. Jaavith /looks / beautiful / today = S+V+C+A

20. SINGULAR/PLURAL
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
Agendum Agenda Hypothesis Hypotheses
Alumunus Alumni Index Indexes
Analysis Analyses Key Keys
Antenna Antennae Knife Knives
Axis Axes Louse Lice
Bacterium Bacteria Matrix Matrices
Basis Bases Medium Media
Belief Beliefs Memorandum Memoranda
Bench Benches Mother-in-law Mothers-in-law
Butterfly Butterflies Mouse Mice
Cactus Cacti Nucleus Nuclei
Calf Calves Ox Oxen
Chef Chefs Person People
Child Children Phenomenon Phenomena
City Cities Photo Photos
Commando Commandos Piano Pianos
Curriculum Curricula Potato Potatoes
Datum Data Poultry Poultry
Deer (no change) Deer Radius Radii
Dictum Dicta Ray Rays
Elf Elves Roof Roofs
Erratum Errata Series (no change) Series
Father –in-law Fathers-in-law Sheep (no change) Sheep
Feet Foot Stadium Stadia
Fez Fezzes Staff (no change) Staff
Fish (No change) Fish Stratum Strata
Focus Foci Syllabus Syllabi
Formula Formulae Terminus Termini
Fungus Fungi Teeth Tooth
Furniture (No change) Furniture Ultimatum Ultimate
Gas Gasses Valcano Valcanoes, Valcanos
Goose Geese Wife Wives
House Houses Woman Women

IDENTIFY THE SYLLABLES

MONOSYLLABIC DYSYLLABIC TRISYLLABIC TETRASYLLABIC PENTASYLLABIC
Air, look Don – Key Fan – tas - tic Fa – ci – li - tate As – so – ci –a- tion
Blast, school De - fact Cu – cum - ber For – mi – da - ble Si – mul – ta – neous-ly
Bond, man Daugh - ter Sta – tis - tics In – tel – li - gent Ad-mi-nis-tra-tor
Bright, pay Stu - pid Ba – na - na As – tro – lo - gy An-ti-ci-pa-ted
Call , tell a-cross Ac – ci - dent In – sti – tu - tion Bi-o-lo-gi-cal
Chair, plea An-cient Con – fi - dence In – spi – ra - tion Dis-a-bi-li-ty
Deed, ten Be-come Lib – ra - ry Ac-ti-vi-ty E-lec-tri-ci-ty
Drove, pray Bless-ed Pre – si - dent Ag-ri-cul-ture In-hu-ma-ni-ty
Fear, urge Con-fess Ar-gu-ment En-gi-neer-ing Ma-the-ma-ti-cal

K. JABEEN, M.A., B.ED., M. PHIL., (P.G. ENGLISH) GOVT ADW HSS ATTUR SALEM Page 8
 First, rain Cor-ner Do-mes-tic Lib-er-a-tion Par-ti-ci-pa-ted
God, rain Dis-charge Cal-cu-late Po-li-ti-cal Sen-si-ti-vi-ty

AMERICAN ENGLISH / BRITISH ENGLISH

BRITISH ENGLISH AMERICAN ENGLISH BRITISH ENGLISH AMERICAN ENGLISH
Autumn Fall Mad crazy
Biscuits Cookies Maize Corn
Crisps Potato chips Mobile phone Cell phone
Film Movie Nappy Diaper
Ground floor First floor Notice board Bulletin board
Holiday Vacation Paraffin Kerosene
Advertisement Advert Parking lot Car park
Aerial Antenna Pavement Sidewalk
Anti clockwise Counter clockwise Pedestrian crossing Crosswalk
Balcony Gallery Petrol Gasoline
Bin Can Porridge Oat meal
Boat Trunk Post Mail
Chairman President Post code Zip code
Chemist Druggist Prams Trunk
Cooker Oven, stove Purse Valet
Cotton Thread Queue Line
Cup board Wardrobe Queue Line
Curriculum citae Resume Railway Railroad
Draps Curtains Shop Store
Dust bin Garbage can Shop Store
Flat Apartment Storm Tempest
Foot ball Soccer Sweet Candy
Fully Full Tap Faucet
Garden Yard Taxi Cab
Garden Yard Tea cup Tea pot
Generator Dynamo Terminus Depot
Goods Freight Timetable Schedule
Gum Glue Tin Can
Hand bag Purse Tire Tyre
Indicator Turn signal Torch Flash light
Interval Intermission Trumpet Horn
Jam Jelly Underground Subway
Jug Pitcher Veranda Porch
Lift Elevator Waist coat Vest
Loo Rest room Washbasin Sink
Lorry Truck Washing Laundry
Luggage Baggage wind screen wind shield

ARTICLES / DETERMINERS
ARTICLES DEMONSTRATIVE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
a, an, the This, that, these, those My, your, his, her, its our, your their
QUANTIFIERS NUMBERS ORDINALS
Some,any, few, little, more, much, any, One,two, three, four, First, second, third, last, next
every twenty, hundred
1. We met some/few/many Americans at the restaurant.
2. Monisha has some/few/many films in her hands.
3. I am the eldest in my family.
4. There are only few chocolates left for you.
5. Can you get me some butter?
6. They haven’t got many roses in their garden.
7. Samuel hasn’t got any homework today, so he is playing cricket.
8. Please give me a/the hammer and a/the nail.

K. JABEEN, M.A., B.ED., M. PHIL., (P.G. ENGLISH) GOVT ADW HSS ATTUR SALEM Page 9